時間與空間觀ppt課件.ppt

Lecture9 TimeandSpace 1 Cross culturalquestions Answerthefollowingquestionsaboutyourowncultureandthendiscussinterculturalsimilaritiesanddifferences 1 Isthewesternconceptoftimedifferentfromthatinourcountry MightabusinesspersonfromtheUSencounteranydifferences considerpromptness schedules signingofcontracts etc 2 Arethereobjects procedures orcustomswhicharesymbolicofourculture suseoftime Explain 2 Cross culturalquestions 3 Howdoestechnologyinfluencetheuseoftime Howdoesitaffectpersonal social andprofessionallives 4 Howissenseofprivacyobtainedinourculture Whatdoyoudowhenyouwanttobealone athome atwork orelsewhere 5 Hasthedesignofyourcitybeeninfluencedbynon nativestylesofarchitecture Ifso how 6 Whattypesofarchitecturearebestsuitedtotheenvironmentandgeographyofourcountry 3 Time Whentravelerslackanawarenessofhowtimeisregulatedinaforeigncountry theycanexpecttofeelsomewhatdisoriented Sincemostpeopletaketimeforgranted theeffectsofvalues customs andsocialetiquetteontheuseoftimeareseldomexamined 4 Time Aculturethatvaluesachievementandprogresswilldiscouragepeoplefrom wasting time Highlyefficientbusinesspeoplefromtheseculturesmayfeelfrustratedinacountrywhereworkproceedsataslowpace Inreligioussocieties customsspecifytimesoftheday week oryearforprayerandreligiouscelebrations 5 Time Ifanindividualtriestomakeanappointmentduringasacredholiday heorshecouldunknowinglyoffendareligiousperson Socialetiquettedeterminesappropriatetimesforvisits meetings andevenphonecalls Arrivingtwohourslateforanappointmentmaybeacceptableinoneculture whereasinanother keepingsomeonewaitingfifteenminutesmaybeconsideredrude 6 Promptness Promptnessisimportantinwesternbusiness academic andsocialsettings Theimportanceofpunctualityistaughttoyoungchildreninschool Tardyslipsandtheuseofbellssignaltothechildthatpunctualityandtimeitselfaretoberespected 7 Promptness Peoplewhokeepappointmentsareconsidereddependable Ifpeoplearelatetojobinterviews appointments orclasses theyareoftenviewedasunreliableandirresponsible Inthebusinessworld timeismoney andcompaniesmayfinetheirexecutivesfortardinesstobusinessmeetings 8 Promptness Ofcourse itisnotalwayspossibletobepunctual Socialandbusinessetiquettealsoprovidesrulesforlatearrivals Callingonthetelephoneifoneisgoingtobemorethanafewminuteslateforscheduledappointmentisconsideredpoliteandisoftenexpected Keepingadateorafriendwaitingbeyondtentotwentyminutesisconsideredrude Ontheotherhand arrivingthirtyminuteslatetosomepartiesisacceptable 9 Promptness Respectingdeadlinesisalsoimportantinacademicandprofessionalcircles Itisexpectedthatdeadlinesforclassassignmentsorbusinessreportswillbemet Studentswhohandinassignmentslatemaybesurprisedtofindthattheprofessorwilllowertheirgradesorevenrefusetogradetheirwork Whetheritisaquestionofarrivingontimeorofmeetingadeadline peopleareculturallyconditionedtoregulatetime 10 DivisionofTime Timeistangible real concrete Onecan gaintime spendtime wastetime savetime oreven killtime CommonquestionsinAmericanEnglishrevealthisconcretequalityasthoughtimewereapossession Doyouhaveanytime Thetreatmentoftimeasapossessioninfluencesthewaytimeiscarefullydivided 11 DivisionofTime Generally Americansaretaughttodoonethingatatimeandmaybeuncomfortablewhenanactivityisinterrupted Inbusinessesthecarefulschedulingoftimeandtheseparationofactivitiesarecommonpractices Appointmentcalendarsareprintedwith15 30 and60 minutetimeslots A2 30 3 00interviewmayendintimeforabriefbreakbeforea3 15 4 00meeting 12 DivisionofTime Theideathat thereisatimeandplaceforeverything extendstowesternsociallife Visitorswho dropby withoutpriornoticemayinterrupttheirhost spersonaltime Thus callingfriendsonthetelephonebeforevisitingthemisgenerallypreferredtovisitors droppingby Toaccommodateotherpeople sschedules Americansmakebusinessplansandsocialengagementsseveraldaysorweeksinadvance 13 DivisionofTime Asindividualsinaculture weallhaveanintuitiveunderstandingabouthowtimeisregulated Usuallywedonotthinkabouttheconceptoftimeuntilweinteractwithotherswhohaveadifferenttimeorientation 14 DivisionofTime Althoughindividualsfromanytwoculturesmayviewtimesimilarly weoftensensethatinanotherculture lifeseemstoproceedateitheraslowerorfasterpace Knowinghowtimeisregulated divided andperceivedcanprovedvaluableinsightsintoindividualsandtheircultures 15 Linesandcircles Westernculture timeaslines whichgoesawayandneverreturnsChineseculture timeascircles whichgoesaroundandneverends 16 西方文化的線式時間觀 Weburndaylight ShakespeareNohandcanmaketheclockstrikeformethehoursthatarepassed ByronAllthetreasuresofearthcannotbringbackonelastmoment French 17 線式時間觀 DavidNorrisHowyouspendyourtimeismoreimportantthanhowyouspendyourmoney Moneymistakescanbecorrected buttimeisgoneforever HoraceMannLost yesterday somewherebetweensunriseandsunset twogoldenhours eachsetwithsixtydiamondminutes Norewardisoffered fortheyaregoneforever JimBishopItisdifficulttoliveinthepresent ridiculoustoliveinthefuture andimpossibletoliveinthepast Nothingisasfarawayasoneminuteago 18 線式時間觀 時間好比一條直線 使一種線形的單向持續(xù)運動 線式的時間觀是西方人總覺得時間一去不復返 因而有著強烈的緊缺意識 這種意識使西方人凡是向前看 一切著眼于未來 他們的注意力也主要用于未來事情的規(guī)劃與實現(xiàn) 19 中國文化的環(huán)式時間觀 日月光華 旦復旦兮 春與秋其代序 屈原 離騷 代序即時序環(huán)轉替換 中國人雖然也嘆息 歲月不待人 但晝夜更迭 季節(jié)交替的環(huán)式時間觀是中國人總體上有時間充裕感 做事慢慢來是一種主要傾向 人們相信是失去的東西還有時間補救 20 中國文化的環(huán)式時間觀 人們對 時過境遷 有所心理準備 并慢慢等待 時來運轉 告別語和勸慰語種幾乎都是 慢 字當頭 慢慢走 慢用 慢慢商量 慢慢看 慢慢欣賞 等 從容悠閑構成了中國農(nóng)耕文化的一大特點 人們修身養(yǎng)性 重在回往日的言行 吾日三省五身 論語 學而 意在反省自己過去是否有 不忠 不信 不習 的過失 21 中西文化時間觀 如果說線式時間觀向前看 重求知 有利于鼓勵開拓創(chuàng)新 環(huán)式時間觀則向后看 重修身 有利于促進穩(wěn)定守序 22 Space ArchitecturalDifferenceWhenwetravelabroadweareimmediatelyimpressedbythemanywaysbuildings homes andcitiesaredesigned Thedivisionandorganizationofspacelendcharacteranduniquenesstovillages townsandcities Yet architecturaldifferencesmayalsocauseconfusionordiscomfortforthetraveler 23 ArchitecturalDifference Theseparationofspaceinsidehomesmayalsovaryfromculturetoculture Inmostwesternhomesthelayoutofroomsrevealstheseparatenessandlabelingaspaceaccordingtofunction bedroom livingroom diningroom playroom andsoon Thissystemisinsharpcontrasttoothercultureswhereoneroominahousemayserveseveralfunctions InJapan homeswithslidingwallscanchangealargeroomintotwosmallroomssothatalivingroomcanalsoserveasabedroom 24 PrivacyandtheUseofSpace Architecturaldesigninfluenceshowprivacyisachievedaswellashowsocialcontactismadeinpublicplaces Theconceptofprivacyisnotuniquetoaparticularculturebutwhatitmeansisculturallydetermined PeopleintheEnglish speakingcountriestendtoachieveprivacybyphysicallyseparatingthemselvesfromothers 25 PrivacyandtheUseofSpace Theexpression goodfencesmakegoodneighbors indicatesapreferenceforprivacyfromneighbors homes Ifafamilycanaffordit eachchildhashisorherownbedroom Insomecultureswhenindividualsdesireprivacy itisacceptableforthemsimplytowithdrawintothemselves Thatis theydonotneedtoremovethemselvesphysicallyfromagroupinordertoachieveprivacy 26 PrivacyandtheUseofSpace Youngchildrenlearntherule knockbeforeyouenter whichteachesthentorespectothers privacy Parents too oftenfollowthisrulepriortoenteringtheirchildren srooms Whenabedroomdooriscloseditmaybeasigntootherssaying Ineedprivacy I mangry or Donotdisturb I mbusy ForAmericans thephysicaldivisionofspaceandtheuseofarchitecturalfeaturespermitasenseofprivacy 27 CulturalNotes Time1 Fordoctors anddentists appointmentsitisimportanttocall24to48hoursbeforeascheduledappointmentifyouhavetocancel Insomecases youwillbechargedifyoudonotappearforanappointment 28 Time 2 Whenyouhaveahotelreservation itisagoodideatoask BywhattimedoIhavetoarrive Ifyouarrivelaterthanthespecifiedtime thehotelpersonnelmaycancelyourreservationunlessyoucallaheadoftimetotellthemthatyou llbelate Ifyouhavetocancelyourreservation callinadvancetonotifythehotel 29 Time 3 Time saving devicesandmethodsareverypopularintheEnglish speakingcountries Theyincludepush buttonTVs instantcoffee TVdinners microwaveovens drive inbanking andfast foodrestaurants 30 Space 1 Atveryformaldinnerpartiesyoumayfindaplacecardwithyournameonitnexttotheplatewhereyouaresupposedtosit Otherwisethehost hostessmaytellyouwheretosit Theremaybenofixedplacesatadinnertable Inthiscase eachpersonsitswhereverheorshewouldlike Oftenthemotherorthefathersitsattheheadofthetable 31 Space 2 Oftenwhenyouareinvitedintoawesterner shomethehostorhostesswillgiveyoua tour ofthehouse Onereasonforthisistomakeyoufeelmorecomfortablesothatyouwillfell athome Also Americansenjoyshowingofftheimprovementsthey vemadeintheirhomes 32 Space 3 Thewayspaceisusedinfluencespeople sattitudesandrelationships Forexample howpeopleareseatedaroundatableaffectsconversation Whositsnexttowhomandwholooksatwhominfluencethesocialinteraction Evenhistoricalandpoliticaleventsmaybeaffectedbytheuseofspace 33 Space In1968 duringtheVietnamWar internationalpeacetalkswereheldinParis France Aseriousproblemfacingtheplannersofthesemeetingswastheseatingarrangementoftherepresentatives Eachgovernment sstatusandneedshadtobeconsidered Ittookeightmonthstoreachanagreementontheshapeofthetable Inthemeantime thewarcontinued 34 MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire Thefollowingquestionsareintendedtostimulatecross culturaldiscussionandtohelpyoubecomefamiliarwithwesterncustomsandresponses Onthemultiplechoicequestionstrytoguesswhatawesternerwoulddo Morethanoneanswermaybecorrect 35 MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire 1 Ifyouwereinvitedtoanotherfamily shousefordinnerhowmuchlaterafterthescheduledtimewouldyouarrive Inourcountry intheEnglish speakingcountries A 15minuteslater B 30minuteslater C 1hourlater D 2hourslaterormore 36 MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire 2 Howlongdoesapartyatwhichdinnerisservedusuallylast Inourcountry intheEnglish speakingcountries A 1to2hoursB 3to4hoursC 5to6hoursD 7to8hours 37 MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire 3 Ifyouwerehavingapartyforthestudentsinyourclass howmanydaysinadvancewouldyouinvitethem Inourcountry intheEnglish speakingcountries A Thedayoftheparty B Onedayinadvance C Severaldaysinadvance D Threeorfourweeksinadvance 38 MultipleChoiceQues