2012職稱英語教材衛(wèi)生類新增內(nèi)容.doc

2012職稱英語教材衛(wèi)生類新增內(nèi)容：閱讀理解篇（1）Eat HealthyClean your plate! and Be a member of the clean-plate -club! Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，its accompanied by an appeal: Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying clean the plate, perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who cant afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.Its not that working class Americans dont want to eat healthy. Its just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next years Christmas presents.詞匯：orphan n.孤兒 belly n.肚子 nutrition n.營養(yǎng)waistline n.腰圍 paycheck n.薪金支票注釋:1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盤俱樂部的成員2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨餓的孤兒們!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根據(jù)今日美國刊登的一個故事，服務(wù)員給每個顧客一盤飯菜，其量是政府推薦的2至4倍。5. Its just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like agood deal. 事情是這樣的，美國工人覺得做許多個小時低收入的工作下來，盤子里的飯菜量小有點不合算。練習(xí)：1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their childrenA to save food.B to wash the dishes.C not to waste food.D not to eat too much2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?A Because Americans associate quantity with value.B Because Americans have big bellies.C Because Americans are good eaters.D Because Americans are greedy.3. What happened in the 1970s?A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.C The United States produced more grain than needed.D The American waistline started to expand.4. What does the survey indicate?A Many poor Americans want large portions.B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150 ,000 per year.D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?A They work long hours.B They live from paycheck to paycheck.C They dont want to be healthy eaters.D They want to save money for their children答案與題解：1. C 本題問的是:美國父母總是叫他們的孩子干什么?文章開頭說到，每個美國孩子都能從父母或爺爺奶奶那里聽到這樣的話，吃光你盤子里的東西，做清盤俱樂部的成員。這些話表達的意思就是不要浪費糧食。因此 C 是正確的答案。2. A 本題問的是:美國飯館為什么飯菜給得多?第二段相關(guān)的話是這么說的：美國人在傳統(tǒng)上把東西值不值是跟數(shù)量聯(lián)系在一起，因此大多數(shù)的飯館給的量大。這些飯館樂于讓顧客們抱怨飯菜給得太多而不樂于讓他們抱怨飯菜給得太少。所以 A 是正確的答案。3. D 本題問的是：20 世紀 70 年代發(fā)生了什么?文章第三段是這樣說的：一位賓州大學(xué)營養(yǎng)教授，Barbara Rolls ，告訴今日美國20 世紀 70 年代飯館給的飯菜的量開始增加，與此同時，美國人的腰圍也開始增大。所以 D 是對的。4. A 本題問的是：調(diào)查報告說明了什么?選項 B、C和 D 所說的數(shù)字不對。因此唯有 A 是正確的。A說的是：許多美國窮人希望量大。這個信息可以在第四段中找到。相關(guān)的句子是這么說的：許多吃不起精美正餐的美國人仍然要量大。5. C 本題問的是:下面的哪種說法不帶合美國工人的實際情況? C 說的是：他們不想做吃得健康的人。這個說法是不對的。最后一段的第一句話是這么說的：美國工人不是不想做吃得健康的人。因此 C 正確。閱讀理解篇2Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often go on welfare if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.詞匯：dependency n.依賴性contemporary .現(xiàn)代的obligation n. 義務(wù)insurance n. 保險welfare n.福利senile dj. 衰老的grave dj. 嚴肅的convalescent dj.康復(fù)的sponsor v. 發(fā)起，資助institution n. 機構(gòu)注釋:1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延長人類生命的結(jié)果使得人口的數(shù)量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是動名詞短語。由動名詞短語作句子的主語時，句中動詞必須用單數(shù)形式。如 : Collecting stamps is his hobby.2. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活著的很多人生于一百年以前，他們會死于各種兒童疾病。3. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因為有更多的人壽命更長，所以在任何一個特定的時間里的人也就更多。4. the dependency load: 撫養(yǎng)人口數(shù)量。5. In times of famine: 在饑荒年代6. go on welfare : 靠福利救濟go on 有許多意思，其中的一個意思是依靠過活。例:Many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce.(工作難找時，許多人靠政府救濟金過日子。)7. grave problems: 嚴重的問題8. convalescent hospitals: 康復(fù)醫(yī)院;療養(yǎng)院9. profit-making organizations: 贏利機構(gòu)10. dumping grounds: 垃圾場練習(xí):1. The writer believes that the population explosion results fromA an increase in birthrates.B the industrial development.C a decrease in death rates.D cultural advances.2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering culturesA it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive.B infants could be left dead in times of starvation.C parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children.D death was considered to be freedom from hardships.3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?A Many of them have a very hard life.B They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.C They rely mainly on their children for financial support.D Most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after.4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase this need refers toA the need to prolong the lives of old people.B the need to enrich the life of the retired people.C the need to build profit-making nursing homes.D the need to take care of a sick and weak person.5. Which of the following best describes the writers attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals?A Sympathetic.B Unfriendly.C Optimistic.D Critical.答案與題解 :1. C 第一段最后一句說： In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. 事實上，是由于死亡率的下降，而不是出生率的上升，導(dǎo)數(shù)了人口爆炸。因此，選項 C是正確答案。2. B 第二段第四句說： In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. 在災(zāi)年，可能會容忍嬰兒死亡，因為，如果他們的父母餓死了，他們也無法生存，而如果父母生存下來可重新生兒育女。因此，選項 B是正確的答案。3. A 第二段倒數(shù)第二句是這么說的：In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. (在美國，許多退休人員依靠社會保障金生活，其數(shù)額之小差不多使人窮困潦倒。)可以看出，在美國許多退休人員的生活是很艱難的。這正是選項A表達的意思，因而選項A是正確的答案。4. D 第三段第三句：Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. (當(dāng)今，由于家庭中大多數(shù)人都出去工作或上學(xué)，家里常常沒有人來照顧有病或虛弱的人。)this need 出現(xiàn)在下面這個短語中：To meet this need(為了滿足這種需要)，它指句子前面的care for a sick or weak person。這正是選項D表達的意思。5. D文章昀后一句說 : most of them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.大多數(shù)機構(gòu)只不過是傾倒垂死的人的垃飯場，所謂的照顧都是由收入低、超量工作、技術(shù)水平低下的人員提供的。作者如此措辭顯然是對大多數(shù)機構(gòu)的強烈批評。因此，選項 D是正確答案。閱讀理解篇3Sleep Lets Brain File MemoriesTo sleep. Perchance to file? Findings published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzzs.Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University5 and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from6 the somatosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. A second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the bodys tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.Our study suggests that this impairment12 may contribute to the memory deficits13 that occur as people age. Convit says. And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition.14 Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check15, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.詞匯：perchance adv. 偶然;可能online n. 在線的stow vt. 貯藏，堆裝emanate vi. 發(fā)源somatosensory adj. 體覺的neocortex n. 新(大腦)皮質(zhì)oscillation n. 振蕩intertwine v. 纏繞spindle n. 紡錘體ripple n. 波動，脈動diabetes n. 糖尿病recollection n. 回憶shrinkage n. 收縮impairment n. 損傷intrigue n. 引起。興趣(或好奇心)cognition n. 認識注釋：1. file memories：歸檔并儲存記憶。 file：意為 to put or keep (papers,etc. ) in useful order for storage or reference(把歸檔)。2. To sleep. Perchance to file? ：從莎士比亞筆下哈姆雷特的獨白中的名句 To sleep: perchance to dream. 改編而來。3. the Proceedings: (科學(xué)文獻、會議文獻)匯編，常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。4. zzz：(擬聲詞)打鼾聲5. Rutgers University：美國新澤西州立大學(xué) (the State University of New Jersey)。6. emanating from：發(fā)源于。7. neocortex：新(大腦)皮質(zhì)，尤指大的高等哺乳動物大腦中新生長的部分，也叫做 neopallium。neo-：前縀，意思是新的。8. thehippocampus：大腦側(cè)面腦室壁上的隆起物，也稱海馬狀突起，在泛記過程中起主要作用。9. tens of milliseconds：幾十毫秒10. age-associated memory decline：與年齡相關(guān)的記憶衰退11. administer：實施12. this impairment：指上句中 hippocampus shrinkage.13. memory deficits：記憶衰退14. the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition：令人興奮的可能性，即不斷改善葡萄糖容許量可以完全改變對某些與年齡相關(guān)的認知問題。15. keep glucose levels in check：限制葡萄糖水平。 in check：在控制中，被阻止。練習(xí)：1. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence To sleep. Perchance to file? A Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?B Does brain have memories when one is sleeping?C Does brain remember files after one falls asleep?D Does brain work on files in sleep?2. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?A The electrical activity is emanating from the somatosensory neocortex.B Oscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus.C Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation.D Somatosensory neocortex plays it primary role in memory consolidation.3. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?A People with poor memory have high glucose tolerance.B People with good memory have low glucose tolerance.C Memory level has nothing to do with glucose tolerance.D The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance.4. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage?A There is no relation between memory and hippocampus shrinkage.B The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer ones memory.C The more hippocampus shrinks, the better ones memory.D The less hippocampus shrinks, the poorer ones memory.5. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?A To prevent hippocampus shrinkage.B To control weight.C To exercise.D To control glucose levels.答案與解釋 :1. A文章第一段告訴我們，科學(xué)新發(fā)現(xiàn)進一步支持了一種理論，即，當(dāng)人體進入睡眠狀態(tài)時，大腦對在白天形成的記憶進行組織和儲存。 To sleep. Perchance to file?見注釋 1和注釋 2。2. C 第二段告訴我們，科學(xué)家分析了老鼠的腦電波，尤其是從 somatosensory neocortex和 hippocampus兩個區(qū)域發(fā)出的腦電波。該段是后兩句指出，這兩個大腦區(qū)域的活動是互相作用的。第二段并沒有說 somatosensory neocortex或 hippocampus起主導(dǎo)作用。3. D 該段倒數(shù)第二句提供了答案。4. B 第四段的后一句中 their brain scans，指上句中的 subjects5. D 鍛煉身體和體重控制能保持葡萄糖水平，閑此，去健身房就有了另外一個理由。閱讀理解篇5Going on a dietA typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart 1_and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating2_and, your brain running. They also keep your body warm. A person 3_weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to 4_the number of calories that you consume per day. This is the basic 5_behind going on a diet.6_，diets dont work for most people. They do lose weight but then 7_ the diet and put it back. Building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to 8_ a consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many you 9_ take in. The next step is to add ，exercise so that you can 10_the number of calories you can consume per day.Exercise charts can show you how many calories different 11_of exercise can burn. Burning 250 or 500 calories per day can 12_a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can 13_ the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise 14_. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. Its a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet. 15_clothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish.詞匯：typical . 典型的，有代表性的calory n. 卡路里consume v. 消耗，消費，耗盡 (燃料、能量、時間等)sensible . 明智的，合情理的，切合實際的consistent . 一貫的，始終如一的reminder n. 令人回憶起的東西，提醒的東西accomplish v. 完成，實現(xiàn)，做成功注釋:1. .diets dont work for most people . . . :節(jié)食并不是對大多數(shù)人都奏效2. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can:你可以在看電視的時候騎自行車或者你可以.練習(xí):1. A ticking B beating C running D kicking2. A properly B appropriately C approximately D effectively3. A adds B increases C gains D puts4. A cut off B take down C remove D reduce5. A way B principle C method D kind6. A Similarly B Though C Unfortunately D Although7. A go off B go on C go after D go under8. A getting B measuring C maint