北京市西城區(qū)2022-2023學年高三上學期期末英語試卷 附解析

北京市西城區(qū)2022—2023學年度第一學期期末試卷高三英語本試卷共12頁，共100分?？荚嚂r長90分鐘?？忌鷦毡卦诖痤}卡指定區(qū)域作答，在試卷上作答無效。考試結束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分：知識運用(共兩節(jié)，30分)第一節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，共15分)閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。Olivia,9,wasshyatfirst.She’dneverbeenonahorsebefore.Sowhenshewasaskedtofeedcarrotstothereddish-brownhorsenamedCharlieonasummerSaturday,sheapproached____1____,unsureofherselfattimes,turningaroundtoagroupofchildrenwaitingfortheirturntofeedhim.Oliviaeventuallymadeittothehorse’smouthandCharlielicked(舔)herhandsasshe____2____himhisfavoritetreat.Oliviawasamused.“That’swhatIcalla(an)____3____,”saidSabrina,asocialworkerwhohasteamedupwiththecommunityorganizationAlkebu-lanVillagetohelpchildrenovercometheirproblemsandkeepthemonpathsto____4____.“I’mexcited,”O(jiān)liviasaidsmiling.“Ilovepettinghim.”Theprogram“StopHorsingAround”atAlkebu-lanVillagewaslaunchedthissummerwithoveradozenkidssigningup.Theyweretaughthowtoapproach,feed,brush,andmountthehorses____5____eventuallytheygotachancetoridethem.By____6____theprogram’shorseswithSabrina’shelpandforming____7____withthem,childrenbecomemoreself-awareandthenbegintorecognizeandfacenegativefeelingsandbehaviors,whichcanhelpthemcommunicatewithothersandleadtosignificantpositivechangestotheir____8____skills,self-worthandbehaviorissues.SabrinafirsttaughtthechildrenthatCharlieneededtobecome____9____withthembysmellingtheirhands.OnceCharliewascomfortable,thekidslearnedhowtopethisfaceandhead,andthenhowtousetheleadrope,cleanupCharlie’smesses,andfeedhimcarrots.Oliviawasn’ttheonlykidwhowasnervousandshyatthebeginning.ButultimatelyOliviaalsowasn’ttheonlykidtoleavemoreconfident.Their____10____consistentlyturnedintosmiles,laughterandexcitement.1.A.happily B.calmly C.slowly D.directly2.A.fed B.left C.made D.threw3.A.award B.exchange C.negotiation D.breakthrough4.A.fame B.success C.responsibility D.freedom5.A.before B.after C.as D.though6.A.takingover B.walkingwith C.caringfor D.respondingto7A.routines B.bonds C.judgements D.ideas8.A.technical B.survival C.organizational D.social9.A.popular B.familiar C.satisfied D.patient10.A.resistance B.disappointment C.misunderstanding D.hesitation【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.B5.A6.C7.B8.D9.B10.A【解析】【導語】這是一篇夾敘夾議文。本文介紹了一個項目，旨在讓那些害羞的孩子通過與馬建立聯(lián)系，逐漸變得自信開朗。【1題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：所以，當她在一個夏天的周六被要求喂紅褐色的馬查理胡蘿卜時，她慢慢地走近，有時不自信，轉向一群等著喂它的孩子。A.happily高興地；B.calmly平靜地；C.slowly緩慢地；D.directly直接地。根據(jù)第一段第一句“Olivia,9,wasshyatfirst.She’dneverbeenonahorsebefore.(9歲的奧利維亞一開始很害羞。她以前從未騎過馬。)”可知她很害羞，所以當她被要求喂馬時，她應該是緩慢地靠近。故選C項?！?題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：奧利維亞最終把胡蘿卜放到了馬口，查理舔了舔她的手，她喂了他最喜歡的食物。A.fed喂；B.left離開；C.made做；D.threw扔。通過上文可知她不敢喂馬到最終把食物喂到了馬的嘴里。當她把食物喂到馬的嘴里時，查理舔了舔她的手。故選A項?！?題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：“這就是我所說的突破，”薩布麗娜說，她是一名社會工作者，與社區(qū)組織阿爾克布蘭村合作，幫助孩子們克服他們的問題，讓他們走上成功的道路。A.award獎項；B.exchange交流；C.negotiation談判；D.breakthrough突破。根據(jù)上文Oliver由開始的害羞不敢喂馬，到最后把食物喂到馬的嘴里，這是一種突破。故選D項?！?題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：“就是我所說的突破，”薩布麗娜說，她是一名社會工作者，與社區(qū)組織阿爾克布蘭村合作，幫助孩子們克服他們的問題，讓他們走上成功的道路。A.fame名聲；B.success成功；C.responsibility責任；D.freedom自由。這個項目是幫助孩子突破自我走上成功的道路。故選B項?！?題詳解】考查連詞詞義辨析。句意：他們學會了如何接近、喂馬、刷馬和上馬，最后才有機會騎上它們。A.before在……之前；B.after在……之后；C.as當……時候/因為；D.though雖然。根據(jù)句意可知，在他們騎馬之前需要學會接近馬，喂馬和刷馬等。故選A項?！?題詳解】考查動詞短語辨析。句意：通過在Sabrina的幫助下照顧項目中的馬，并與它們建立聯(lián)系，孩子們變得更有自我意識，然后開始認識和面對消極的感受和行為，這可以幫助他們與他人溝通，并導致他們的社交技能、自我價值和行為問題發(fā)生重大的積極變化。A.takeover接管；B.walkwith與……同行；C.carefor照顧/關心；D.respondto回應。通過前文“theyweretaughthowtoapproach,feed,brush,andmountthehorses(他們學會了如何接近、喂馬、刷馬和上馬)”可知，孩子們通過照顧馬和馬建立聯(lián)系。故選C項。【7題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：通過在Sabrina的幫助下照顧項目中的馬，并與它們建立聯(lián)系，孩子們變得更有自我意識，然后開始認識和面對消極的感受和行為，這可以幫助他們與他人溝通，并導致他們的社交技能、自我價值和行為問題發(fā)生重大的積極變化。A.routines常規(guī)；B.bonds聯(lián)系；C.judgements判斷；D.ideas主意。根據(jù)句意，孩子們通過照顧馬與馬建立聯(lián)系。故選B項?！?題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：通過在Sabrina的幫助下照顧項目中的馬，并與它們建立聯(lián)系，孩子們變得更有自我意識，然后開始認識和面對消極的感受和行為，這可以幫助他們與他人溝通，并導致他們的社交技能、自我價值和行為問題發(fā)生重大的積極變化。A.technical技術的；B.survival幸存的；C.organizational組織的；D.social社會的；社交的。根據(jù)本句“whichcanhelpthemcommunicatewithothers(這能幫助孩子與他人溝通)，表明孩子們的社交技能將會發(fā)生積極變化。故選D項?！?題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：Sabrina首先教孩子們，查理需要通過聞他們的手來熟悉他們。A.popular流行的；B.familiar熟悉的；C.satisfied感到滿意的；D.patient有耐心的。根據(jù)下一句“OnceCharliewascomfortable,thekidslearnedhowtopethisfaceandhead,andthenhowtousetheleadrope,cleanupCharlie’smesses,andfeedhimcarrots.(一旦查理舒服了，孩子們就學會了如何撫摸他的臉和頭，然后學會了如何使用牽繩，收拾查理的爛攤子，給他喂胡蘿卜。)”可知，查理一開始是先從聞手上的氣味開始熟悉孩子們。一旦熟悉了，孩子們就可以撫摸他們的臉和頭。故選B項?！?0題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：他們的抗拒總是變成了微笑、笑聲和興奮。A.resistance抗拒；B.disappointment失望；C.misunderstanding誤解；D.hesitation猶豫。由最后一段“Oliviawasn’ttheonlykidwhowasnervousandshyatthebeginning.ButultimatelyOliviaalsowasn’ttheonlykidtoleavemoreconfident.(奧利維亞并不是唯一一個一開始就緊張害羞的孩子。但最終奧利維亞也不是唯一一個離開時更加自信的孩子。)可知，孩子們由一開始的抗拒最后轉變?yōu)榱俗孕藕臀⑿Α９蔬xA項。第二節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，共15分)A閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空。Gratitudeismorethanjustsaying“thankyou”.Gratitudeisadeeperappreciationforsomeoneorsomething.Expressinggratitudemakesusfeelapositiveemotion.Overthepastthirtyyears,there____11____(be)manystudiesshowingthatwritingagratitudelettertoanotherpersonoffersusanopportunity____12____(escape)fromnegativeemotions.Evenifwedon’tshareourwritingwithanyone,theactofcompletingtheexercisealonemakesushappierand____13____(satisfied)withlife.Themoreweexpressgratitude,themorepositivewefeel.【答案】11.havebeen12.toescape13.moresatisfied【解析】【導語】本文為一篇說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：感恩不僅僅是給人道一聲“謝謝”，感恩是對某人或某事的更深層次的欣賞，同時也對我們的健康有好處，尤其是以寫感謝信來表達感恩的這個方式，能使我們逃離負面情緒的影響?！?1題詳解】考查時態(tài)。句意：在過去的三十年里，有許多研究表明，給別人寫一封感謝信給我們提供了一個逃離負面情緒的機會。根據(jù)時間狀語Overthepastthirtyyears，句子謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，此處為therebe結構，主語為manystudies，為復數(shù)，故助動詞用have。故填havebeen?！?2題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：在過去的三十年里，有許多研究表明，給別人寫一封感謝信給我們提供了一個逃離負面情緒的機會。此處考查名詞opportunity，后接動詞不定式作后置定語，故填toescape?！?3題詳解】考查形容詞比較等級。句意：即使我們不與任何人分享我們寫的內容，完成練習的行為本身就會讓我們更快樂、對生活更滿意。設空處與形容詞happier并列，也用比較等級，作us的賓補，故填moresatisfied。B閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空。WhenIwasinSingaporesixyearsago,Igaveataxidriveracard____14____aspecificaddressonitandaskedhimtotakemethereasquicklyaspossible.Whenwehadalmostreachedthedestination,hecircledaroundtheblock.Hismeterread$11,buthetookonly$10.Heexplainedthathewasn’tsofamiliarwiththisarea.Beforegettingoutofthetaxi,I____15____(tell)thattheridewiththetaxidriverisalwaysanimportantexperience____16____createsthefirstimpressionaboutthiscountryforaperson.【答案】14.with15.wastold16.that##which【解析】【導語】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了六年前作者去新加坡時，打了一輛出租車去目的地。到達目的地后，車上的計費表顯示11美元，但是司機只收了10美元，司機告訴作者，乘坐出租車是重要的經(jīng)歷，因為它會給人們留下對這個國家的第一印象?！?4題詳解】考查介詞。句意：六年前我在新加坡的時候，我給了一個出租車司機一張寫有具體地址的卡片，讓他盡快帶我去那里。分析句子結構可知，and前后連接兩個句子，此處表示“有”，應用介詞with，構成with復合結構：with+名詞+介詞短語，故填with?！?5題詳解】考查時態(tài)語態(tài)。句意：在下出租車之前，我被告知，乘坐出租車一直是一個重要的經(jīng)歷，因為它會給一個人留下對這個國家的第一印象。此處在主句中作謂語，主句描述過去發(fā)生的事，應用一般過去時，根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示“司機告訴我，即我被告知”，主語I和tell是被動關系，所以應用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)，主語是I，故填wastold?！?6題詳解】考查定語從句。句意：在下出租車之前，我被告知，乘坐出租車一直是一個重要的經(jīng)歷，它會給一個人留下對這個國家的第一印象?？仗幰龑拗菩远ㄕZ從句，先行詞為experience，指物，且從句缺少主語，應用關系代詞that/which來引導，故填that/which。C閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空。Whenwereyouborn?Formostpeople,thisisaneasyquestion.Eventhosewhodon’tknowtheirexactbirthdaycanusuallyfigureoutwhentheywereborntowithinafewyears.YettheInternetisfullofquizzes____17____(make)tohelpyoudetermineinwhichdecadeyouwereborn.Theseareusuallybasedonwhat____18____(happen)inAmericanpopcultureatthetimeyoufirstbecameawareofit.Itsoundsfoolish.Butmanypeople,though____19____(complain)aboutthestupidquizzes,stilltakethem,wondering____20____theiranswersgeneratetheircorrectbirthyear.【答案】17.made18.happened19.complaining20.if##whether【解析】【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上充滿了幫助你確定你出生在哪個年代的測驗，這些測試是基于你第一次意識到美國流行文化時所發(fā)生的事情，盡管許多人感覺這些測試很愚蠢，但是他們還是會做測試，因為他們想知道測試的答案是否符合他們正確的出生年份。【17題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：然而，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上充滿了幫助你確定你出生在哪個年代的測驗。句中有謂語動詞is，且前后無連詞，此處應用非謂語動詞作定語，修飾名詞quizzes，動詞make和quizzes是被動關系，因為makequizzes意為“做測試”，此處“測試是被做”，所以此處應用過去分詞made作后置定語，故填made?！?8題詳解】考查時態(tài)。句意：這些通常是基于你第一次意識到美國流行文化時所發(fā)生的事情。what引導賓語從句，空處在從句中作謂語，由atthetimeyoufirstbecameawareofit可知，句子描述過去發(fā)生的事，應用一般過去時，故填happened。19題詳解】考查狀語從句的省略。句意：但是許多人，雖然一邊抱怨愚蠢的測驗，但一邊卻仍然做測試，因為他們想知道測試的答案是否產(chǎn)生正確的出生年份。此處是though引導的狀語從句的省略，從句主語和主句主語是同一主語，所以從句省略主語和系動詞，從句主語manypeople和動詞complain是主動關系，應用現(xiàn)在分詞形式和系動詞are構成現(xiàn)在進行時，即完整句子為thoughmanypeoplearecomplainingaboutthestupidquizzes，省略句為：thoughcomplainingaboutthestupidquizzes，故填complaining。【20題詳解】考查賓語從句。句意：但是許多人，雖然一邊抱怨愚蠢的測驗，但一邊卻仍然做測試，因為他們想知道測試的答案是否產(chǎn)生正確的出生年份。空處引導賓語從句，從句不缺成分，根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示“是否”，應用不做成分，只起連接作用的if/whether來引導，故填if/whether。第二部分：閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，38分)第一節(jié)(共14小題;每小題2分，共28分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。ATheSouthwestMuseumThecollectionsoftheSouthwestMuseumrepresentNativeAmericanculturesfromAlaskatoSouthAmerica.ThemuseumcontainssomeofthefinestexamplesofIndianartandartifactsintheUnitesStates.EXHIBITIONSInitspermanentexhibitions,theSouthwestMuseumpresentstheremarkableculturaldiversityofAmerica’searliestresidents.Themuseum’sfourmainexhibithallsfocusonthenativepeopleoftheSouthwest,California,theGreatPlains,andtheNorthwestCoast.VisitorsmaysurveyprehistoricSouthwestpaintedearthenware,andenjoytemporaryexhibitionsandexhibitionsthataremovedbetweenmuseums.PROGRAMSThroughouttheyearthemuseumoffersawiderangeofprogramsincluding:performances,classes,lectures,festivals,filmsanddemonstrationsbynotedartistsandothereducationalprogramsformembersandthegeneralpublic.Guidedgallerytoursareofferedbyreservation,forstudentandadultgroups.MEMBERSHIPMuseummembershipprovidesindividualsandfamilieswithmanychancestoparticipateintheactiveandexcitingSouthwestMuseumcommunity.Themembershipbenefitsinclude:freeadmissiontotheMuseum;invitationstoexhibitionopeningsandspecialevents;reducedratesonprogramsandclasses;discountsintheMuseumStore;calendarsofevents;members’newsletterandsubscriptiontothemuseum’smagazine,Masterkey.MUSEUMSTOREThemuseumstoreoffersbeautifullymadeSouthwestsilverjewelry,Puebloearthenware,andkachinadolls.ItalsooffersfolkartfromMexicoandPeru.ThestorecarriesalargeselectionofpublicationsonNativeAmericanhistory,andonseveralfamousNativeAmericanandWesternartists.Museummembersreceivea10%discountonallin-storepurchasesanda20%discountonallmuseumpublications.MuseumHours:Tuesday——Sunday11:00a.m.to5:00p.m.Telephone:213-221-2164MuseumLocation:234MuseumDriveLosAngeles,CA9006521.ThecollectionsoftheSouthwestMuseumfocuson_______.A.lifestylesofAmericanresidentsB.nativeculturesoftheAmericasC.diversityofAmericanfestivalsD.developmentofAmericanarts22.WhatcanavisitordoattheSouthwestMuseum?A.Interviewnotedartists.B.Trypaintingearthenware.C.Appreciatetravelingexhibitions.D.SurveymodernAmericanfolkart.23.Whichbenefitcanamuseummemberenjoy?A.Freeclassesandprograms.B.A10%discountonkachinadolls.C.Theprioritytoreserveguidedtours.D.Therighttoinvitefriendstoexhibitionopenings.【答案】21.B22.A23.B【解析】【導語】本文是一篇應用文。主要介紹了西南博物館的展品，項目以及會員福利?！?1題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“ThecollectionsoftheSouthwestMuseumrepresentNativeAmericanculturesfromAlaskatoSouthAmerica.(西南博物館的藏品代表了從阿拉斯加到南美洲的美洲土著文化)”以及第二段中“Initspermanentexhibitions,theSouthwestMuseumpresentstheremarkableculturaldiversityofAmerica’searliestresidents.(在其常設展覽中，西南博物館展示了美國最早居民的顯著文化多樣性)”可知，西南博物館的藏品集中在美洲的本土文化。故選B項。【22題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)小標題PROGRAMS下的段落中“Throughouttheyearthemuseumoffersawiderangeofprogramsincluding:performances,classes,lectures,festivals,filmsanddemonstrationsbynotedartistsandothereducationalprogramsformembersandthegeneralpublic.(博物館全年提供各種各樣的節(jié)目，包括：著名藝術家的表演、課堂、講座、節(jié)日、電影和演示，以及面向會員和公眾的其他教育節(jié)目)”可知，游客在西南博物館可以采訪著名藝術家。故選A項?！?3題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)小標題MUSEUMSTORE下的段落中“ThemuseumstoreoffersbeautifullymadeSouthwestsilverjewelry,Puebloearthenware,andkachinadolls.ItalsooffersfolkartfromMexicoandPeru.ThestorecarriesalargeselectionofpublicationsonNativeAmericanhistory,andonseveralfamousNativeAmericanandWesternartists.Museummembersreceivea10%discountonallin-storepurchasesanda20%discountonallmuseumpublications.(博物館商店提供精美的西南銀飾，普韋布洛陶器，和克奇納娃娃。它還提供來自墨西哥和秘魯?shù)拿耖g藝術。這家商店有大量關于美國原住民歷史的出版物，以及一些著名的美國原住民和西部藝術家的出版物。博物館會員在店內購物可享受9折優(yōu)惠，購買所有博物館出版物可享受8折優(yōu)惠)”可知，博物館會員可享受卡奇納娃娃打九折的福利。故選B項。BAfewdaysago,myhusband,Russ,andIlostourhouseof28yearstoaCaliforniawildfire.Onthatnight,wehadtoleaveourhouseandsleepinthebackseatofourFord.Thenextmorning,wehadtodrivethreeandahalfhourstofindahotelthathadanavailableroom.Onlylater,inthelocalnewspaper,didweseephotographsofthedestruction.Ourhousehadbeenconsumedbythefirealongwithmostofourneighborhood.Howarewegoingtorebuildafterthis?Ithought,roundingacornerinthesidewalkonmywalkbacktothehotel.Isitevenpossible?Inoticedsomethingupahead—apairofnickels,shininglikepreciousjewels.Theywerejustnickels,buttheysomehowfeltspecial.Ibentdownandpickedthemup.Ifthesewereluckycoins,IcouldusealltheluckIcouldget.Afewdayslater,Imadeatriptothestoretobuyessentials.Theenormoustaskofreplacingeverythingwe’dlostputaheavyweightonme.IwasabouttoleavewhenIfelttheurgetostopandturnmyheadtotheright.Icouldhardlybelieveit—thereonnickelashelf,wasanickel!Okay,maybethisismorethanluck,Ithoughtandputthenickelinmypocket.ItoldmyselfthatIhadfoundthenickelsjustbychance.ThenIfoundonenexttomyplateatarestaurant—onThanksgiving,noless,whenIwasmissingourhousemorethanever.Itseemedthatanickelappearedwhenevermyspiritsplummeted.WheneverIreachedmybreakingpoint,I’dfindanothernickel.Inthegrassatthepark,ornearthetireofmycarinaparkinglot.Once,mychangeforaquicklunchwasgivenentirelyinnickels.“I’msorry,”thecashiersaid.“It’sallwehave.”It’sallIneeded!Oneday,Iwassittingatthedeskwhenmyphonerang.Itwasareal-estateagentI’dbeenworkingwith.“Ihaveanewlisting,”shesaid.“Whencanweseeit?”Afewhourslater,RussandIwerefollowingtheagentdownthedrivewaytowardthehouse.Ididn’tthinklong.Becausethere,inthedriveway,…24.Afterthewildfire,thecouple________.A.livedintheircarforonenightB.tooksomephotosofthedestructionCcouldhardlyaffordtheirThanksgivingdinnerD.savedpreciousitemsfromtheburneddownhouse25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“plummeted”inParagraph6probablymean?A.Remained. B.Changed. C.Strengthened. D.Sank.26.Whatdidthefoundnickelsmeantotheauthor?A.Luckfortheforeseeablefuture.B.Hopeduringchallengingtimes.C.Signsofahugefortunetocome.D.Remindersofwhathadhappened.27.Whichwouldbethebestendingforthepassage?A.Ispottedaflashofsilverinthesun,twonickels,bothheadsup.B.Ifoundanoldnickel,whichseemedtotellastoryfromthepast.C.Isawamysteriouslockedbox,andthoughtperhapsitwasfullofnickels.D.Ilookedupandimaginedsomethingonacloud,agiantnickel,justforme.【答案】24.A25.D26.A27.A【解析】【導語】本文是一篇記敘文。講述了作者住了28年的房子被大火摧毀，住在外面的酒店。偶然撿到2枚鎳幣，后來作者發(fā)現(xiàn)每當她精神一落千丈時就會出現(xiàn)鎳幣的故事。【24題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“Onthatnight,wehadtoleaveourhouseandsleepinthebackseatofourFord.(那天晚上，我們不得不離開家，睡在福特的后座上。)”可知，野火過后，他們是在車上過了一夜。故選A。【25題詳解】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第七段中“WheneverIreachedmybreakingpoint,I’dfindanothernickel.(每當我達到臨界點時，我就會發(fā)現(xiàn)另一個鎳。)”可知，第六段劃線單詞所在的句子意思大致為：每當我的精神一落千丈時，就會出現(xiàn)鎳幣。劃線單詞plummeted大意為心情低落，心涼。故選D?！?6題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Ifthesewereluckycoins,IcouldusealltheluckIcouldget.(如果這些是幸運幣，我可以用我能得到的所有運氣。)”以及下文作者收到房產(chǎn)中介電話要帶她去看房子，可以看出作者撿到硬幣對作者來說是幸運的。故選A?！?7題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章中作者總是在她心情低落時撿到鎳幣可以推測，接下來作者可能在車道上，戶外陽光下看到了2枚鎳幣，這和第四段“Inoticedsomethingupahead—apairofnickels,shininglikepreciousjewels.(我注意到前方有東西——一對鎳幣，像珍貴的珠寶一樣閃閃發(fā)光。)”第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)鎳幣的情節(jié)前后呼應。故選A。COfthemorethan3,000speciesofmosquitoesintheworld,justasmallnumberspecializeinsuckinghumanblood.Howmosquitoestrackusdownsoeffectivelyisn’tcurrentlyknown,butitmatters,sincetheycarrydangerousdiseaseswhichmaycausedeath.“Infact,stoppingtheseannoyinginsectsintheirtrackscouldsaveuptohalfamillionliveslosttothosediseaseseachyear,”saidCarolynGauff,aprofessorofecologyandevolutionarybiologyatthePrincetonNeuroscienceInstitute.That’swhyGauff’steamwantstounderstandhowtheyfindandtargethumans.Mosquitoesmostlychoosewhattobitebasedonodor(氣味).Knowinghowapotentiallydisease-carryingmosquitofindsaperson,whileignoringotherwarm-bloodedanimals,isakeyquestion.Butit’snoteasytoanswer,sinceanyanimalsmellismadeupofhundredsofchemicalsmixedtogetherinspecificpercentage.“Theactualchemicalsthatarefoundinhumanodorarebasicallythesameasthechemicalsfoundinanimalodor—it’sthepercentagesandtherelativelargeamountofthosesubstancesinhumanmixturesthat’sunique,”saidGauff.Toinvestigate,researchersdecidedtorecordneuralactivityinthebrainofmosquitoeswhileexposingthemtonaturalhumanandanimalodorsamples.Theycollectedodorsamplesfromabout40differentanimals.Whentheycomparedsomeofthosewiththe16humansamples,somethingjumpedout.Decanalisparticularlyrichinhumanskin.Commoninthenaturalworld,inhumans,decanalcomesfromanother,morecomplexsubstance.Whenonecomponentofourskin’snaturaloils,sapienicacid,breaksdown,decanalisleftover.Thisacidisonlyfoundinhumanbeings.It’swhatlikelyleadstothehighlevelsofdecanalthathelpthemosquitoessmelltheirwaytous.Understandingwhatthemosquitoesaretargetingisonlypartofthestory;knowinghowtheydoitisalsoimportant.Toseeexactlyhowmosquitoesusethissense,scientistsusedgeneticallymodified(轉基因的)mosquitoessothattheycouldcutopenmosquitoes’headsandwatchneuronsfiringwhenthey’reexposedtohumanandanimalodors.Theresearchteamalreadyknewthatmosquitoeshaveabout60differenttypesofneuronsthatsenseodors,sowhentheylookedintheinsects’brains,theythoughttheymightseealotofactivity.Butitwassurprisinglyquiet,meaningthatthesignalwasperhapsquitesimple,downtojustacoupletypesofneurons.“Onetypeofneuronrespondedreallystronglytobothhumansandanimals.Anothertypeofneuronrespondedtoboth—butitrespondedmuchmorestronglytohumansthananimals,”Gauffsaid.Howtokeepmosquitoes’decanalsignalfrombeingtransmittedwillbetheresearchteam’snextfocus.Gauffhopedtheircurrentworkcouldbeusedtomakemosquitokillersandattractantstopreventdisease.28.What’sthefinalpurposeoftheresearchconductedbyGauff’steam?A.Tostudywhyonlycertainmosquitoessuckhumanblood.B.Toinvestigatetheneuralactivityinmosquitoes’brains.C.Tohelppreventdeadlydiseasescausedbymosquitoes.D.Totesttheeffectivenessofmosquitokillers.29.Towhichsubstance(s)wouldmosquitoesmostlybeattracted?A.Naturaloilfromhumanskin.B.Chemicalsintheenvironment.C.Decanalgeneratedinhumanblood.D.Remainsofdecomposedsapienicacid.30.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Mostmosquitoneuronsarenotinvolvedinrespondingtohumanodor.B.Geneticallymodifiedmosquitoesarenotsensitivetohumanodor.C.Furtherresearchwillfocusonodorsignalandneuralconnection.D.Chemicalsfoundinhumanandanimalodorsarequitedifferent.【答案】28.C29.D30.A【解析】【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了一隊研究人員想通過研究蚊子為什么叮咬某一類人，找到阻止它們叮咬人類的策略，預防文字叮咬引起的致命疾病?！?8題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。由第二段““Infact,stoppingtheseannoyinginsectsintheirtrackscouldsaveuptohalfamillionliveslosttothosediseaseseachyear,”saidCarolynGauff,aprofessorofecologyandevolutionarybiologyatthePrincetonNeuroscienceInstitute.That’swhyGauff’steamwantstounderstandhowtheyfindandtargethumans.(普林斯頓神經(jīng)科學研究所的生態(tài)學和進化生物學教授CarolynGauff說：“事實上，阻止這些煩人的蚊子在它們的軌道上活動，每年可以挽救多達50萬人因這些疾病而喪生的生命?！边@就是為什么Gauff的團隊想要了解蚊子如何發(fā)現(xiàn)和瞄準人類的原因)”和最后一段中的“Gauffhopedtheircurrentworkcouldbeusedtomakemosquitokillersandattractantstopreventdisease.(Gauff希望他們目前的工作可以用于制造滅蚊劑和引誘劑，以預防疾病)”可知，Gauff最終是想幫助預防蚊子引起的致命疾?。ň热诵悦┎胚M行此項研究的。故選C項?！?9題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。由第四段中的“Decanalisparticularlyrichinhumanskin.(癸醛在人體皮膚中特別豐富)”和“Whenonecomponentofourskin’snaturaloils,sapienicacid,breaksdown,decanalisleftover.Thisacidisonlyfoundinhumanbeings.It’swhatlikelyleadstothehighlevelsofdecanalthathelpthemosquitoessmelltheirwaytous.(當我們皮膚的天然油脂中的一種成分——智人酸分解時，就會剩下癸酸。這種酸只存在于人身上。這很可能導致高水平的癸醛，幫助蚊子嗅到它們的氣味)”可知，癸酸是智人酸分解后的殘留物，蚊子通過癸醛（智人酸分解后的殘留物）找到人類，所以蚊子最喜歡癸醛（智人酸分解后的殘留物）。故選D項。【30題詳解】推理判斷題。由倒數(shù)第二段中的“Theresearchteamalreadyknewthatmosquitoeshaveabout60differenttypesofneuronsthatsenseodors,sowhentheylookedintheinsects’brains,theythoughttheymightseealotofactivity.Butitwassurprisinglyquiet,meaningthatthesignalwasperhapsquitesimple,downtojustacoupletypesofneurons.“Onetypeofneuronrespondedreallystronglytobothhumansandanimals.Anothertypeofneuronrespondedtoboth—butitrespondedmuchmorestronglytohumansthananimals,”Gauffsaid.(研究團隊已經(jīng)知道，蚊子有大約60種不同類型的神經(jīng)元來感知氣味，所以當他們觀察蚊子的大腦時，他們認為可能會看到很多活動。但蚊子的大腦出奇的安靜，這意味著信號可能相當簡單，僅限于幾種類型的神經(jīng)元。Gauff說：“一種神經(jīng)元對人類和動物的氣味反應非常強烈。另一種神經(jīng)元同時對兩者都有反應，但對人類氣味的反應比動物氣味的反應強烈得多。”)”可知，蚊子有大約60種不同類型的神經(jīng)元來感知氣味，但研究發(fā)現(xiàn)只有幾種類型的神經(jīng)元才會對人類和動物氣味作出反應，可得出大多數(shù)蚊子神經(jīng)元不參與對人類氣味的反應。故選A項。DThestart-upthatattractedthelargestinvestmentinthehistoryofcybersecurity,ofmorethanhalfabilliondollars,hasasimplegoal:apasswordlessfuture.Despitethespreadofpasswordmanagementsoftwarethatcangenerateandremembercomplicatedstringsofrandomcharacters,someofthemostcommonpasswordsarestill“12345”,“password”and“iloveyou”.Asaresult,morethan80percentofhacksinvolvethesekindsofpasswords;andpasswordsremainthemostsought-afterdatabyhackers,aboveotherpersonalorsensitiveinformation.Inmanycases,individualsaretrickedintohandingoverpassworddetailsbyphishingemailsandothersocialengineeringtechniques.Hackershavesoughttobreakintoappsandstealentirepassworddatabasesaswell.Passwordsarealsounderattackfromnewtechnology,suchasautomatedprogramsthatcanrapidlytrytoguessthem,orcantrystolenpasswordsonmultipleonlineaccounts.Sincetheneedtoreplacetheeasilyforgottenandhighlyhackablestringsoflettersandnumbersthatweusetoaccesseverydaylifehasbecomeevenmoreurgent,theracetoreplacethepasswordisunderway,withbiometric-based(基于生物識別的)securityemergingasoneofthemostsought-aftersolutions.AccordingtoTieo,aunionofmorethan250companies,whichpromotesastandardsystemofpasswordlessauthentication(身份驗證),thevastmajorityofconsumerserviceswillofferpasswordlessloginsystemsinthenextcoupleofyears.“Ifdonecorrectlyandsafely,biometricsarereallyhelpingusmovetoapasswordlessfutureinarapidmanner,”saidAndrewJenkinson,CEOofTieo.Buttherearestillrisksassociatedwiththeuseofbiometricauthentication.Unlikepasswords,biometricscannotbechanged.Thismeanssuchdatamustbecloselyguardedforprivacypurposesandtopreventspoofing—hackerstryingtotrickcamerasorsensorswithphotos,ormasksoftheirvictim.“Biometricauthenticationandpasswordlessauthenticationhasitsownattacksurface,”saidPaulSmith,directorofsecurityresearchatCyberPek.Histeamrevealedthatithadfoundadesignproblemwhichwouldallowpotentialattackerstobypassfacialrecognitionloginbyinjectingaspoofedphotoofauser’sfaceintotheprocess.Thebiggestobstaclestandinginthewayofthestart-upshopingtokillthepasswordishowtochangeyearsofhabit.EricBrown,founderofTAKCyber,acyberresearchandadvisorycompany,arguedthatwhilesensitiveapplicationsmayrapidlyshiftfrompasswords,otherwebsiteshavelessmotivationtoupdatetheirsystems.“You’llnevergetridofthem,”hesaid.“We’renevergoingtogettothepost-passwordera.”31.Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A.Whypasswordsarethemostsought-afterdata.B.Howpasswordsarestolenbyphishingemails.C.Howpasswordshavecausedustrouble.D.Whypasswordsaredifficulttosecure.32.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Facialrecognitionloginisthekeytofightinghackers.B.Biometricauthenticationhasitsownsetofproblems.C.TAKCyber’sloginsystemguaranteesthesafetyofdata.D.Spoofingbringsmoreproblemsthanautomatedprograms.33.WhatisEricBrown’sattitudetowardsapasswordlessfuture?A.Indifferent. B.Passionate. C.Pessimistic. D.Objective.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Biometricauthentication:passwordsecuritysolution!B.Start-upsracetowelcomeapasswordlessfutureC.TheargumenttoendpasswordshasbegunD.Killingthepassword:acureorafantasy?【答案】31.D32.B33.C34.D【解析】【導語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了很多公司投入到無密碼的研究中，但是其中還有許多問題需要解決?！?1題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段中“Inmanycases,individualsaretrickedintohandingoverpassworddetailsbyphishingemailsandothersocialengineeringtechniques.Hackershavesoughttobreakintoappsandstealentirepassworddatabasesaswell.Passwordsarealsounderattackfromnewtechnology,suchasautomatedprogramsthatcanrapidlytrytoguessthem,orcantrystolenpasswordsonmultipleonlineaccounts.(在許多情況下，個人通過網(wǎng)絡釣魚郵件和其他社會工程技術被騙提供密碼細節(jié)。黑客還試圖侵入應用程序，竊取整個密碼數(shù)據(jù)庫。密碼也受到新技術的攻擊，比如自動程序可以快速猜測密碼，或者在多個在線賬戶上嘗試竊取密碼)”可知，第三段主要講為什么密碼很難保護。故選D項?！?2題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Buttherearestillrisksassociatedwiththeuseofbiometricauthentication.Unlikepasswords,biometricscannotbechanged.Thismeanssuchdatamustbecloselyguardedforprivacypurposesandtopreventspoofing—hackerstryingtotrickcamerasorsensorswithphotos,ormasksoftheirvictim.“Biometricauthenticationandpasswordlessauthenticationhasitsownattacksurface,”saidPaulSmith,directorofsecurityresearchatCyberPek.Histeamrevealedthatithadfoundadesignproblemwhichwouldallowpotentialattackerstobypassfacialrecognitionloginbyinjectingaspoofedphotoofauser’sfaceintothep