狀語的作用.doc

_狀語的作用英語中,修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分叫狀語（adverbial)。狀語的功用：狀語說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、分詞和分詞短語、不定式或相當于副詞的詞或短語來擔當。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。 副詞是一種用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或全句的詞,說明時間,地點,程度,方式等概念。 1.副詞一般在句子中做狀語He speaks English very well. He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的狀語。I come specially to see you.3.介詞短語My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past.Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.The boy was praised for his bravery. 4.從句作狀語When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.5.分詞作狀語Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.狀語 1) 修飾謂語的句子成分是狀語。它分為： 時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語 、條件狀語 、目的狀語、方式狀語 、讓步狀語、情況狀語 2) 可做狀語的詞類和形式 副詞和形容詞 介詞短語 分詞和分詞短語 第二格和第四格詞 不定式短語 狀語的功用：狀語說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。 狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、分詞和分詞短語、不定式或相當于副詞的詞或短語來擔當。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。 狀語的用法一、 什么叫狀語？修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成份叫狀語。例如：My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past我父母經(jīng)常給我們講他們過去的苦難生活。She studies hard她努力學習。I am very tired我非常疲倦。二、什么可以作狀語？1副詞：Say again再說一遍。Suddenly it began to rain天突然下雨了。2介詞短語：Please come here in the evening請晚上來這兒。He wrote with a red pencil他用紅鉛筆寫的。3動詞不定式（或不定式短語）：He went to see a film他看電影去了。My father was surprised to hear the news我父親聽到這個消息，感到驚奇。4分詞（或分詞短語）：He sat there reading a novel他坐在那兒看小說。The students went away laughing學生們笑著走開了。5名詞：Wait a moment等一會兒。It can go all day and all night它能整日整夜地走。6狀語從句：Ill write to you as soon as I get there我一到那兒就給你寫信。He didnt come because he had to stay at home to finish his home work他沒來，因為他不得不留在家里完成家庭作業(yè)。三、狀語的分類：狀語按用途可分為：地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨情況等幾類。1地點狀語：The students are doing their homework in the classroom學生們正在教室里做作業(yè)。2時間狀語：I learned a lot from the peasants when I lived in the countryside我在農(nóng)村生活時，向農(nóng)民學到很多東西。3目的狀語：They set out early so that they might arrive on time他們早點動身，以便準時到達。4原因狀語：She will not go home because she has to attend a meeting因為要開會，所以她不能回家了。5結(jié)果狀語：Li Ming studied so hard that he caught up with the others very quickly李明學習如此努力，結(jié)果很快趕上了其他人。6程度狀語：I nearly forgot what he had promised我?guī)缀跬浟怂饝?yīng)的事。7方式狀語：He came singing and dancing他唱著跳著走過來。8條件狀語：If you work hard at English，you will do well in English如果你努力學習英語，你的英語成績就會好。9讓步狀語：He went to school yesterday though he was ill昨天他盡管有病，仍上學去了。10比較狀語：Lesson Two is not so difficult as Lesson One第二課不像第一課那樣難。四、狀語的位置：一般說來狀語在句中的位置比較靈活，它可以處于句首、句中或句末。1狀語位于句首：為了強調(diào)狀語或者為了使它與上下文緊密銜接，通常把狀語放于句首。Tomorrow I am going swimming明天我要去游泳。Here in the cinema house，smoking is not allowed在電影院這里不準吸煙的。2狀語位于句中：狀語在句中的位置是：(1)如果沒有助動詞，狀語就位于動詞前面。I often go to see a film我經(jīng)常看電影。(2)如果動詞前有一個或幾個助動詞，狀語位于第一個助動詞之后。He has already had his lunch他已吃過午飯了。(3)如果動詞是be，狀語就放在be動詞之后。He is always at home他總是在家。3狀語位于句末，這是狀語的通常位置。We get up at six in the morning我們早晨六點起床。五、句中多個狀語同時出現(xiàn)，位置如何放？1多個地點狀語同時出現(xiàn)在句末，較小的地點狀語放在較大的地點狀語前面，單詞放在短語前面，次要地點放在重要地點前面。We should sit in the front row in the classroom我們應(yīng)該坐地教室的前排。We live in Room 204 in the science building我們住在科學樓204室。2地點和時間狀語同時出現(xiàn)在一個句子中：(1)地點狀語放在時間狀語前面。He was born in Beijing in 1979他1979年出生于北京。(2)較短的狀語放在較長的狀語前面。Our plane will arrive at eight oclock this evening at the International Airport in the eastern suburbs of Beijing我們的飛機將于今晚八點到達北京東郊國際機場。3如果句子中狀語有單詞、短語和從句，它們的位置排列應(yīng)是：單詞在前面，短語在中間，從句在后邊。I hope to stay here for a long time if I am allowed to do so如果我得到允許的話，我希望在這里呆一段時間。4如果句子中同時出現(xiàn)幾種狀語形式，它們的位置排列是：方式狀語+地點狀語+時間狀語。Mary studied well here yesterday瑪麗昨天在這里學得很好。5如果句末狀語太多，可調(diào)一個（不得超過一個）到句首。如果有時間狀語，通常將時間狀語放于句首。Yesterday morning Wang Lin was drawing a horse carefully with a brush on a piece of paper in our classroom昨天上午王琳在我們教室里用筆細心地在一張紙上畫馬 語法要點(Main points)1) Adverbials are usually adverbs, adverb phrases, or prepositional phrases. 狀語通常由副詞，副詞短語或介詞短語構(gòu)成。2) Adverbials of manner, place, and time are used to say how, where, or when something happens. 方式狀語，地點狀語和時間狀語用以表示某事發(fā)生的方式，地點和時 間。3) Adverbials usually come after the verb, or after the object if there is one. 狀語通常置于謂語動詞或賓語之后。4) The usual order of adverbials is manner, then place, then time. 狀語通常的順序是：方式，地點，時間。語法透析1) An adverbial is often one word, an adverb. 狀語經(jīng)常只是一個副詞。 例如：1) Sit there quietly, and listen to this music. 安靜地坐著，聽聽這音樂。2) However, an adverbial can also be a group of words: 狀語也可能是一組詞。 * an adverb phrase 副詞詞組 例如：1) He did not play well enough to win. 他彈得不夠好，沒能勝出。* a prepositional phrase 介詞詞組 例如：1) The children were playing in the park. 孩子們在公園玩耍。* a noun group, usually a time expression 名詞詞組，通常表示時間 例如：1) Come and see me next week. 下周來看我。3) You use an adverbial of manner to describe the way in which something happens or is done. 方式狀語用以表示某事發(fā)生的方式。 例如：1) They looked anxiously at each other. 他們不安地打量著對方。 2) She listened with great patience as he told his story. 他講故事的時候她聽得非常耐心。4) You use an adverbial of place to say where something happens. 地點狀語表示某事發(fā)生的地點。 例如：1) A plane flew overhead. 一架飛機從頭頂飛過。5) You use an adverbial of time to say when something happens. 時間狀語表示某事發(fā)生的時間。 例如： 1) She will be here soon. 她很快就來這兒了。 2) He was born on 3rd April 1925. 他生于1925年4月3日。6) You normally put adverbials of manner, place, and time after the main verb. 方式狀語，地點狀語和時間狀語通常都置于主動詞之后。 例如： 1) She sang beautifully. 她唱歌很動聽。 2) The book was lying on the table. 書就放在桌上。 3) The car broke down yesterday. 昨天車壞了。7) If the verb has an object, you put the adverbial after the object. 如果動詞后面有賓語，狀語則放賓語之后。 例如： 1) Thomas made his decision immediately. 湯姆斯立刻就做了決定。 2) He took the glasses to the kitchen. 他把眼鏡拿到廚房去了。8) If you are using more than one of these adverbials in a clause, the usual order is manner, the place, then time. 狀語通常的順序是：方式，地點，時間。 例如: 1) They were sitting quite happily in the car.(manner, place) 他們挺開心地坐在車里。（方式，地點） 2) She spoke very well at the village hall last night.(manner, place, time) 昨晚她在鄉(xiāng)村大廳里講得很好。（方式，地點，時間）9) You usually put adverbials of frequency, probability, and duration in front of the main verb. 表示頻率，可能性和持續(xù)性的狀語一般放在主動詞之前。 例如: 1) She occasionally comes to my house. 她偶爾過來看看我的房子。 2) You have very probably heard the news by now. 現(xiàn)在你很可能已經(jīng)聽說過這條新聞了。 3) They had already given me the money. 他們已經(jīng)把錢給我了。第八講 狀語 (Adverbial) 【語法講解】 一、 狀語的定義和作用 狀語是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子等的句子成分。狀語表示地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨情況等。 二、 狀語的形式和位置 在所有的語法范疇中，狀語的形式最多樣，它可以是單詞、詞組或從句；可以是副詞（短語）、形容詞（短語）、名詞（短語）、介詞短語、分詞（短語）、動詞不定式（短語）、狀語從句等。 與其他語法范疇相比，狀語的位置也最靈活，它可以出現(xiàn)在句首、句中或句末。例如： Immediately he replied. （句首） He immediately replied. （句中） He replied immediately. （句尾） 1. 副詞（短語）作狀語 She is always losing her keys. 她總是丟鑰匙。 John drove too slowly. 約翰開車太慢。 2. 形容詞（短語）作狀語 Strange enough, they refused to come to the party. 很奇怪，他們拒絕參加晚會。 3. 名詞（短語）作狀語 He is knee deep in snow. 他踩在齊膝深的雪中。 They traveled a long way before they came here. 他們到這之前走了很長的路。 4. 介詞短語作狀語 The best fish swim near the bottom. 好魚居水底 I have lived here for three years. 我住這已經(jīng)3年了。 5. 分詞（短語）作狀語 1） 分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。作狀語的分詞通常放在句首或句尾，有時也可以插在句子的主謂語之間。分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語（即隱含的，在句中并不表示出來）與句子的主語一致。 She sat there doing nothing. 她坐在那里無所事事。（doing的邏輯主語是she，它們之間是主動的關(guān)系） Given better attention, the trees can grow well. 如果得到更好的管理，這些樹可以長得很好。（given的邏輯主語是the trees，它們之間是被動的關(guān)系） 2） 為了表示明確的時間或條件，有時可在分詞前加when, while, if等連詞。例如： When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. 當離開機場的時候，她向我們頻頻招手。 While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Jane.在等火車的時候，我與珍妮進行了長談。 If translated word by word, the sentence will be meaningless. 如果逐字翻譯，這個句子就沒有意義。 3） 分詞有時也可以有自己獨立的邏輯主語（即與句子的主語不一致），這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，在很多情況下表示時間、原因、條件或伴隨的動作或情況。例如： The holidays being over, they began to get down to do their work again. 假期結(jié)束了，他們又開始認真地工作。 So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 這么多人缺席，我們決定把會議延期。 【特別提醒】 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意思，表示動作正在進行；過去分詞表示被動的意思，表示動作的完成。 6. 動詞不定式（短語）作狀語 She was slow to make up her mind. 她遲遲不能下決心。 To be honest, I didnt enjoy the party. 說實話，我不喜歡這個聚會。 We live to serve the people heart and soul. 我們活著是為了全心全意為人民服務(wù)。 7. 狀語從句 在復合句中起狀語作用的從句叫狀語從句。狀語從句按其意義可分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、比較、方式、讓步等類別。 1） 時間狀語從句 I will discuss this with you when we meet. 我們見面時再與你討論這件事。 Come and see me whenever you want to. 任何時候想來就來看看我。 【特別提醒】 1） 時間狀語從句常由下列連詞引導：when（當時候），whenever（任何時候），as（隨著），while（在期間），before（在以前），after（在之后），since（自從），as soon as（一就），until（直到），once（一旦）。 ? 時間狀語從句還可由一些名詞（the moment, the instant, every time等）和副詞（instantly, directly等）連接。例如： Ill telephone you the instant I know.我一知道就立即給你打電話。 Every time I catch a cold, my nose runs.每次我感冒都流鼻涕。 ? 時間狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。例如： You will get to know when you grow up. 你長大后就會了解。 2） 地點狀語從句 地點狀語從句常由where（哪里），wherever（無論什么地方）引導。 Sit wherever you like. 想坐哪里就坐哪里。 You have the right to live where you want.你有權(quán)住在你想住的地方。 3） 原因狀語從句 原因狀語從句通常由下列詞引導：because（因為），as（由于），since（既然，由于），now that（既然），not thatbut that（不是因為而是因為）。例如： She was late because her watch stopped. 她遲到是因為她的表停了。 As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. 因為天氣很好，我們決定爬山。 Since he is busy, I wont trouble him. 既然他很忙，我就不打擾他了。 He felt a bit worried, not that his students were not working hard, but that they cared little for their health. 他有些擔心，不是因為他的學生不努力學習，而是因為他們不太注意身體健康。 4） 目的狀語從句 目的狀語從句通常由下列詞引導： so that（為了，以便），in order that（為了，以便），lest（以免，以防）。 Lets take the front seats so that we can see more clearly. 我們坐前排吧，這樣可以看得清楚一些。 We sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach them in time. 這封信我們航空郵寄，以便他們能及時收到。 We must hurry off lest we should miss the bus.我們得趕快走了，以免趕不上汽車。 【特別提醒】 由lest引導的目的狀語從句要使用虛擬語氣，由should動詞原形構(gòu)成。 5） 結(jié)果狀語從句 結(jié)果狀語從句通常由下列詞引導： sothat（如此以至），suchthat（如此以至）。 The problem is so difficult that it will take us time to work it out. 這道題如此難以至于我們要用很多時間才能解決。 She is such a kind girl that everyone likes her. 她非常善良，以至于每個人都喜歡她。 6） 條件狀語從句 條件狀語從句通常由下列詞引導：if（如果），unless（除非），suppose (supposing)（假設(shè)），provided (that)（假若），providing (that)（假若），on condition (that)（如果），as (so) long as（只要）。 If you want to succeed, youd better work hard. 如果你想成功，最好努力工作。 Ill come unless it rains. 除非下雨，否則我一定來。 You can borrow the book as long as you promise to keep it clean. 只要你保證不弄臟，你就可以借書。 【特別提醒】 條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。例如： If he has the book, he will lend it to you. 如果他有這本書，他將會借給你的。 7） 比較狀語從句 比較狀語從句通常由下列詞引導：asas（像一樣），than（比），thethe（愈愈），asso（正如那樣）。 He works as fast as a skilled worker does. 他干得像熟練工人一樣快。 The sooner you reach the target, the higher score you have. 你愈快觸到目標，得的分愈高。 The work was finished earlier than we expected. 工作完成得比我們預(yù)計的要早。 8） 方式狀語從句 方式狀語從句通常由下列詞引導：as（像，如同），as if (though)（似乎）。 State the facts as they are. 如實地陳述事實。 It looks as if its going to rain. 看起來好像要下雨了。 She closed her eyes as though she was sleeping. 她閉上眼睛似乎在睡覺。 9） 讓步狀語從句 讓步狀語從句通常由下列詞引導：although (though)（雖然），as（盡管），even if (even though)（即使），no matter (how, what, where, when)（不管（怎樣、什么、哪里、何時），whetheror（不管）。 Although he is poor, he is honest. 他雖然窮，但是誠實。 Even if our car can go 100 miles an hour, we cant get there by ten. 即使我們的汽車每小時能跑100英里，10點以前我們還是到不了那里。 Whatever you say she never listens. 不管你說什么，她都不聽。 【強化練習】（一） 判斷下列各句的狀語及性質(zhì)： 1) Read as much as you can in the new language. 2) Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. 3) Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. 4) When they guess wrong, they guess again. 5) We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. 6) Traditionally, all the members of an extended family lived in the same area. 7) In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite, television signals are first changed into radio waves. 8) Eager buyers bought all but 50 of the items in one weekend, leaving the family $442 richer. 9) Garage sales have become suburban social events, drawing people of all ages. 10) To define a word, the dictionary editor places the cards before him. 【強化練習】（二） 判斷下列各句的句子成分 1) For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. 2) Learn as a child would learn. 3) When the sorting is completed, there will be for each word anywhere from two or three to several hundred quotations, each on its card. 4) As the editors read, they copy on cards every interesting or rare word. 5) Three reasons why we are unwilling to discuss insurance can be suggested. 6) Insurance also reminds us that we live in an unsafe world. 7) Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later. 8) Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased significantly. 9) Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs. 10) If your child appears to be crazy about war play and weapons, it would be a good idea to control his viewing. 【特別提醒】 閱讀時，看懂文章的關(guān)鍵是清楚句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。當句子的結(jié)構(gòu)清楚了，就會比較容易地理解句子在各個層次上的意義。在各句子成分中，謂語的作用最重要。判斷出哪個是謂語動詞后，無論是主句還是從句的結(jié)構(gòu)就都會比較清楚。 【練習解析】（一） 1) 本句狀語為比較狀語從句as much as you can in the new language，本句譯文：“用新語言盡可能地多讀?！?2) 本句狀語為介詞短語in many ways，本句譯文：“語言學習研究表明，成功的語言學習者在很多方面類似?！?3) 本句狀語為介詞短語instead of waiting for the teacher to explain，本句譯文：“不等老師解釋，他們自己試著尋找規(guī)則。” 4) 本句狀語為時間狀語從句when they guess wrong本句譯文：“他們猜錯的時候，就再猜一遍?！?5) 本句狀語為結(jié)果狀語從句such that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller，本句譯文：“我們現(xiàn)在有著如此快捷的旅行方式以至于這么大的海洋看起來好像已經(jīng)變小了?！?6) 本句狀語為副詞traditionally和介詞短語in the same area，本句譯文：“根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)，大家庭中的所有成員都住在同一地區(qū)。” 7) 本句狀語為動詞不定式短語in order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite做目的狀語，本句譯文：“為了通過衛(wèi)星轉(zhuǎn)播像奧運會這樣的事件，電視信號先被轉(zhuǎn)換成無線電波?！?8) 本句狀語為現(xiàn)在分詞短語leaving the family $442 richer做結(jié)果狀語，本句譯文：“熱心的買主一個周末買走了幾乎所有的東西，只剩下50件，使這家人多了442美元的收入?！?9) 本句狀語為現(xiàn)在分詞短語drawing people of all ages做伴隨狀語，本句譯文：“車庫展賣已經(jīng)成為郊區(qū)的一種社交活動，吸引著各種年齡層次的人?！?10) 本句狀語為動詞不定式短語to define a word做目的狀語和介詞短語before him，本句譯文：“為了給一個單詞下定義，字典的編輯把很多卡片放到面前?！?（二）劃分句子成分時我們將采用如下符號：主語 ，謂語 ，賓語 ，定語（），狀語 ，表語和賓語補足語。 1) For them, learning a language is . 2) Learn as a child would learn 3) We must also wonder whether seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day makes us tolerate crime more than we should.（在賓語從句中的句子成分：seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day makes us .） 4) As the editors read, they copy on cards（every interesting or rare）word. 5) (Three) reasons (why we are unwilling to discuss insurance) can be suggested. 6) Insurance also reminds us that we live in an unsafe world. 7) Kids (who have no idea what being polite means) will pay the price sooner or later. 8) Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time (allocated each week to violent programs) increased significantly. 9) Children naturally often want the toys (shown on and advertised during these programs). 10) If your child appears to be crazy about war play and weapons, it would be to control his viewing. （it為形式主語，to control his viewing為真正的主語） 【鞏固練習】（十四）判斷下列各句的句子成分 1) Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. 2) When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. 3) You wouldnt believe the stuff people will buy. 4) The variety of things put up for sale is really wonderful. 5) Health insurance that pays for modern medical miracles often costs Americans as much as $2,000 every year. 6) Yet these three reasons for not discussing insurance provide three excellent reasons why we should