必4unit1Grammar

1、人教課標(biāo) 高一 必修 4 Unit 1,Grammar,Women of achievement,語(yǔ)法詳解： 所謂主謂一致是指主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間,即主語(yǔ)的人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定著謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞對(duì)應(yīng)的形式。,The boy _ diving.,They _ diving.,Both Jack and Tim _ diving.,All of them _ diving.,Neither Jack nor Tim _ walking.,is,are,are,is,are,Finish the following exercises:,Bob,Bob _ a worker.,is,Mike,Mike and

2、 Bob _ workers.,are,Both Mike and Bob _ workers.,are,Neither Mike nor Bob _a teacher.,is,Bill,Neither of them _ (know) how to teach English.,knows/know,All of them _ workers.,None of them _ (know) how to teach English.,are,knows/know,主謂一致主要有以下幾種情況：,語(yǔ)法一致是指句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法形式上一致，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式依主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)

3、時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)。,語(yǔ)法一致原則,1. and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上單數(shù)名詞或者代詞作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有以下兩種情況： (1)如果指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同的人或事物的時(shí)候, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 He and I _ both students of this school. 我和他都是這個(gè)學(xué)校的學(xué)生。,are,The singer and dancer_ going to give us a performance. 那個(gè)歌唱家兼舞蹈演員要給我們表演。 The knife and fork _ on the table. 刀叉在桌子上。,is,is,(2) 但如果連接

4、兩個(gè)以上的名詞指的是同 一個(gè)人或物, 或者指同一概念的時(shí)候, 謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù)。,2. 如果主語(yǔ)是不定式, 動(dòng)詞ing形式或主語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)候, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 What he is doing seems very important. 他正在做的事情看起來(lái)很重要。 Collecting stamps is his hobby. 收集郵票是他的愛(ài)好。,3. 定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞who, which, that在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，要與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。 Those who enjoy singing may join us. Tom, who is your friend, should hel

5、p you.,4. with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except, but, including 如果句子中有這些連接詞和主語(yǔ)連用, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)隨主語(yǔ)的變化而變化。例如： The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the street. 老師和他的學(xué)生們正在街道上植樹(shù)。,鄰近一致是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與它 最鄰近的名詞或代詞保持一致。 either . or; neither . nor; not only

6、 . but also, whether.or在句子中連接主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候或者在there be句型中, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要和就近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。,就近原則,Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.,Neither you nor I am wrong. There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.,所謂概念一致原則是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)一致不是取決于主語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法形式, 而是其實(shí)際意義。有的主語(yǔ)名詞在形式上是單數(shù), 但在意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)；有的主語(yǔ)名詞在形式上是復(fù)數(shù), 但在

7、意義上卻是單數(shù)。,概念一致原則,1. 不定代詞all, more, some, any, none作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視情況而定。,All of the apples _ rotten. 所有的蘋果都爛了。 All of the apple _ rotten. 整個(gè)蘋果都爛了。 不定代詞all, more, some, any, none作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視情況而定。,are,is,None of the money _ left. 沒(méi)有剩下一點(diǎn)錢。 None of the students _ there. 沒(méi)有學(xué)生在那里。,is,is,2. the rest of; half of; par

8、t of; majority of; percent of; one third of在句子中加名詞作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與of后面的名詞保持一致。,Half of the students _ finished their composition. 一半的學(xué)生已經(jīng)完成了他們的作文。 Half of the apple _ bad. 一半的蘋果壞了。 About 60 percent of the students in our school _ boys. 我們學(xué)校, 大約百分之六十的學(xué)生是男 生。,have,is,are,3. 集合名詞作主語(yǔ), 動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。主要由句子的

9、意思決定。強(qiáng)調(diào)整體謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；指全體人員時(shí), 動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)。這一類常見(jiàn)的集合名詞有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group。,His family _ going out. 他們?nèi)乙獬觥?His family _ all music lovers. 他們?nèi)胰硕际且魳?lè)愛(ài)好者。 集合名詞作主語(yǔ), 動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。主要由句子的意思決定。強(qiáng)調(diào)整體謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；指全體人員時(shí), 動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)。這一類常見(jiàn)的集合名詞有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, gro

10、up。,is,are,4. 某些名詞如people, police, cattle等, 形式上是單數(shù), 但意義上是復(fù)數(shù), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。people指“民族”時(shí)是例外。 The police are searching for a thief. The cattle are eating grass on the hill.,5. 復(fù)合不定代詞作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，如someone, somebody, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, noth

11、ing。 Someone is asking for you. 有人找你。 Nothing is found in the room. 在屋子里什么也沒(méi)找到。,6. 某些名詞如clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses等, 通常只用其復(fù)數(shù)形式, 但當(dāng)它們被a pair of 修飾時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如: The pair of shoes is worn out. 這雙鞋破了。 The shoes are worn out. 鞋子破了。,某些名詞以s結(jié)尾如maths, politics, physics, news, plastics等, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)。 Phys

12、ics is a very interesting subject. 物理是一門很有趣的學(xué)科。,8. every. and every .; each . and each .; no . and no . 在以上短 語(yǔ)中and連接的單數(shù)名詞, 整個(gè)短語(yǔ) 在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常使用單數(shù)。 Each man and each woman is asked to attend.,Every boy and every girl in the class is diligent. 班級(jí)中的每個(gè)男孩女孩都很用功。 No sound and no voice is heard. 聽(tīng)不到任何聲音。,

13、9. 以a number of作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù); 以the number of 作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 A number of new books are on the desk. The number of students in you class is 50.,10. 有些名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式一樣, 作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候, 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由上下文決定, 這一類名詞有: means, works, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。 Not every means is useful. 不是每種方法都好使。 Not all means are

14、useful. 不是所有的方法都好使。,11. many a, more than one, one and a half與單數(shù)名詞組成的短語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 Many a boy has seen it. 許多孩子都看到了。 12. 書(shū)刊名、時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。 Thirty years is not a long time. Roots is a famous American novel.,1. this kind of book = a book of this kind (這種書(shū)) , 其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù); 短語(yǔ)this kind of men

15、 = men of this kind = these kind of men (口語(yǔ)) (這一類人), 但this kind of men 的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù), men of this kind 和these kind of men 的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù), all kinds of 后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：,應(yīng)該注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:,This kind of men is dangerous. Men of this kind are dangerous. 2. 在主謂倒裝的句子中, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。例如: Between the two windows hangs a pict

16、ure.,3. “分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由“ a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與短語(yǔ)中of 后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致, 這是因?yàn)槎陶Z(yǔ)中后面的名詞是中心詞, 而短語(yǔ)中前面的量詞是修飾語(yǔ)。例如:,Lots of damage was caused by fire. About three-fourths of the earths surface is covered with water. Three-fifths o

17、f the workers here are women. 和這種情況類似的還有“a number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)”。但是,“the number of + 名詞”的中心詞卻是number。試比較：,A number of students have gone to the countryside to help with the autumn harvest. The number of pages in this book is two hundred.,注意: a (large) quantity of 修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 A large qu

18、antity of people is needed here.,quantities of 修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。例如: Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table. 短語(yǔ)in quantity, in large quantities 意為 “大量”; in small quantities 意為“少量”。,4. a great deal of, a large amount of, 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù); large amounts of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)

19、, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:,A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time. Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.,5. 表示數(shù)量的one and a half 后, 名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 但是其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如： One and a half bananas is left on the table.,6. 如果主語(yǔ)由“the + 形容詞(或過(guò)去分詞)”結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù);這類詞有: the brav

20、e, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dub, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed 等; 但也有少數(shù)的過(guò)去分詞與定冠詞連用時(shí)指?jìng)€(gè)別,則用單數(shù)。例如：,The blind study in special school. The departed (死者) was a well-known engineer. 這類形容詞或分詞如果要表示個(gè)體時(shí),就要與名詞man, person或表示人的單數(shù)連用。例如: an old man, a rich person, the (a) wounded soldier.,1. One third of the country _ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _ black people. (湖南 2011) A. is; are B. is; is C. are; are D. are; is,高考鏈接,2. The factory used 65 percent of the raw mat