歷史學(xué)論文康熙末年政治研究.doc

康熙末年政治研究 康熙末年政治研究 the study of the politics in kangxis end era 【摘要】 震動(dòng)江南的“大海商風(fēng)波”是康熙末年的重要政治事件。張?jiān)∈墙阊睾Ｓ忻拇笊倘?“聲名甚著,家擁巨資,東西兩洋,南北各省,傾財(cái)結(jié)納黨援甚眾”,“立意要造洋船百艘往來(lái)東西二洋及關(guān)東等處”。在兩江總督噶禮的庇護(hù)下,張?jiān)V做稻米走私生意。江蘇巡撫張伯行對(duì)張?jiān)〗o予了無(wú)情打擊,摧毀了他的遠(yuǎn)洋船隊(duì)之夢(mèng)。與此同時(shí),張伯行身陷督撫互參案的泥潭之中,噶禮參本的第一罪狀就是張伯行對(duì)張?jiān)　跋菀酝ㄙ\,牽連監(jiān)斃”。在督撫互參案中,張伯行飽受欽差大臣的刁難,江南官僚幾乎全部支持噶禮,攻擊張伯行。眼看巡撫敗局已定,但康熙卻出奇地將張伯行留任而將噶禮革職。督撫互參案后,張伯行繼續(xù)以相同罪名捉拿張伯行的侄子張令濤,并參劾布政使牟欽元藏匿要犯。此事再次引起江南政潮,張伯行再次接受欽差大臣的審查,在證據(jù)不足的情況下被迫承認(rèn)誣參藩司屬實(shí)。然而,康熙卻再次對(duì)他開(kāi)恩免罪,并將他調(diào)離江南。這就是“大海商風(fēng)波”的全過(guò)程。在18世紀(jì)初中國(guó)社會(huì)由于承平日久而出現(xiàn)各種問(wèn)題的背景下,在康熙末年大案迭起,大獄迭增,特別是儲(chǔ)位之爭(zhēng)激戰(zhàn)正酣的時(shí)候,從“大海商風(fēng)波”中我們可以隱約看到這一時(shí)期政治特色和政治走向。晚年康熙在治國(guó)戰(zhàn)略上的微妙變化和他面對(duì)新形勢(shì)的苦衷與無(wú)奈,康熙用人觀的調(diào)整和國(guó)家政策總體趨緊的深層次原因,盛世起步階段的清朝中央與地方權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)的若干特點(diǎn)和運(yùn)作過(guò)程中的自我調(diào)整,在“大海商風(fēng)波”中都得到了不同程度的體現(xiàn)。作為康乾盛世中的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,“大海商風(fēng)波”所處的康熙末年,對(duì)于整個(gè)18世紀(jì)的意義不容忽視。在某種程度上,反思康乾盛世的歷史命運(yùn),研究康乾盛世最終走向衰落的主要原因,必須從這個(gè)時(shí)期開(kāi)始追根溯源。民族性格的差異、分屬兩個(gè)利益集團(tuán)的權(quán)力之爭(zhēng)、截然對(duì)立的人生觀和價(jià)值觀使噶禮和張伯行同省為官,卻水火不容。作為康熙末年政治的縮影,張、噶交惡所反映的官僚集團(tuán)內(nèi)部的派系傾軋成為這一時(shí)期政治的重要特征。而導(dǎo)致這一現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的最重要原因,則是民族文化的沖突和利益板塊的對(duì)立。江南諸案的癥結(jié)在于太子的介入。由于太子的因素,康熙遲遲沒(méi)有無(wú)法動(dòng)手解決這樣案件。托和齊結(jié)黨會(huì)飲案成為江南諸案和“大海商風(fēng)波”的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。由于托和齊的下獄,使康熙下定決心再次廢黜太子。從而推動(dòng)了南山集案、督撫互參案和辛卯科場(chǎng)案的順利結(jié)案?？滴跄┠陣?guó)家戰(zhàn)略的基本思路,即“為君之道,要在安靜”。康熙念念不忘把滿族的利益放在第一位。在這個(gè)根本利益的基礎(chǔ)上,康熙所制訂的國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略就注定是要把注意力由西北轉(zhuǎn)移到東南沿海,采取逐步緊縮的政策,防止東南沿海的漢人通過(guò)遠(yuǎn)洋貿(mào)易,與遠(yuǎn)在海外的反清復(fù)明基地相勾結(jié);防止糧價(jià)上漲引發(fā)江南社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩,從而直接威脅滿族在那里本來(lái)就比較薄弱的統(tǒng)治秩序;防止?jié)h族官員通過(guò)在社會(huì)輿論方面的優(yōu)勢(shì),占據(jù)地方權(quán)力的顛峰。最終確保國(guó)家政權(quán)的長(zhǎng)治久安和滿族利益的最大實(shí)現(xiàn)。這就是康熙末年國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略的根本目標(biāo)。從“大海商風(fēng)波”中,我們看到了康熙末年政治所反映的君臣關(guān)系日益緊張的政治現(xiàn)實(shí),這一有著一定歷史淵源的現(xiàn)實(shí)在康熙末年政治的運(yùn)行中產(chǎn)生了十分深遠(yuǎn)的影響。主尊臣奴觀念的形成、家長(zhǎng)制的政權(quán)統(tǒng)治作風(fēng)和建立在不同民族間充滿文化芥蒂的背景之下,充滿危機(jī)感的帝王心理,是導(dǎo)致康熙末年君臣關(guān)系高度緊張的重要原因。康熙末年危機(jī)潛伏的君臣關(guān)系,背離了世界政治發(fā)展要求民主和自由的趨勢(shì),其后果必然導(dǎo)致18世紀(jì)中國(guó)政治發(fā)展的全面僵化與停滯,從而為19世紀(jì)中華民族的悲劇埋下了禍根。從“大海商風(fēng)波”中,我們不僅看到了一支遠(yuǎn)洋船隊(duì)和一個(gè)立志走向世界的大海商的灰飛煙滅,更是看到了整個(gè)康乾盛世背后蘊(yùn)藏的所有社會(huì)問(wèn)題的端倪。然而,康熙是一個(gè)有魄力的皇帝,面對(duì)復(fù)雜的社會(huì)問(wèn)題,他在積極地尋求解決辦法。雍正年間的很多改革,在“大海商風(fēng)波”之中已經(jīng)埋下了伏筆。因此,康熙末年政治可以理解為“有亡國(guó)之失而免于亡國(guó)之禍”?？滴跄┠暾螌?duì)18世紀(jì)中國(guó)政治的影響不僅僅在于康乾盛世的社會(huì)問(wèn)題在此已經(jīng)初現(xiàn)端倪,更預(yù)示著一種新的政策走向正在萌芽之中。在“大海商風(fēng)波”中,這一趨勢(shì)表現(xiàn)得十分明顯?？滴踉谔幹眠@場(chǎng)曠日持久的風(fēng)波之中,對(duì)張伯行采取了較為理智的做法,但是默認(rèn)了身為白丁的張?jiān)〉谋瘎?。其中蘊(yùn)涵著一種由寬到嚴(yán)的政策走向。縱觀18世紀(jì),除了乾隆初年的短暫時(shí)光外,清王朝統(tǒng)治下得中國(guó)一直被較為嚴(yán)厲的政策所籠罩。而且這一政策具有強(qiáng)烈的內(nèi)斂性。這樣的嚴(yán)厲政策使中國(guó)失去了參與全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng),實(shí)現(xiàn)民族振興,推動(dòng)近代轉(zhuǎn)型,實(shí)現(xiàn)歷史飛躍的重要機(jī)遇。轉(zhuǎn)而故步自封,夜郎自大,惟滿族的狹隘利益為唯一的政策出發(fā)點(diǎn)。這恰恰就是蘊(yùn)涵在盛世背后的歷史宿命。由于目前國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)“大海商風(fēng)波”的研究尚不深入,因此這一題目有繼續(xù)深入挖掘的空間。本文正是通過(guò)對(duì)該課題的研究,在研究方法和研究視角上來(lái)做新的嘗試?！綼bstract】 the great maritime merchant event that convulsed the south of yangtze was an important political happening in the end of years of kangxis era: zhang yuanlong was a famous merchant in the coastal areas of jiangsu and zhejiang. he had a lot of properties and used much pelf to communicate many kinds of officials and merchants in overseas and interior of the country with him. he had lots of confederates and subordinates, and prepared to produce more than 100 big business ship could have a trip to the western world, the eastern world and japan through the high seas. with the shelter of gali who was acting as liang-jiang governor-general, zhang yuanlong had several chances to smuggle rice to foreign countries. jiangsu governor zhang boxing gave zhang yuanlong a drastic punishment, and destroyed his dreams of conduct a great business fleet. meanwhile zhang boxing was falling into the trouble because gali and him lodged complaints against each other with kangxi emperor. gali believed that zhang boxing framed zhang yuanlong with colluding with the enemy and caused the zhang yuanlongs death in the prison. this was the first accusation to zhang boxing. during those days, the imperial commissioner made things difficult for zhang boxing. almost all of officials in the provinces of the south of yangtze supported gali and objected to zhang boxing. however, kangxi emperor gave an order to make zhang boxing remain in office and dismiss gali from office, when zhang boxing would confront the failure situation. hereafter, with the same accusation, zhang boxing continued to try to arrest zhang lingtao, a nephew of zhang yuanlong, and impeached jiangsu provincial treasurer mu qinyuan hiding a key suspect in his own house. this event caused a new political agitation in the south of yangtze again. zhang boxing had to accept the imperial commissioners investigation, and acknowledge that he lodged a false accusation against mu qinyuan because he didnt have enough proofs. but kangxi emperor exonerated him against and ordered him to leave the south of yangtze. all of these was the great maritime merchant event.gali and zhang boxing were employed in the same province, but there were lots of conflicts between them because of the differences of national dispositions, the power conflicts and the different outlook on life and value. as a miniature of the politics in the end years of kangxis era, the conflict between zhang and ga reflected the fractional strife among the different bureaucratic cliques. the most important reason why caused these political facts were the conflict of national cultures and opposition of actual benefits.the crucial reason of those cases which happened in the south of yangtze in 1711 or so was the crown prince yin rengs intervene. kangxi emperor had no idea to solve those cases because of yin reng. the tuo heqi case had become the turning point of the great maritime merchant event those cases which happened in the south of yangtze in 1711 or so. the happening that tuo heqi was got into prison let kangxi make decision to depose the crown prince the second time. and then,“nanshanji”case, zhang-ga case and 1711 examination case were able to wind up.the basic thinking of the state strategy in the end of years of kangxis era was remaining the social stability. kangxi emperor always considered the manchus interests firstly. on this basis, kangxis state strategy was paying attention to the southeast china instead of northwest china. kangxis policy was drawing back gradually, and prevent chinese lived in the southeast china from allying with the oversea enemies of qing dynasty who wanted to revive ming dynasty through the high oversea trade. kangxi also hoped the policy could help him to prevent the probably social turbulence in the south of yangtze caused by the rise of the rice price, because the turbulence may threaten the fragile ruling order of manchus over there. kangxi hoped the policy could help him to prevent the han-bureaucats from occupying the important official positions in the local governments through their superiors in public opinions. the fundamental aim of kangxis state strategy was the longtime stability of the state and the most fulfillments of manchus interests.the more important value to 18th chinese politics is that the politics in the end years of kangxis era indicated the appearance of a new policy. in the great maritime merchant event, this trend was especially obvious. the solution that kangxi made to zhang boxing was rational in this longtime event, but kangxi gave tacit consent to zhang yuanlongs tragedy. it includes a policy trend which was from leniency to severity. in 18th century, qing dynasty was always enveloped by a severe policy, except the beginning of qianlongs era. this policy was also very restrained. so th