試講-英語定語從句詳解

1、定語從句,The Attributive clause,定語從句,定語,在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。,定語用來對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語（動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語和分詞短語）或句子，漢語中常用的表示。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任，此外，名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，分詞，副詞，不定式以及介詞短語也可以來擔(dān)任，也可以由一個(gè)句子來擔(dān)任。,前置定語,后置定語,單詞作定語時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前，作前置定語。,短語和從句作定語時(shí)則放在所修飾的詞之后，作后置定語。,定語從句,定語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中作定語的句子，定語從句要放在所修飾的詞后。 如：1) The man who lives n

2、ext to us is a policeman. 2) You must do everything that I do. 上面兩句中的man和everything是定語從句所修飾的詞，叫先行詞，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。,關(guān)系詞/引導(dǎo)詞,先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞,先行詞=關(guān)系詞/引導(dǎo)詞,This is the bike which my father bought for me.,which 代替 bike,定語從句,引導(dǎo)詞,關(guān)系代詞,關(guān)系副詞,關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語，常用的關(guān)系代詞有：that, which, who, whom,

3、 whose, as,關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語，常用的關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why,引導(dǎo)詞的作用,1、引導(dǎo)定語從句 2、代替先行詞在從句中的位置 3、在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,關(guān)系代詞的基本用法,關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,1.who指人，在從句中做主語 (1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom指人，在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，?？墒÷浴?(1) Mr. Liu is the person (who

4、m) you talked about. 注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。 (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.,關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,3. which指物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主語) (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做賓語) 4. that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)

5、于who或者whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。 在賓語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略。 (1) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主語) (2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (在句子中做賓語),關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I lived in a house whose roof

6、has fallen in. whose指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替 (3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. =The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (4)Do you like the book whose color is yellow? =Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?,that和which的區(qū)別1,1、下面情況不用that: 介詞后面： This

7、is the book about which we are talking now 非限制性定語從句中： Tom studies hard and is ready to help others, which his parents expect. 當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時(shí)： Whats that which is flying in the sky? 先行詞后有插入語時(shí)： Here is the English grammar book which, as Ive told you, will help improve your English.,that和which的區(qū)別2,2、下面情況

8、只用that不用which和whom: 先行詞為much, little, none, someone, something, anything, all, the one等不定代詞。 I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off the table. 先行詞有序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾。 The parks are the clearest parks that you can imagine 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, just等詞修飾。 Corn was

9、not the only food that was taken to Europe 先行詞既有人，也有物。 They talked about things and persons that they remembered.,that和which的區(qū)別2,以who /which開頭的疑問句。 Who is the person that you just talked with? 先行詞在主句中作表語關(guān)系詞，在從句中作表語時(shí)。 The village is no longer the one that it was 5 years ago. 在there be 句型中，指物只用that。 T

10、here are many apples that are very delicious. 先行詞是the way或the reason時(shí)，that可作關(guān)系副詞，也可省略。 The reason is that he is unable to operate the machine.,as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是： 1As和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個(gè)句子。 (1) He married her, as/which was natural. (2) He was honest, as/whi

11、ch we can see.,as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,2. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more

12、than several times, which I dont believe. 注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用which (5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.,as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,3. 當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same修飾時(shí)，常用as (1) I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2) He is not such a fool as he looks. (3) This is the same book as

13、 I lost last week. 注意：當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as 所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同 (4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿著她在Mary婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。 (5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。,介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時(shí)，從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo) 介詞的選用原則： 根據(jù)定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配來決定。

14、 This is the book on which I spent 8 dollars. This is the book for which I paid 8 dollars. (2) 根據(jù)先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配來決定。 I remember the day on which I joined the Party. I remember the days during which I lived there,介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時(shí)用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose (1) Th

15、e man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) 不可用who/that (2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) 不可用in that 3. 當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句末尾時(shí)，可用 which/that(指物), who/whom/that(指人)作從句中介詞的賓語.而且作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。 (1) Dad is a person (whom/who/that) I can easily talk to. (2) Is this the play (which/

16、that) you were talking about just now?,介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,4. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等。 (1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F) 5. 先行詞是the way，意為“方式，方法”時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞用that/ in which或省略。 (1) I didnt like the way (

17、that/in which) she talked to me (2) The way (that/in which) he teaches English is interesting. 6.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which h

18、ave gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.,關(guān)系副詞的基本用法,關(guān)系副詞：在句中作狀語 關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介詞同先行詞搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介詞同先行詞搭配),關(guān)系副詞的基本用法,1. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語用來表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句。 (1) Shanghai is the city where

19、 I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 2. when引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時(shí)間。在定語從句中做時(shí)間狀語也可做連接詞用 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 注表示時(shí)間“time一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)。 3. why指原因 在定語從句中做原因狀語 (1)

20、Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.,關(guān)系副詞的基本用法,關(guān)系副詞的用法注意點(diǎn) (1)當(dāng)先行詞為time，表示“次數(shù)”時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系詞that 或省略。如： This is the first time (that) the president has visited the country. (2)當(dāng)point, situation, case等詞作先行詞表示“情況，境地，場合”等意思時(shí)，其后常由where引導(dǎo)定語從句，

21、where在句中作狀語。如： Can you think of a situation where this phrase can be used?,介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. 注：1）

22、介詞后面的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。 2）that前不能有介詞。 3） 某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的介詞+關(guān)系詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when ,where和why 互換。,介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,“關(guān)系副詞”和“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的互換 1、This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 2、Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 3、This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which h