語法專題復(fù)習(xí)（動(dòng)詞非謂語）講義-2025屆高三英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)

動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式，又稱非謂語動(dòng)詞，指不能單獨(dú)作謂語，但同時(shí)仍保留動(dòng)詞某些特征的動(dòng)詞形式。動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式有動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式和動(dòng)詞-ed形式三種。動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式相當(dāng)于名詞、形容詞或副詞。動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式的功能如下：不定式作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語；動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語；動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語?？键c(diǎn)一、動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式為todo，在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。動(dòng)詞不定式同它的賓語或狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語。動(dòng)詞不定式的不同形式及意義如下：一般式：todo（主動(dòng)態(tài)） tobedone（被動(dòng)態(tài)）意義：與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或在其后發(fā)生。進(jìn)行式（僅主動(dòng)態(tài)）：tobedoing意義：與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。完成式：tohavedone（主動(dòng)態(tài)）tohavebeendone（被動(dòng)態(tài)）意義：先于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。一、動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能1.作主語多數(shù)情況下用it代替不定式作形式主語，把不定式放在句子后保持結(jié)構(gòu)平衡。Itisagreatpleasuretobeheretalkingtoyou.很高興在這里和你們談話。Toprotecttheearthistosavemankind.保護(hù)地球就是拯救人類。2.作表語①表示主語的職業(yè)、職責(zé)、性質(zhì)等。Ifoundapart-timejob,whichistointroducehistoryofthemuseumtotourists.我找到了一份給游客介紹博物館歷史的兼職。②主語往往是aim，purpose，idea，intention，plan，wish，decision，choice等。Theaimofthisbookistointroducethehistoryofbiologicalevolution.這本書旨在介紹生物進(jìn)化史。3.作賓語后加不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：want，wish/hope，offer，decide，long，happen（碰巧），arrange，learn，refuse，promise，pretend，expect，afford等。HowIwishtoretirerightnow.我多么希望馬上就退休。Shehappentoenterthishouse.她碰巧進(jìn)了這所房子。注意：動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語且后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，常用it作形式賓語，把真正的賓語即動(dòng)詞不定式放在后面。常用句型：consider/think/believe/feel/make/findit+adj./n.+todosth.。Wethoughtitbettertostartearly.我們認(rèn)為早出發(fā)好些。4.作賓語補(bǔ)足語①帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，常見的詞語有：ask，advise，allow，beg，cause，callon，enable，encourage，force，forbid，get，order，persuade，permit，require，teach，tell，want，warn，wish，waitfor，expect等。Theexpertsadvisestudentstohaveeighthoursofsleep.專家建議學(xué)生要有八小時(shí)的睡眠。Parentsshouldnotallowtheirchildrenplaydangeroussports.父母不應(yīng)該讓孩子進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。②不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，常見的詞語有：“一感”：feel；“二聽”：hear，listento；“三使”：let，have，make；“五看”：see，watch，notice，observe，lookat；“半幫助”：help后的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)加不加to都可以。Thebossmadetheworkersworkovertime.老板迫使員工們加班。（主動(dòng)）→Theworkersweremadetoworkovertime.員工們被老板逼著加班。（被動(dòng)）5.作定語①被修飾的詞被序數(shù)詞、theonly、theright或最高級(jí)修飾且與不定式有主動(dòng)關(guān)系。Sheistheonlyonetotorepresentherschoolintheswimmingcompetition.她是唯一代表學(xué)校參加游泳比賽的人。②動(dòng)詞不定式和被修飾詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。若不定式中的動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)加介詞。TheWhiteshaveanarrowhousetolivein.懷特一家住在一間狹窄的房子里。③decision，wish，chance，promise，plan，time，attempt，effort，right（權(quán)力），ability，patience后用不定式作定語，說明名詞的內(nèi)容。WemadeaplantogiveourteacherasurpriseonTeachers’Day.我們計(jì)劃在教師節(jié)給老師一個(gè)驚喜。6.作狀語①目的狀語，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有：todo，inordertodo，soastodo，意為“為了做……”。Inordertomakeiteasierforthestudentstounderstandthelogicofthestory,theteacheraskedthestudentstoroleplay.為了讓學(xué)生更容易明白故事的邏輯，老師讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行了角色扮演。②結(jié)果狀語，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有：so/such...astodosth.如此……以至于做某事enoughtodosth.足夠……能做某事too...todosth.太……而不能做某事onlytodo不料，竟然Wehurriedtothetrainstationonlytofindthetrainhadleft.我們匆匆趕到火車站，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開走了。注意：“be+形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語。常用的形容詞有：glad，sad，happy，sorry，pleased，surprised，disappointed，delighted，shocked，ready，prepared，willing，quick，fit，lucky，easy，interesting，foolish。Hernewfriendswerehappytoexplainthingstoherafterclass.她的新朋友們很高興在課后向她解釋一些事情。二、“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)“疑問詞（when，where，how，what，which，who等）+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中用作主語、表語、賓語。經(jīng)常接“疑問詞+不定式”作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：learn，ask，discuss，explain，know，remember，forget，understand，think，consider，wonder，show，tell，decide等。Howtosolvetheproblemremainstobediscussed.（作主語）如何解決這個(gè)問題仍需要討論。Mybiggestheadacheishowtocommunicatewellwithmyneighbors.（作表語）我最頭痛的問題是如何同鄰居友好地溝通。I'llshowyouhowtooperatethesystem.（作賓語）我給你演示一下如何操作這個(gè)系統(tǒng)。考點(diǎn)二、動(dòng)詞-ing形式動(dòng)詞-ing形式由“動(dòng)詞原形+-ing”構(gòu)成，具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。一般式：doing（主動(dòng)態(tài)）beingdone（被動(dòng)態(tài)）意義：與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。完成式：havingdone（主動(dòng)態(tài)）havingbeingdone（被動(dòng)態(tài)）意義：先于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。一、動(dòng)詞-ing形式的句法功能動(dòng)詞-ing形式在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。1.作主語Studyinganddoinghomeworkseemmuchmorefunwhenyouareatsea.當(dāng)你在海上時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)和做作業(yè)好像有趣多了。注意：有時(shí)it作形式主語，把動(dòng)詞-ing短語置于句末。常用句型為“Itis/was+awaste(of...)/nogood/nouse/worth+doing...”2.作賓語①動(dòng)詞賓語。動(dòng)詞-ing形式常出現(xiàn)在下列詞語后：admit，advise，allow，appreciate，avoid，forbid，cannothelp，can’tstand，consider，delay，deny，enjoy，escape，finish，giveup，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，quit，risk，suggestHewasconsideringtravellingtoBeijingalone.他正考慮獨(dú)自去北京。②介詞賓語。動(dòng)詞-ing形式常出現(xiàn)在下列詞語后：devote...to把……獻(xiàn)給getdownto開始認(rèn)真注意或?qū)Υ齦ookforwardto期待contributeto為……做貢獻(xiàn)objectto反對(duì)leadto導(dǎo)致payattentionto注意beaddictedto沉溺于be/get/becomeusedto習(xí)慣于beresponsiblefor對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)whenitcomesto當(dāng)涉及……時(shí)Hislackofseriousnessledtomakingmistakes.他不認(rèn)真導(dǎo)致犯錯(cuò)誤。補(bǔ)充：可將介詞in省略的短語：spend.../havedifficulty/havea...time+(in)doingsth.③形容詞賓語?！癰eworth+動(dòng)詞-ing形式”表示“值得……”，“bebusy+動(dòng)詞-ing形式”表示“忙于……”He’sdecidedtogetalookattheoldhouseandseeifitwasworthselling.他決定去看看那座老房子，看是否值得賣掉。3.作表語動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語，與主語通常是對(duì)等的關(guān)系，表示主語的內(nèi)容，主語、表語可互換位置。Lilysaysthesecretofhersuccessisnotputtingthingsoff.（=Lilysaysthatnotputtingthingsoffisthesecretofhersuccess.）莉莉說她成功的秘訣在于做事情不拖拉。4.作定語單個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ing作定語時(shí)，常放在被修飾詞的前面；動(dòng)詞-ing短語作定語時(shí)，則一般放在被修飾詞之后。修飾nothing，something等或those時(shí)，動(dòng)詞-ing后置。Arethereanylivingthingsonthemoon?月球上有生物嗎？Theboysittingunderthetreeismybrother.坐在樹下的那個(gè)男孩是我的哥哥。5.作狀語動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語是句子的主語，且二者為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系。①表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。Drinkingtoomuchwine,hehassufferedfromastomachache.(=AsheDrinkstoomuchwine...)由于喝酒太多，他胃疼。②表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。Arrivingatthetrainstation,theyfoundthetrainhadleft.(=Whentheyarrivedatthetrainstation...)到車站時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)動(dòng)車已經(jīng)開走了。③表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。Preparingwellatyourexam,youcandowellinit.(=Ifyoupreparewellatyourexam,youcandowellinit.)如果你做好了充分的準(zhǔn)備，你就能在考試中發(fā)揮好。④表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語從句。Takingmorecare,Istillmadequiteastupidmistake.(=AlthoughItookmorecare...)盡管更加小心，我還是犯了一個(gè)相當(dāng)愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤。⑤表示伴隨情況、補(bǔ)充說明或行為方式。Istoodbythedoor,notdaringtohavealookatthebrokenwindow.我站在門旁，不敢看一眼那個(gè)碎窗戶。⑥表示結(jié)果。Thefirelastednearlyamonth,leavingnothingvaluable.大火持續(xù)了將近一個(gè)月，什么有價(jià)值的東西都沒留下。⑦作批注性狀語，修飾整個(gè)句子，獨(dú)立存在，沒有邏輯主語。?？荚~或短語有：一般來說generallyspeaking嚴(yán)格說來strictlyspeaking大致說來roughlyspeaking根據(jù)……判斷judgingfrom/by...考慮到considering考慮到allowingforConsideringhertragicexperience,Ithinkweshouldgivehermorehelp.考慮到她的悲慘遭遇，我認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該給予她更多幫助。注意：動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語時(shí)，可根據(jù)需要在其前加上when，while，before，after，since，until，once，though，although，aslongas，solongas，unless，asif，asthough，evenif，enevthough等。Don’ttalkwhilehavingdinner.吃飯時(shí)不要說話6.作補(bǔ)足語說明賓語的狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)，作賓語補(bǔ)足語，與賓語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。Ifoundthedoglyingonthesofa.我發(fā)現(xiàn)這只狗趴在沙發(fā)上。把含賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子（如上句）改為被動(dòng)句，原來的賓語補(bǔ)足語變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語。Thedogwasfoundlyingonthesofabyme.這只狗被我發(fā)現(xiàn)趴在沙發(fā)上。二、動(dòng)詞-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞-ing形式的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時(shí)，要在動(dòng)詞-ing形式之前加上形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構(gòu)成了動(dòng)詞-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。Wouldyoumindmy/meusingyourbicycle?你介意我用一下你的自行車嗎？Weofferedhimourcongratulationsonhispassingtheexams.我們祝賀他通過了考試。三、動(dòng)詞-ing形式和動(dòng)詞不定式的比較1.做主語意義上：動(dòng)詞-ing形式：一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念動(dòng)詞不定式：①具體某一種動(dòng)作②將來的動(dòng)作邏輯主語：動(dòng)詞-ing形式：①可有邏輯主語②常用名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞動(dòng)詞不定式：①可有邏輯主語②常由介詞of/for引出名詞或代詞賓格形式LearninganewLanguagecanbechallengingbutrewarding.學(xué)習(xí)一門新語言可能具有挑戰(zhàn)性，但也很值得。Paintinginthegardencanbeapeacefulpastime.在花園里畫畫可以是一種寧?kù)o的消遣。Toseeistobelieve.眼見為實(shí)。Tolearnfrommistakesisapartofgrowingup.從錯(cuò)誤中學(xué)習(xí)是成長(zhǎng)的一部分。2.作賓語begin/starttodo/doing開始做continuetodo/doing繼續(xù)做forgettodo忘記做forgetdoing忘記已做過remembertodo記得去做rememberdoing記得曾做過regrettodo遺憾要做regretdoing后悔做過stoptodo停下來去做（另一件事）stopdoing停止做meantodo打算做/企圖做meandoing意味著做trytodo努力做trydoing試著做can’thelptodo不能幫忙做can’thelpdoing禁不住做goontodo接著做（另一件事）goondoing不停地做needtodo需要做needdoing（=tobedone）需要被……考點(diǎn)三、動(dòng)詞-ed形式動(dòng)詞-ed形式也稱為過去分詞，表示已經(jīng)完成的或被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，在句子中起形容詞或副詞的作用，作定語、表語、補(bǔ)足語和狀語。一、動(dòng)詞-ed形式的句法功能1.作定語單個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語時(shí)，常放在被修飾詞的前面；動(dòng)詞-ed短語作定語時(shí)，則一般放在被修飾詞之后。requiredcourses必修課ThebookswrittenbyLuXunarepopularwithmanyChinesepeople.魯迅寫的這些書，受到了許多中國(guó)人的喜愛。注意：動(dòng)詞-ed形式通常表示被動(dòng)和完成的意義，相當(dāng)于定語從句。不及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式不表示被動(dòng)，只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作完成。IreceivedaletterwritteninEnglish.=IreceivedaletterwhichwaswritteninEnglish.我收到一封用英文寫的信。（被動(dòng)、完成）Thegroundiscoveredwithfallenleaves.=Thegroundiscoveredwiththeleaveswhichhavefallen.地上覆蓋著落葉。（完成）2.作表語用于系動(dòng)詞后，表示主語的某種特征或性狀。Thechildrenarefrightenedbythesuddennoise.孩子們被突如其來的噪音嚇了一跳。Thewindowsareclosedtokeepoutthecold.窗戶關(guān)著以抵御寒冷。Theproblemiscomplicatedandrequirescarefulconsideration.這個(gè)問題很復(fù)雜，需要仔細(xì)考慮。3.作賓語補(bǔ)足語說明賓語的狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)，與賓語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。一般及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞才能作賓語，表示被動(dòng)或完成含義。Iconsideredthisproblemsettled.我認(rèn)為這個(gè)問題解決了。注意：把含賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子改為被動(dòng)句，原來的賓語補(bǔ)足語變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語。ThissongisoftenheardsungeverywhereinChina.這首歌在中國(guó)的大街小巷都經(jīng)常聽見有人唱。4.作狀語動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語，表示原因、時(shí)間、讓步、條件、方式或伴隨情況等。①表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。Tiredandhungry,thelittlegirlsatatthewallcorner.又累又餓，小女孩坐到了墻角。②表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。Bornatthebeginningofthecentury,hebecamepresidentintheearly1940s.他出生于世紀(jì)之初，到了20世紀(jì)40年代初期成為了總統(tǒng)。③表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語從句。Laughedatbymanypeople,hestillkeptonhisexperiment.盡管被許多人嘲笑，他仍然繼續(xù)他的實(shí)驗(yàn)。④表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。Givenmoretime,hecouldhavedonebetter.如果給予更多的時(shí)間，他本可以做得更好。⑤表示方式或伴隨情況。Interestedintheproject,hevolunteeredtojointheteam.對(duì)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目感興趣，他自告奮勇加入了團(tuán)隊(duì)。二、動(dòng)詞-ing形式和動(dòng)詞-ed形式的區(qū)別1.動(dòng)詞-ing形式和動(dòng)詞-ed形式動(dòng)作狀態(tài)：動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示正在進(jìn)行；動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示已完成意義：動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示主動(dòng)；動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示被動(dòng)正在落下的葉子fallingleaves 落葉（已落下的葉子）fallenleaves發(fā)展中國(guó)家developingcountries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家developedcountries我聽見有人在關(guān)門（表主動(dòng)）Iheardsomeoneclosingthedoor.我聽見門被關(guān)上了。（表被動(dòng)）Iheardthedoorclosed.2.形容詞化的動(dòng)詞-ing形式和動(dòng)詞-ed形式形容詞化的動(dòng)詞-ing形式意為“令人……的”，多修飾事物；形容詞化的的動(dòng)詞-ed形式含有被動(dòng)意味，多修飾人以及人的聲音或表情，可表示“感到……的”。如：疲勞的tired-令人疲勞的tiring困惑的puzzled-令人迷惑不解的puzzling滿意的satisfied-令人滿意的satisfying受鼓舞的encouraged-鼓舞人心的encouragingStudentsweregreatlyencouragedafterhearingthespeaker’sencouragingwords.聽了演講者鼓舞人心的話后，學(xué)生們深受鼓舞。考點(diǎn)四、動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式作相同句子成分的區(qū)別一、動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式作定語的區(qū)別不定式作定語：表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語：表正在進(jìn)行的、主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語：表已完成的、被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisveryimportant.明天將要舉行的會(huì)議非常重要。Thestudentsdiscussingtheprojectinthelibraryarefromourclass.在圖書館討論項(xiàng)目的是我們班的同學(xué)。Theletterwrittenbyherwaspublishedinthenewspaper.

她寫的信發(fā)表在了報(bào)紙上。二、動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別感官動(dòng)詞（詞組）see，watch，observe，lookat，notice，hear，listento，feel等，后可接動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式作賓補(bǔ)，用法如下：①后跟不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，表示主動(dòng)和完成。Weoftenheardhersingnextdoor.我們常聽到她在隔壁唱歌。（主動(dòng)，完成）②后跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)，表示主動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行。Ifoundhersittinginthegarden.我發(fā)現(xiàn)她正坐在花園里。（主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行）③后跟動(dòng)詞-ed形式作賓補(bǔ)，表示被動(dòng)和完成。Themanagerwassatisfiedtoseemanynewproductsdevelopedaftergreateffort.經(jīng)理看到許多新產(chǎn)品在經(jīng)過一番努力后被開發(fā)出來很滿意。（被動(dòng)，完成）三、動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式作狀語的區(qū)別不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語時(shí)要和句子主語有邏輯上的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系，否則不能使用不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語。區(qū)分點(diǎn)：不定式做目的狀語常位于句首或句尾。不定式作結(jié)果狀語表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，可以在不定式前加only。不定式與句子主語的關(guān)系：tobedone邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系；todo邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系。動(dòng)詞-ing形式做結(jié)果狀語表示與句子有因果關(guān)系，句子是因，動(dòng)詞-ing是果。動(dòng)詞-ing形式做時(shí)間狀語，表示與謂語同時(shí)發(fā)生。動(dòng)詞-ing形式與句子主語的關(guān)系：邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系。動(dòng)詞-ed形式做時(shí)間狀語，表示被動(dòng)且已完成時(shí)，可換為havingbeendone。動(dòng)詞-ed形式與句子主語的關(guān)系：邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。Topasstheexam,shestudiedeverynight.為了通過考試，她每晚都學(xué)習(xí)。（目的）Heopenedthewindow,onlytofinditwasraining.他打開窗戶，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)外面正在下雨。（出乎意料的結(jié)果）Sheseemstohavealotoffriends.她似乎有很多朋友。（主動(dòng)關(guān)系）Theroomneedstobecleaned.房間需要被打掃。（被動(dòng)關(guān)系）Shewokeuplate,missingthebus.她起晚了，錯(cuò)過了公交車。（直接結(jié)果）Walkingdownthestreet,hemethisoldfriend.他走在大街上，遇到了老朋友。（時(shí)間）Havingbeentrained,thenewemployeesstartedworkingontheproject.經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)后，新員工開始在項(xiàng)目上工作。（被動(dòng)且已完成）考點(diǎn)五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)和句子主語保持一致。但有時(shí)動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式帶有自己的邏輯主語，在句子中作狀語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。1.名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞-ing形式Weatherpermitting,we’regoingtovisityoutomorrow.(=Ifweatherpermits...)如果天氣允許，我們明天會(huì)去看你。2.名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞-ed形式Thetestfinished,we’llhaveourwintervacation.(=Afterthetestisfinished...)考試結(jié)束以后，我們將開始寒假了。3.名詞/代詞+不定式Noonetowakemeup,Imightbelateforthefirstclass.(=Ifnoonewakesmeup...)如果沒人叫醒我，我第一節(jié)課可能會(huì)遲到。4.名詞/代詞+形容詞/副詞/介詞短語Thelittlegirlenteredtheroom,herfaceredwithcold.小女孩走進(jìn)房間，臉凍紅了。練習(xí)：Istillremember__________(visit)afriendwho’dlivedhereforfiveyears.Iquicklylowermyself,duckingmyheadtoavoidlookingdirectlyintohiseyessohedoesn’tfeel__________(challenge).Youmaydrink,smoke,beoverweightandstillreduceyourriskof__________(die)earlybyrunning.Mostcollegesnowofferfirst-yearstudentsacoursespecially__________(design)tohelptheysucceedacademicallyandpersonally.Butsomestudentsdidn’twant__________(wear)theuniform.Nervously__________(face)challenges,IknowIwillwhispermyselfthetwosimplewords“Beyourself”.EarthDay,__________(mark)on22April,isanannualeventaimingtoraisepublicawarenessaboutenvironmentalprotection.Onthelastdayofourweek-longstay,wewereinvitedtoattendaprivateconcertonabeautifulfarmontheNorthShoreunderthestars,__________(listen)tomusiciansandmeetinginterestinglocals.Onourwaytothehouse,itwasrainingsohardthatwecouldn’thelpwonderinghowlongitwouldtake__________(get)there.Pickingupher“LifetimeAchievement”award,proudIrenedeclaredshehadnoplans__________(retire)fromher36-year-oldbusiness.Whenwegotacall__________(say)shewasshort-listed,wethoughtitwasajoke.A90-year-oldhasbeenawarded“WomanOfTheYear”for__________(be)Britain’soldestfull-timeemployee—stillworking40hoursaweek.Scientistshaverespondedby__________(note)thathungrybearsmaybecongregating（聚集）aroundhumansettlements.Modernmethodsoftrackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid-1980s,andareexpensive__________(perform)consistentlyoveralargearea.Later,theylearnedtoworkwiththeseasons,plantingattherighttimeand,indryareas,__________(make)useofannualfloodstoirrigate（灌溉）theirfields.__________(help)uspreparefortheexam,theteachersuggestedreadingthroughournotes.Andwhenhesawthemistsrisingfromtheriverandthesoftclouds__________(surround)themountaintops,hewasreducedtotears.Theyareeasy__________(care)forandmakegreatpresents.Orangestrees...makegreatgiftsandyouseethemmanytimes__________(decorate)withreddevelopsandmessagesofgoodfortune.Theyrepresenttheearth__________(come)backtolifeandbestwishesfornewbeginnings.ChineseresearchershopetousetheinstrumentsonboardChang’e-4__________(find)andstudyareasoftheSouthPole-Aitkenbasin.Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecome__________(educate)abouttheareas—bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthedevelopmentofthelocalareas.Activitiesthererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking（遠(yuǎn)足）andaccommodationsaim__________(have)alowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.Minimizetheimpactof__________(visit)theplace.After__________(spend)sometimelookingatallthedefensiveequipmentatthewall,wedecideditwastimeforsomeactionandwhatbetterthantorideonapieceofhistory!Itispossible__________(walk)orbiketheentire14kilometers.Thoughitistheonlyunnaturalthingonyourwayupthemountain,stillithighlightsthewholeadventureandoffersaplacewhereyoucansitdowntorestyour__________(ache)legs.Butwhat’shownatureis—alwaysleavingus__________(astonish).ThatapproachbroughtCobb’sairtravellastyeardownby75%,andsheplans__________(continue)thepractice.ButCobbandothersarenowquestioningthatidea—pushingconferencestoprovidemorechancestoparticipateremotelyand__________(change)theirpersonalbehaviortodotheirpartindealingwiththeclimatechangecrisis....theeventincludedanumberofpublicpromotionalactivitiesonsocialmedia,__________(invite)twenty-ninete