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1、專題二 名詞、數(shù)詞與主謂一致,一、名詞的分類,二、數(shù)詞分基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩類 基數(shù)詞表示數(shù)目。其作用相當(dāng)于名詞和形容詞,它在句子中可充當(dāng)主語,賓語,表語和定語。 序數(shù)詞用來表示數(shù)詞的順序。序數(shù)詞第一、第二和第三為first, second和third,其他序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成是在基數(shù)詞后加th;fifth, eighth, ninth和twelfth在拼法上有變化;二十、三十等基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞時,要把y變成ie再加th,如:twenty twentieth;基數(shù)詞幾十幾變成序數(shù)詞時,表示幾十的數(shù)詞不變,只把表示幾的基數(shù)詞變成序數(shù)詞。如:twenty-one twenty-first。 三、主謂一致 主謂

2、一致是指謂語動詞與主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。主謂一致通常遵循三原則:語法一致原則;意義一致原則;就近一致原則。 語法一致原則:指主語是單數(shù)形式,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。,Tom is a good student. They often play football on the playground. 意義一致原則:指主語形式上為單數(shù),但意義為復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;或主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù),但表示單數(shù)意義,這時謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 My family are having lunch now. Twenty dollars is too expensive fo

3、r the book. 就近一致原則:指謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式還是用復(fù)數(shù)形式,取決于最靠近它的主語。常用于由not only. but also; neither.nor; either.or; not.but; or 連接的并列主語及there be句型中。 Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football. There is a pen and some books on the desk.,一、名詞??伎键c 【考點一】考查可數(shù)名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式及相關(guān)問題 名詞變復(fù)數(shù)形式有一定的規(guī)則,同學(xué)們在書上都曾學(xué)過,這里僅講

4、述一些例外的而且常被作為考點的情況。 (1)以“o”結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)可稍微記一下。有些名詞詞尾加“es”表復(fù)數(shù):heroheroes; tomatotomatoes; potatopotatoes; NegroNegroes; echoechoes。有些在詞尾加“s”表示復(fù)數(shù):photophotos;pianopianos;radioradios;zoozoos。 (2)單復(fù)同形的名詞 某些動物、鳥類、魚類。如:deer(鹿),sheep(羊)。,某些表示國籍的名詞,如:a Chinese(一個中國人);a Swiss(一個瑞士人);a Vietnamese(一個越南人)。 注意:某些魚類等的

5、名稱,可以有規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)形式,fish(魚)是fish(單數(shù))的一般復(fù)數(shù)形式,但當(dāng)指魚的種類時,可以用fishes表示。 (3)單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)意義不同的名詞 air(空氣)airs(神氣) ash(灰燼)ashes(骨灰) content(內(nèi)容)contents(目錄) custom(習(xí)慣)customs(海關(guān)) look(臉色)looks(容貌) manner(態(tài)度)manners(禮貌) work(工作)works(工廠/著作) water(水)waters(水城) time(時間)times(次數(shù)) arm(手臂)arms(武裝,手臂) cloth(布)clothes(衣服) wood(木)w

6、oods(樹林) good(善行)goods(貨物),(4)復(fù)合名詞及其復(fù)數(shù) 將其中主要的名詞改為復(fù)數(shù),如:boyfriendboyfriends; match boxmatchboxes等。 與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞應(yīng)在主體名詞部分加s,如passerbypassersby, brotherinlawbrothersinlaw, soninlawsonsinlaw。 當(dāng)man和woman作定語修飾另一個名詞時,前后兩個名詞都要變復(fù)數(shù),如:man doctormen doctors, woman driverwomen drivers。 沒有主要名詞的復(fù)合名詞,在詞尾加s,如:stand-b

7、ystand-bys(旁觀者),grown-upgrown-ups(成年人) 【考點二】考查不可數(shù)名詞 (1)表示不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式時,需要另外加量詞,通常有piece, bit等。 Tom has eaten three loaves of bread, but he wants to eat more.,(2)有些名詞根據(jù)用法可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名詞。主要有下面幾種情況: 有些名詞既可被看成“個體”,又可被看作“物質(zhì)”。如:a chicken (可數(shù),小雞)chicken(不可數(shù),雞肉) 有些名詞當(dāng)可數(shù)名詞使用時,指的是用這種材料做成的或者我們認(rèn)為是由這種原料做成的一種東西。當(dāng)把

8、它們當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞使用時,僅僅指材料。如:glass(玻璃)a glass(玻璃杯);ice(冰)an ice(冰淇淋);paper(紙)papers(報紙)等。 不可數(shù)名詞在表示特殊情況時可以轉(zhuǎn)化成可數(shù)名詞,這時,通常在名詞前加上形容詞。如:a nice wine(一種好葡萄酒);或者加上某種說明,如:a wine of high quality(一種優(yōu)質(zhì)葡萄酒)。有很多關(guān)于飲料的詞,當(dāng)把它們看作一種物質(zhì)時,是不可數(shù)名詞,然而,也可以用a/an來表示a glass of (一杯)等的意思,或用beer, coffee的復(fù)數(shù)形式,如在餐廳點菜時,就常會說: A(or One)beer, plea

9、se. Two teas and four coffees,please. education, light, noise等,作為可數(shù)名詞時,指的是特殊的東西。 試比較:I have had a good education.,Education is very important for development. I need a light by my bed. Light travels faster than sound. 【即學(xué)即練】 單項填空 Having studied in American for many years, he had_ of English. A. good

10、 knowledge B. good knowledges C. a good knowledge D. a knowledge 解析:選C。意思是:他在美國生活多年,因此通曉英語。 【考點三】考查名詞與所有格 名詞的所有格一般有兩種:s型(有生命的所有格)與of型(無生命名詞所有格)。要點如下: (1)在以s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞后加s,如an actresss career(一個女演員的生涯)。 (2)在規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的s后邊加省字號“”,如boys school(男校)。 (3)復(fù)合名詞中s放最后一個詞后。 My sister-in-laws father is a teacher.,注意:也可

11、能同時有兩個所有格。 My brothers neighbors sister is a teacher. (4)在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時,名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞,如:the barbers(理發(fā)店)。 (5)雙重所有格:通常s所有格表示所有關(guān)系,of所有格表示部分與整體的關(guān)系。如:a friend of my fathers表示“我父親朋友中的一個”。 (6)of ones own表示“某人自己的”,不可用“of反身代詞”。This is the house of my own. 【考點四】考查名詞作定語 作定語的名詞往往是說明中心名詞的材料、用途、時間、地點、內(nèi)

12、容、類別等。作定語的名詞有以下三種形式: (1)一般用單數(shù)形式。如:a stone bridge(石橋);a meeting room(會議室);morning exercise(早操);London Airport(倫敦機場);a story book(故事書);a shoe shop(鞋店)。,(2)man, woman要與所修飾的名詞的數(shù)一致。如:a woman teacher(一位女教師);two women teachers(兩位女教師)。 (3)sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等只用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:a sports meet(運

13、動會);a goods train(貨車);customs house(海關(guān));a sales manager(營業(yè)主任)。 【即學(xué)即練】 單項填空 The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it. A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycless shop 解析:選B。表示類別直接用單數(shù)名詞作定語。 【考點五】考查名詞的修飾語 (1)只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的有:each, either, neither, another, these, those, both, (

14、a) few, several, many, a great/good many, a large number of, scores of, dozens of等。 (2)只能修飾不可數(shù)的有:(a) little, much, a bit of, a great deal of, a large amount of等。,(3)既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有:some, any, half, most, all, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, quantities of等。 【即學(xué)即練】 單項填空 I hear _

15、 boys in your school like playing football in their spare time, though others prefer basketball. A. quite a lot B. quite a few C. quite a bit D. quite a little 解析:選B。因為boys是復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,排除D;又quite a lot和quite a bit后不直接接名詞,排除A和C。故選B。 二、數(shù)詞的??伎键c 【考點一】考查序數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)、年代、年齡等的慣用表達(dá)法 (1)在表達(dá)分?jǐn)?shù)時,分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞,分?jǐn)?shù)的分子超過“一”時,

16、分母須加s。如:one tenth(1/10), three tenths(3/10)。,(2)英語中表示年代的直接在年份前加定冠詞the, 再在年份后面加s或s,如:“20世紀(jì)80年代”可表示為the 1980s或the 1980s。 (3)用“in ones+整十?dāng)?shù)的復(fù)數(shù)”表示大致年齡。如:“在我20多歲時”可表示為in my twenties;“在他10多歲時”可表示為in his teens。 【考點二】考查序號表示法 (1)單純的序號,可在基數(shù)詞前加number,簡寫為No.。如No.1(第一號)。 (2)事物名詞的序號表達(dá)法有所不同: 對于一些小序號可用序數(shù)詞也可用基數(shù)詞表達(dá),形式

17、分別為:the+序數(shù)詞+名詞;名詞+基數(shù)詞。 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)可以表示為the First World War或World War One。 對于一些大序號我們通常只用一種表達(dá)法,即名詞+數(shù)詞。 501號房間表示為Room 501;538路公共汽車表示為Bus 538。 【考點三】考查倍數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)作程度狀語 (1)分?jǐn)?shù)表示法的構(gòu)成:,基數(shù)詞代表分子,序數(shù)詞代表分母。分子大于1時,分子的序數(shù)詞用單數(shù),分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:1/3 讀作one-third;337讀作three and three-sevenths。 分子與分母之間加in, 分子在前,分母在后,分子分母都用基數(shù)詞。如:one in te

18、n(十分之一)。 分子與分母之間加out of , 分子在前,分母在后,分子分母都用基數(shù)詞。如:one out of ten(十分之一)。 (2)倍數(shù)表示法 主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(或分?jǐn)?shù))+as+adj.+as。 I have three times as many as you. 主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+the size (amount, length.) of.。 =The size(amount, length.)+謂語+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+that of. The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. (=The size of the earth i

19、s 49 times that of the moon.) 主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+形容詞(副詞)比較級+than.。 The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.,The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 三、主謂一致 【考點一】由 many a 或 more than+單數(shù)名詞作主語時,其謂語用單數(shù)形式。但是,“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one”結(jié)構(gòu)之后,謂語動詞一般多用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 Many a

20、foreigner has been to the Great Wall. More than one student has visited the exhibition. More members than one are against your plan. 【考點二】成對的名詞,如:bread and butter涂黃油的面包,soda and water汽水,salt and water鹽開水, heart and soul 心靈等,雖然有and連接,但仍表單一概念,作主語時,謂語用單數(shù)。 Truth and honesty is the best policy. To love a

21、nd to be loved is great happiness. Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. 【考點三】由 and 連接的并列單數(shù)主語的前面分別有each, every或no修飾時,其謂語用單數(shù)形式。 No student and no teacher is invited to the party.,In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. Each book and each paper is

22、 found in its place. 【考點四】主語后跟有together with, along with,as well as,no less than,rather than, with, not, like, but, except, besides, including等引起的短語時,謂語動詞要和句子真正的主語保持一致。 He as well as his sister is a League member. He, like Tom and Mike, is very clever. 【考點五】表示度量、價格、時間的復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞組作主語時一般被看作一個整體,謂語用單數(shù)形式。但是如

23、果說話人側(cè)重于一個個的個體,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 Ten dollars is not enough. A hundred miles is a long distance. Three months have passed since he left. 【考點六】主語是family, team, group, crowd, class, public等集合名詞時,如果作為一個整體看待,謂語用單數(shù)形式,如指的是全體人員時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。,His family are all music lovers. My family is a large one. 【考點七】主語是“each of.;either

24、of.;one of.”等時,其謂語用單數(shù)?!皀either of.;none of.”謂語動詞一般用單數(shù),但后加復(fù)數(shù)名詞時謂語動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。 Each of us has a dictionary. Each student has a dictionary. The students each have a dictionary. (each用作同位語) None of us has/have been to England. 【考點八】當(dāng)人名是指一家人、夫妻倆或同性、同名的若干人時,則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,此時主語前多加the。 The Smiths are on holiday. 【考

25、點九】單個主語從句、動名詞或動詞不定式作主語,其謂語用單數(shù)形式。用what引導(dǎo)的主語從句作主語時,謂語動詞要視情況而定。 Whether they will come or not is still a question. Walking on the moon is very difficult. When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.,What he said is right. What I want are more books. What we need is money. 注意下面兩個句子: Readi

26、ng and writing are two different skills. What he says and what he does dont agree. 【考點十】police, cattle等集合名詞作主語時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 The cattle are very well looked after. The murderer has run away. The police are searching for him. 【考點十一】單、復(fù)數(shù)同形名詞作主語時,按意義一致的原則,用作單數(shù)意義時,謂語用單數(shù),反之,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有:means(方法),works (工廠),spe

27、cies(種類),Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep等。當(dāng)它們前面有a, such a, this, that, 修飾時謂語用單數(shù); 有all, such, these, those修飾時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù),但means, no means, the means等詞前沒有以上修飾詞時,可用作單數(shù),也可用作復(fù)數(shù)。 A new means of teaching is being used in that school.,This glass works was set up in 1980. These glass works are near the railway sta

28、tion. 【考點十二】名詞性物主代詞作主語時,既可以用作單數(shù),也可以用作復(fù)數(shù),這取決于它所代替的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。such, the same 起指示代詞作用時,應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。 Ours (Our party) is a party. Your shoes are black, and mine (=my shoes) are brown. Such is our plan. Such are his words.,【難點一】a number of 與the number of 用括號內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 A number of pupils _ (like) read

29、ing picture-books.,The number of the students in our class_ (be) 55. 解析:“a number of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語,謂語用復(fù)數(shù);“ the number of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語,謂語用單數(shù)。所以第題填like,第填is。 【難點二】百分?jǐn)?shù)或分?jǐn)?shù)作主語 用括號內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 Three-fourths of the surface of the earth_ (be) sea. 40 percent of the students in our class _(be) girls. 解析:“的幾分之幾”和“的百分之

30、幾”作主語時,其謂語用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)取決于 of 后的名詞。所以第題填is,第題填are。 【難點三】并列主語 用括號內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 The black and white pig _ (be) sleeping. The black and the white pig _ (be) very fat. 解析:并列主語如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù),這時and后面的名詞前沒有冠詞。所以第題填is,第題填are。,【難點四】“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”的主謂一致問題 用括號內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 She is the only one of these wom

31、en who _ (play) the violin. He is one of the students who_ (have) been to Beijing. 解析:“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”之前有the only, the very, the等限定詞和修飾語時,定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。故第題填plays,第題填have。 【難點五】“one and a half+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”與“one or two+復(fù)數(shù)名詞” 用括號內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 One and a half bananas_ (be) left on the table. There _(be) one o

32、r two things Id like to know about. 解析:主語是表示數(shù)量的“one and a half+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”,其謂語用單數(shù)形式。主語是“one or two+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”,其謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。所以第題填is,第題填are。注意: “a+單數(shù)名詞+or+two ” 結(jié)構(gòu)多用單數(shù)謂語動詞。,【難點六】the+形容詞或分詞作主語 用括號內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 The blind _ (study) in special schools. The beautiful _ (be) not always the same as the good. 解析:the+形容詞或分詞作主

33、語時,如指一類人,其謂語用復(fù)數(shù);如指抽象概念或指個人,其謂語用單數(shù)。所以第題填study,第題填is。 【難點七】people用作主語 用括號內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 The Chinese people_ (be) a great people. 中華民族是一個偉大的民族。 The Chinese people_ (be) brave and hard-working. There _ (be) 56 peoples in China. 解析:主語 people 作“人們,人民”解時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),作“民族”解時,有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。所以第題填is,第、題填are。 【難點八】不定代詞作主語 用

34、括號內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 Somebody is waiting for you,_ (be) they?,Everything is all right,_ (be) it? 解析:陳述部分用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one或 no+復(fù)數(shù)名詞等作主語時,反意部分用they。而陳述部分用everything, something, nothing, anything時,反意部分代詞則采用單數(shù),用it。所以第題填arent,第題填isnt。,1. I havent seen Sara

35、 since she was a girl, and she has changed beyond _.(2010安徽) A. Hearing B. strength C. recognition D. measure 解析:選C。考查名詞辨析。句意為:自從Sara長大后,我就一直沒見過他,我簡直認(rèn)不出她來了。hearing聽力;strength力氣;力量; recognition認(rèn)出;識別;認(rèn)識; measure測量;措施。 2. Those who suffer from headache will find they get _from this medicine. (2010山東) A

36、. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter 解析:選A。考查名詞辨析。句意為:那些頭痛的人會發(fā)現(xiàn)這種藥物能使頭痛緩解。所以A項意義符合句意。relief緩解,減輕,解除。 safety安全,保險;defense防御,防護(hù); shelter掩蔽,保護(hù)。 3. This restaurant has become popular for its wide _ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets. (2010湖北) A. division B. area C. range D. circle,解析:選C??疾槊~辨

37、析。句意為:這家餐館很受歡迎,因為它有適合各種口味和各種消費層次的食物。division分開,分割;area范圍,區(qū)域;range系列;circle圓形物,循環(huán)。 4. The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they dont give you any direct_ .(2010浙江) A. solution B. target C. measure D. function 解析:選A??疾槊~辨析。solution解決方法;target目標(biāo);measure措施;function功能。句意為:學(xué)校的建議者們幫助你

38、分析問題,但是他們不會給你直接的解決方法。 5. James took the magazines off the little table to make _ for the television. (2010天津) A. room B. area C. fieldD. position 解析:選A??疾槊~辨析。句意為:詹姆斯把雜志從小桌子上拿下了,目的是為電視騰出空間。make room for是固定搭配,表示“給讓空”,其中的room是不可數(shù)名詞。 6. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts

39、any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_ .(2010江蘇) A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization,解析:選B??疾槊~辨析。reputation名聲;expectation期望;contribution貢獻(xiàn);civilization文明。句意為:這位醫(yī)生在治療心臟病方面技術(shù)精湛,并且從不接受病人的禮物,所以他獲得了好的名聲。 7. After the earthquake, the first thing the local government d

40、id was to provide _ for the homeless families. (2010湖北) A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture 解析:選A??疾槊~辨析。句意為:地震過后,本地政府要做的第一件事就是為無家可歸的家庭提供住處。accommodation住處,膳宿;occupation職業(yè);equipment裝備,設(shè)備;furniture家具,設(shè)備。 8. Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license rea

41、ched 200,000, a (n) _ of 40,000 per year. (2010江西) A. average B. number C. amount D. quantity 解析:選A??疾槊~辨析。a number of 許多;amount of 一般加不可數(shù)名詞表金額; a quantity of 既可以加可數(shù)也可以加不可數(shù),但沒有平均每年增加的意思。,9. Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who _ evening dress. (2010全國) wear B. wears C.

42、has worm D. have worm 解析:選B。考查主謂一致和時態(tài)。考查the only one of.為先行詞的結(jié)構(gòu),定語從句修飾的是one,而不是后面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù);另外,表明通常習(xí)慣或存在的狀態(tài)時要用一般現(xiàn)在時,故選B。 10. It is reported that many a new house _ at present in the disaster area. (2010陜西) A. are being built B. were being built C. was being built D. is being built 解析:選D??疾閯釉~時

43、態(tài),語態(tài)及主謂一致。由時間狀語at present可知此處動詞表示的動作正在進(jìn)行,主語與所填詞是被動關(guān)系;many a+名詞單數(shù)作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,由此可知本題選D。 11. Such poets as Shakespeare _ widely read, of whose works,however, some _ difficult to understand.(2010四川) A. are;are B. is;is C. are;is D. is:are,解析:選A??疾橹髦^一致。主句中的主語應(yīng)為poets,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),其后的非限制性定語從句的主語應(yīng)為some of who

44、se works,謂語動詞也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故選A。 12. Listening to loud music at rock concerts _ caused hearing loss in some teenagers. (2010湖南) A. is B. are C. has D. have 解析:選C??疾橹髦^一致、時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意為:聽搖滾音樂會中的大聲的音樂已導(dǎo)致一些青少年失聰了。動名詞短語作主語句子謂語用單數(shù)形式。只有A、C兩項是單數(shù)謂語動詞?!癷s caused”是被動,句子意思不需要被動。 13. Is everyone here? Not yet.Look, there _ th

45、e rest of our guests! (2010江蘇) A. comeB. comes C. is coming D. are coming 解析:選A??疾橹髦^一致及倒裝。there放在句首時,句子謂語用完全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),由guests可知the rest指代復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容,故謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 14. What impressed me most in his report lies in the words to bring about an _ of the conditions of the working men and,women. (2010山東省臨沂市高三五月模擬考試) A. improvementB.

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