英國文學(xué)期末考試必備講義

1、chapter ne1. the orign ofth nglish pople, tir lanuage ndlteratre1) e settlmentof te anlo-axons te sld: t mi 5thcenur2) sevn kigosunitd ntoon clled nglnd: 7thcnty. e treetribes（anls， ao andjt) mxed into a whole opl clled enlis3) thei languae:ngl-sxon, wic sasoled ld nglis.) eglsh lteraure n it th agl

2、saon tteen ingand: wreics are stil presrvepoems and sns abut th hoiceeds of o tme.eowuf: afolk eged brought ongln from heir centalhome (denmak), eflcting he etureof te tbal soety of ancent times2. nrmn conqes nd isimpct on he englslage66: the ed of anglo-son period d etablshmen offudalsm i eland.the

3、 gnra ration ofnoran andxons was hat mate and servat.o lauage werespoen:freh adenls. by the d of the 4th cetury english was again thedmiant speechiffren fro tholdangl-sxon：tructr: engis common words: engihmore tan10 housand french wods wre introduced ngishynym.3. literatur f eudal egland1） te romanc

4、e： decrbing thelif and adventreooble heres -the english vrsios wre trnlated fom fenchor latin.）. engli alad：).in varius englisand sttish dialecsb). composdcolleively) a vaetyof hemsd). aily th literrofhe peaa: theotlookofhengsh comon peole in te fedascitye). the rbn hoodblads4. goffre chauer (1340?

5、-1400）: read theitrodction in your bokfath of englshpoety,one fst greaest pes of elandoance f ro（玫瑰奇緣）/ thehouse of fme(聲譽(yù)之宮)/th aiam fls(百鳥議會) tbur tales5. chaue cotrution toli iterature1). his poetry tces ou pth to the lterature of esh naissance， it reflts te canes of th con half of 14th etur2). a

6、s forenner of hunism, h prased ms engy， intelec, qik wi and ove ife3). wd larnng: a go knowledge latin,reh and italian. studiedhilosohical w of hitim; nabundan oledg ofte wrld.o nod have eenbtteequippe, socialya itlltually tobe thefoundr of eglishpry). is lnguae -iddle engis-vid a eact-goo master of

7、 engish -makng the ialtf lodotefoudatio of mern english pech-estalising eglsas the liteay lnguage of he countr.6. poular balladsballads ae anymus arriengs that hae ben rservedb oral transission.balds ar dividedintosveral kind:i. historicii. legdryiii. fantaicaliv. lyrc v. horouscharater: chapter two

8、renaiss:thetiit， pit,ote of the gret revival oart,iteatre， anlarnin i euroebeinnigin he 14thcenturyand eending the 7th entury， mrig the tranitiofrm the eialtote moernworl.1. hisorial bacground of he englsh nassanc1） e founing ofthe tudor dnasty whic mtthe ns f h rising bourgeoise.） knd orelgious moe

9、mt caed efrmationwas starte: prtestnts he lain bble wastansle ino ngsh： a geat ilece the nli lngue a lterate.3)englishconoy deveoped t a slowtteadypa. as rsult o the encosure moven, alrge numrofpeant became the forefatesoft odrn enishproletaria.) omcial xpanionabroad nd heestblshmn of colonis2. chif

10、haracteitics ofthe renissane1) th iterest in od an thelife afterdeaas trnfmed ino te exlatio of mnandaborpn n eathy lf.2)aterilistic hilooy and scientifc thoheplace the rh dgmas.3)attal new ulture roe outof th revialoftheol cuuof ancient grecea rome; anw ind of t and literature emeged hroughe eploat

11、ion of the infinite capblites o man.or:1) thirstng curiosifr cssical liteatr2)a kee inteesti lfe and hman ctivities nlish literue o te elizaetha rio (eco half f the 16th ceur)1) manycassical n italian anrnchworks ere translated o englidon quxote) ooks on isoryand about newdiscoeries wereritten3） the

12、 onnet，a exc frm poer, ws nroduced tenlndro ily.4. udspner （1552-1599)borni lndoof a erchan tilrs faily；had proressiv shola hdmastr,w hold hai i nota mind，no a body, tate h to ete, buta man；enteedmrdn569， radate 573 with m. degee;arted h are queen by 80, dedicated itto thequeenin1589;becamepivate se

13、crety of lr grey， th queens lord depuy n relnd tayed her fr hisremaining 9y， carido he ranncal ueftebitisgrnmen terere th shepheds ear i597;aniisupisingbok u in 599, hishoue as bunt down, e eed o odon， die forwnt fbread;hi lnga:on english differenfrom chaucrsmile enls. francis bac lfe (1561-66）orn i

14、londn in161， fther：lr epe f e eal; mother：wlleducateet t cmrigeuivesita the geo12;nlsh ambasadorin frace aer graduation;enteregys inno stud w;membe ofpariment moeon e si f h bgeoisie fded uen elizethjmes iade im a knight, ve on mportant ffceatr nthe unti hebeca lrd hancllor;cargedwith bibery in 1621

15、;h eaiin ears of hs le wer spent in lrry,phlosphical andscetifwrk. ded of cold in 162； franisacnsworks: thee lsses)phisophicawors:theadancemnt of eanig 160， nenglishnov rganm 160,in tin2） literar woks 5esys the frt elish esyist deling ita wd varety o subect, su as love, th, frindship， parentsndchild

16、ren, tudies, outh and age,rdn，eath ndmany othe won ppularity for tir clernes，breityand foce f xrso3)rofessina work:mims of te la dedngo staute f usesmr cld him h el faher ofengishmtralsm nd experitl scnces o modrn imes n geral.12wliam shapere （164166)family: borninstrafordoavon incentrl england;fthe

17、r: a rospeousrdsanwit 8 cldrn;moer: aughter of a well-to-d fame;eucain：th agrar shool 6 eas， alsolarned ana alitle geworkedas a ountry scoolmaserat 4;marrd a frersghtr(8 ar hi enior)；life as an actoan plywrit;wll acuainted wih thataperforancs wen till atstraford；weolondon 1586-， an worke atod jobs n

18、 ere, beame an actor but wa notsccessl；begn to wrtefor he stage revsig ol pays and otenew ons auccessul rter ofboth tagiescomedies;hi colte rs iclud 3 plays, 2arrative pmsan 15 snntsdidnthe 23rd of apr, 1616.3 shakarescae as dratis: 3 perids1t peid（1590-10)： 9historia plays，1 comdies,1rage imbuedwia

19、n optimisic atosphere of huanm,descing the youth,love, and iel of pisof on oplehnr , riad, , henry romeo nd ul, t erc fenice, a mid-summer igsdrem， as you like i2ndperiod (160-168): rctin thesocial conrdictins f theag a rasion fomgree youth t maurity;halt， othello, king ler， ecbethrd priod (609-162)

20、： generltone ofconcilitionand afan off frm hs previs height, but ptimisc fith in the futue of umanitthe tempst, the witers tale, hnr shakespares coedies eflectdaoptmstiitof the humanstat that im they paisedsincee fredshp nd tru ove, avated eality betwen man and ma， and uatedthe uda moral ndfeua ytem

21、hi trageis hve shwn us inurntale cntraictons betwe huan idea an social eality, nraied sriesof qustionabot the stt, oal, wlth, famlyand philosoh 十四行詩(the sonet)是一種形式完整、格律嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、以歌詠愛情為主的小詩,十三、四世紀(jì)盛行于意大利,其最主要的代表者為petrach(比德拉克）（1304-14）,十六世紀(jì)中葉由thomaswyatt傳入英國，至莎士比亞一代而臻完美。莎士比亞的十四行詩每行通常有5個“音步”（foot)，每個音步一半有一輕一

22、重兩個音節(jié)。全詩韻腳的安排是abb, cdcd, ef, g,即這十四行可分為四組。每首詩一般只有一個比較簡單的主題。ater ree1. hitoricalbackgrodothe english oureois rluioth cotraitions te th feudal systm ntheourgeoie recd ts ain he1t century ovennt f ames iwa adeptsm base upo te theryof e dvinrght o kingscalled r moreonyefusal f tepaimnt to pas bils for n

23、w taxesdissoluin fparimentcuntywihoutparlamnt or 1 yes.2. he enih ourge reli liver comwell （1591658)ogazationfth parlientary force io aarmexecun f he kingin164enladbecam comoalth: t taishmnt f burgeoidicttorhcmwell:lor rect mpomise wth he eual emnas: he esrationgoiou revlutionr: the tate strucure wa

24、ssettld withi hichcapalism coud developfreely3. jonmiltns lf nd h revoutioar ctivitie4. ilon three reat poems pdise lst (667)， paradise regine (167), sasn gistes(1671).5. fetres eish terature fhe resoraion erid1) clssiiswaspriling (mdeled on theliteaure offae);2) upheld ron，aw and rder insted ofthef

25、rexprssion of ans nvidualit as in th reaisce;3)writes rote underte influnce o cassiism:rama, etryandrehud al be governed some fxed ruls.chate four1. theinflence th plita partson ieratur the18thcentuyw prtis: lbealwhigs， cnsrvatie tois-te teture f heages atims dminated ytheinteres ofthese prties. pwr

26、 sfig from oe paty t another.-pamplets plyan importnt olein te electons wterwit atalentfr argumet or satea aloscertain to be hir bty des-addion, teele， defoe, an swi: wilingevnt f he tw parties.2. apid developnt o soiallifehane ofsoclfe：fro indivdual oca coffeouss a private ub, neal ll writer fruene

27、dtheoffeehouse and mater disssed ther beame sujects o lieature.3. theenlighenment: narean purpsenature： an expressionf struggle he he progrssivclas of bourgeoisie againtfeudalsm.puos：ihtin gaint clss nequty, stant, prie nd oter uvivalsoffeudism placig l ranchesof ce at the serviof mnin accepingbourg

28、is relationsh asrightfu a raonae rltonshs amng eopl.4. thre aindivisins ofthe18 centuy writ 1) lssicism： esaists-jsep adion, richad tle, poet- aexander pope xicgrr: ue ohn2) pr- ronticism:wilim lak, robt urs)eginning ofthemodr vel:niedef, enry fielding, oahanswft5. sentimentalm: i cae ntbeng as a re

29、ut f a ite dicoent on h part o certainighten in soil ralit. tey appeled to seniment a eans oachieving happissasil juice.：liver dth,larene see, smue rihardson xprsed in poery,m， prs ictonconneted thhesocial chags： th boureoisie gaining plical powr； transition r hadicrafs lbr to ahne indry;rra bankrtc

30、y; shrp social ntadictinskpticisan disbelifin th myt bout the gois soiety ashe bef all pssibeworlds.sentit a ki of prtest aaint te ocl njusie.6. defes potic ifeported te oiousrevoluto nd too great inerestin the esablishmen henew vnmndefendtnewpoiica orer， witn a pampet: t te-bo eglisanthehorts waywh

31、 e issenter: h red，fined, and imprisoed.woed or hadof a tory ministr, he wet o thewhigs- his populariy wasdestryd7. defeltrary lifeand his work as ajournalist-wrg fornwspaper: good rainng or his futreing； collecing knldge and fashe publicaton ofrobinon ruoe 79,attheage o 58ments: 1) gif umanlabor2)

32、atypcal of th enlish burgeoie,robnsn was awa minul ofhson prft3)not ndemn ro-lavery, euify colnialism8.1 jonaha swift(6-74）commets:)atd a ns fsin-political, economical, nd religiou,ut chrishea ga ovf the eope2) oe of ereate astes of engis rse language: simple, cear advigrous e seme tohave no dicutyi

33、nfndng wods texpresxacty wat hewised toconvey .2gullvers traels1st art: a dscription of iliput,l frfeene to current plitics,in whi h sarizest oriesad whigs ngl2d part:adsciptioo brbdngnag, in hic thkigtnk europ s an nhill, andthe uropea istoryi oy a heapof rbelious, murers, etc.part： the flying and

34、f uuta: a atre uonhlsohes， ofsince, histoins, e.4tht: a viit t a contry whrpeols thgh nd havirare holly ovrnd by reson.9 wlamblak 57-187as oerunner o omaticism: songsof noence, sons of xperince,the ite black boy, te hieysweper， lodon,te fec volun, cmments：his oety oprat n to lvels，oe f tm symbol， th

35、e ohr liter. both of th address a gle pos-th al f the uman sirt.chter fie1. theraial chage in he soil stutuend t orkersstugge i telate 1th entuy workers(hired aborer:pasantdved their land) bourgeisie ruling cls the confct resuls inthe okes sponaes struges wkersrgge: distrbaces i or,notngham ad eser;

36、 evotioryisings amnghe navyin 1797 atioal rising in ireand i 1798-sog: iberty,equaity and fraerni themovment of h udte(1101811）2. the poticalwritg f e lat18th ceturlece tacu ugles tween t enish rulingcssesandthenglsh pepleedmundburke(17291797)： “efectioson the frenchrevolution”thoms paine（31809): “t

37、 rights n”wilm cobbet(1761835）:“politca egister” he spe of thedisosesseeasants a denoucd thoseho rbed or (bein aasant mself, he kn rur enan d te isies ofthelers of h ol)mars cmen on obbet3. geneal trouction ofh romaimvementth movent came alirierma th te 8hcntry (gthe),-thn in enlandlat in franc(in t

38、e ary 19th centr）i engthe gret cttis peasant po obturnndt poo enraerpoet ili blaeth ronticmvemnt xprsd a native attitde owa theexstinsocal an olitial conditostatcamwi theindusrial evoton d te rwing imprtace of the borgeosie4. w cls f rmantcim in englad paivermticistsrefectin ththinkingo he classe un

39、d byte boureoise;tring tothe pat,.e.”tmrryol elad “s thir ideal -representaivs: wordswrh， coleidge,souhey atie romantitsexpressin the asiration f te clssesceated ycaitaism ,holing taea ofafuturesocity fe rom opess and epltaon -rpreentaties：byrn， sel，kea5. williamwordwort feboin oerut, e cmberlnd,770

40、,becamorhanbrugtpbyhsreatvs educaedin the beauil lak dstcinnortwest enlddeveope a stongv o nature ardge nivsity.visited ancewceinfluece b the reoluionand itsslgns chnge of is attitudeafter he estblshment of jacoindictoshipa conservatveife s apoein the dirct ofh ret lakes, madfrienwthouthey a colidel

41、ak poets“the lral ballad”plshe 798 poet lreadiedin 185，at the age o 806. orsorthsliterary creer (ontriutio)views: ery was a reea livin- foof artsticeressioal god poetry thepontneousvrflow of owrfu feeing.-pineer of ngish roacim “the ycal ballads”terak withte 18th cetuy cassiismn eginning of oatics c

42、ontntdevoedto sitioandess ahomeess peasant, sympahizngwth te or.criticizing aptalism, idlizigbackward, atriachl foms of octy lnguagesimpe nd u, ging aganst h oventional forms ofth 18h cur prina pms“we areeven”， “l(fā)uc gray”, “te daffodls”, “he oliayrper”, “omposed upon westitbride”， tc.7. samultlr col

43、dg lfe 1) born n 177, hefiy of a cutry clergymanahe ageof 3beedin； atteag of 6read th bil,robisn crusoe, te arian nighs2) eduae aa carity school i lodon ,sudied at h caridg univerity(17193)3) atactby the frenc reoution and ts slos;plaing tost u a uopinsetinmrca； hneofatitude uponte advent of jacbinism4) the puicaon f“h yrica balds”5) studed e eman gage an literatr dialis hiosopy6)