Unit+5+Education+Lesson3+Understanding+課件-【知識(shí)精講精研】高中英語(yǔ)北師大版（2019）選擇性必修第二冊(cè)

Unit5Lesson3UnderstandingActivateandshareHesaidtheEarthwasnotthecenteroftheUniverse.HesaidtheEarthmovedroundthesuninaperfectcircle.Hesaidtwoobjectsofdifferentweightwouldlandtogether.——伽利略·伽利萊Alltruthsareeasytounderstandoncetheyarediscovered;thepointistodiscoverthem.所有的真理一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)就很容易理解；關(guān)鍵是要發(fā)現(xiàn)它們.伽利略·伽利萊（1564-1642），意大利物理學(xué)家、天文學(xué)家，近代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的奠基者之一。伽利略從實(shí)驗(yàn)中總結(jié)出自由落體定律，推翻了亞里士多德的很多學(xué)說。還發(fā)現(xiàn)了慣性定律和拋體運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律等，確定了力學(xué)相對(duì)性原理，因此被認(rèn)為是經(jīng)典力學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)物理學(xué)的先驅(qū)。他是利用望遠(yuǎn)鏡觀察天體取得大量成果的第一人。Whoquestionsmuch,shalllearnmuch,andremembermuch.——弗蘭西斯·培根多問，多學(xué)，多得。弗朗西斯·培根（1561-1626）,英國(guó)哲學(xué)家，英國(guó)唯物主義和現(xiàn)代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的始祖。歷任律師、下院議員、大法官。提出“知識(shí)就是力量”。對(duì)歸納法做了系統(tǒng)的論述，被認(rèn)為是歸納邏輯的創(chuàng)始人。Plato

is

dear

to

me,

but

dearer

still

is

truth。.

-----亞里士多德----吾愛吾師，吾更愛真理What’sthemainideaofthetext?A.Introductiontosomegreateducatorsintheworld.B.Analysisofthecausesofknowledgeandunderstanding.C.Introductiontohowhumanacquireknowledgeandunderstanding.D.Analysisofthemethodofhowtosolvetheworld’sproblems.Fastreading:

Tostartwith,weneed__________.Then,we_________________________________________.Afterthat,we________________________________________________CarefulReading:Howdopeopleacquireknowledgeandachieveunderstandingnow?(para1)

questions

observetheworldaroundusandstudythefactsconsiderpossibleanswersandtesteachtofindtherightones

Itseemsobviousnowhowweacquireknowledgeandunderstanding.

Tostartwith,weneedquestions.Then,tofindanswers,weobservetheworldaroundusandstudythefacts.Afterthat,weconsiderpossibleanswersandtesteachtofindtherightones.AlthoughtodaywearemoreusedtotypingafewkeywordsintoasearchengineandwaitingfortheInternettogiveusananswer,modernscientistsandthinkersarestillsolvingtheworld’sproblemswiththistypeofanalysis—luckilyforus.

第三課認(rèn)識(shí)世界

今天，如何獲取知識(shí)、認(rèn)識(shí)世界，人人皆知。首先，我們需要問題。然后，為了尋找答案，我們觀察周圍的世界并研究相關(guān)事實(shí)。之后，我們思考可能的答案并逐個(gè)驗(yàn)證，以找到正確答案。盡管我們現(xiàn)在更習(xí)慣于在搜索引擎中敲幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，等待互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為我們提供答案，但當(dāng)代科學(xué)家、思想家仍采用這種分析方式來解決問題——我們應(yīng)該為此感到慶幸。Howdidpeopleacquireknowledgeandachieveunderstandinginthepast?(para2-3)FrancisBaconGalileoGalileiAristotlePeopleinthe17thcenturyCarefulReading:Readparagraphs2-3.Completethesentences.1FrancisBaconbelievedthatthewaytogainknowledgeis_________.Butmostpeopleinhisdaysbelieved_________________.2GalileoGalileiprovedthat_____________________________

_____________.Butmanypeopleinhisdays

______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________.thinkingmoreinreligiontheEarthwasnotthecentreoftheuniversetendedtoignorethefactsanddidn’twanttochallengewhattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelievedCarefulReading:However,inthe17thcenturywhenFrancisBacon(1561-1626)suggestedthatthistypeofthinkingwasthewaytogainknowledge,hewasgoingagainsttheviewsoftheday.AlthoughBaconheldanimportantrankinKingJames’royalcourtofEngland,histrueinterestwasnottheday-to-day,slowandinefficientworkingstyleofthegovernment,buttheworthy

searchforknowledge.Thiswascertainlynottheinterestofmostpeopleinhisdays.

17世紀(jì)時(shí)，弗朗西斯?培根（1561—1626）提出用這種思考方式獲取知識(shí)時(shí)，他的觀點(diǎn)卻與當(dāng)時(shí)的觀念背道而馳。盡管培根在英國(guó)國(guó)王詹姆斯的宮廷中位高權(quán)重，但他真正感興趣的不是政府日復(fù)一日、拖拉、低效的工作作風(fēng)，而是那些值得探索的知識(shí)。當(dāng)然，探索知識(shí)并不是那個(gè)時(shí)代大多數(shù)人的興趣所在。Atthattime,peoplebelievedmoreinthechurchthaninfacts,andpeoplelikeGalileoGalilei(1564-1642),whoprovedtheideathat“theEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse”,wereoftenpunishedbythechurchwithnoonecomingtotheirdefence.Thechurchandmanypeopletendedtoignorethefactsanddidn’twanttochallengewhattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelieved.Infact,whenGalileiprovedthattheEarthwasnotthecentreoftheuniverse,insteadofbelievinghim,peoplechosetobelieveviewsthatwerealmost2,000yearsold!

那時(shí)人們相信教會(huì)勝過相信事實(shí)，像伽利略?伽利萊（1564—1642）那樣證明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人物，往往會(huì)被教會(huì)懲罰，也沒有人會(huì)為他們辯護(hù)。教會(huì)和多數(shù)人一樣往往忽視事實(shí)，不愿意去挑戰(zhàn)自己一直以來相信的東西。事實(shí)上，當(dāng)伽利略證明地球不是宇宙的中心時(shí)，人們沒有選擇相信他，而寧愿相信2000年前的陳舊觀點(diǎn)！ReadingComprehension:(1)TrueorFalse①FrancisBaconthoughtitwasrighttoacquireknowledgebyanalysing.②InFrancisBacon’stimes,exploringknowledgewasverypopular.(2)What’stheveryfirststepofFrancisBacon’stypeofthinking?A.Raisingquestions.B.Observingtheworld.C.Thinkingoverthepossibleanswers.D.Testingforarightanswer.TF3Aristotle’sunderstandingoftheuniversewasthat________________________________________because______________________________________.4Itisstilloftentruetodaythat_______________________________________________________________________________.theEarthmustbethecentreoftheuniverseitfeltliketheEarthwasstandingstillpeopledon’twanttoabandonwhatthey’vealwaysthoughtastrueCarefulReading:

ItisnotsurprisingthatpeoplewantedtobelievetheseprimitiveideasastheyhadbeenputforwardbythegreatphilosopherAristotle(384-322BCE).

HesaidthattheEarthmustbethecentreoftheuniversebecauseitfeltliketheEarthwasstandingstill.Galileidisagreed.Atfirst,peopleapprovedofhisstudiesandurgedhimtocontinue,butlaterwhenheprovedAristotlewrong,theygrewangryandputhiminprison.

人們?cè)敢庀嘈艂ゴ笳軐W(xué)家亞里士多德（公元前384—前322）提出的那些陳舊的觀點(diǎn)，這一點(diǎn)并不奇怪。亞里士多德堅(jiān)信地球是宇宙的中心，因?yàn)槿藗兏杏X地球是靜止不動(dòng)的。但伽利略卻不同意。起初人們認(rèn)可他的研究成果，催促他繼續(xù)研究，但是當(dāng)他證實(shí)亞里士多德有錯(cuò)時(shí)，人們生氣了，并把他送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。Theydidn’twanttoabandonwhatthey’dalwaysthoughtastrue.Andthisisstilloftentruetoday.Peoplemaketheassumptionthatifsomeoneimportantandrespectedsaysthatsomethingisright,thenitmustbeso.ButeventhoughAristotlewasagreatmanwhoinspiredmanygreatscientistsandphilosophersafterhim,hewaswrongattimes.AndGalileialsomademistakes.HeisnowknownasthefatherofastronomybuthebelievedthattheEarthmovedroundthesuninaperfectcircle.Hewaswrong.

他們并不想放棄自己一直認(rèn)為正確的知識(shí)。如今這種現(xiàn)象也很常見。如果一個(gè)重要的、受人尊敬的人說某件事是對(duì)的，那么人們就會(huì)認(rèn)為這件事一定是對(duì)的。但即使是亞里士多德這樣曾鼓舞了無數(shù)科學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家的偉大人物，有時(shí)也會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。伽利略自己也犯過錯(cuò)誤。雖然他現(xiàn)在被稱為天文學(xué)之父，但他認(rèn)為地球繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)的軌跡是一個(gè)正圓。他錯(cuò)了。ReadingComprehension:(1)TrueorFalse①Peopletendtobelieveeverythingthatthepersontheyrespectsays.②Galileiproved“theEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse”andhenevermademistakes.③PeoplebelievedhimimmediatelywhenGalileiprovedAristotlewrong.TFFReadparagraph4-5andexplore:Q1:Whatshouldwedowhenacquiringknowledge?Q2:Whatattitudeshouldwehavetowardsthegreatmanofthepast?Why?CarefulReading:Therefore,ourunderstandingoftheworldaroundusisconstantlygrowingandchanging.Inotherwords,welearnmoreeverydayandnoneofuscaneversitbackandsay,“Weknowitall.”Weneedtothankthegreatmenofthepastfortheirwisdom.Theyunderstoodthatwedon’tknoweverythingandprobablyneverwill,forthatwouldmeanaworldwithoutquestions.

因此，我們對(duì)周圍世界的認(rèn)識(shí)在不斷地增長(zhǎng)、變化。換句話說，我們每天都在學(xué)習(xí)更多的知識(shí)，誰也不能停止學(xué)習(xí)并且說：“我什么都知道了。”我們需要感謝先輩偉人的智慧。他們?cè)缇椭溃瞬豢赡苁裁炊级?，而且或許永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)知道所有的事情，也就是說世界總是充滿問題的。ReadingComprehension:(1)TrueorFalse

④Wewouldgetalltheknowledgeabouttheworldsincemenneverstopthinkingandresearching.(2)Whatdoweknowfromthepassage?A.Galileiwaspunishedforhisscientificideas.B.Atthattime,peoplebelievedmoreinfactsthaninthechurch.C.BeforeGalilei,Aristotle’stheoryhadinfluencedpeopleforover3,000years.D.GalileiwasforthegreatphilosopherAristotleforhistheoryoftheuniverse.F

WeowesomuchofourknowledgeandunderstandingoftheworldtopeoplelikeBaconandGalilei,whowerebraveenoughtostepoutfromtheshadowsofconventionalthoughtinordertofindthekingdomofknowledgethattoday’scivilisationisbuiltupon.Thesemenknewthatknowledgeandunderstandingarethingstofightfor;morevitaltoaman,andmorebeneficialtomankind,somemightsay,thanallthemoneyintheworld.

我們對(duì)世界的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解，很大程度上要?dú)w功于培根和伽利略這樣的人，正是他們勇敢地走出了傳統(tǒng)思想的陰影，才幫我們找到了構(gòu)建當(dāng)今文明的知識(shí)王國(guó)。這些偉人懂得，知識(shí)和對(duì)世界的認(rèn)識(shí)才是值得追求的；正如一些人所言，和全世界的金錢相比，這些對(duì)個(gè)人而言更重要，對(duì)全人類而言更有益。ReadingComprehension:(1)TrueorFalse①CivilizationisbuiltontheKingdomofknowledge(2)Whatdoesthelastsentenceinparagraph5mean?A.Knowledgeandunderstandingcanchangehumanhistory.B.Civilizationisbuiltonknowledgeandunderstanding.C.Knowledgeandunderstandingismoreimportantthanmoney.D.Somegreatpeople’sencouragementdetermineshumanfuture.TWhatdoyouthinkthelastsentenceofthepassagemeans?Thesemenknewthatknowledgeandunderstandingarethingstofightfor;morevitaltoaman,andmorebeneficialtomankind,somemightsay,thanallthemoneyintheworld.Ithinkthelastsentenceofthetextmeansthatknowledgeandunderstandingaremoreimportantthanmoney.Theyaremorehelpfulandusefulbecausetheycanguideourwaysoflearningabouttheworldandhelpussolveproblemsallthetimewhilemoneycanjustbuycertaingoodsandsolveproblemsforsometime.ReadandexploreUnderstandingCoherenceinContextSkillBuilderReadandexploreCoherenceinapieceofwritingreferstotheprinciplethatallparagraphs,sentencesorideasinitfittogethersowellthattheyformaunitedwhole.WhatisCoherence(連貫性)?UnderstandingCoherenceinContextSkillBuilderReadandexploreYesterdaymorning,Iwenttoabookstore.Allthefoodsontheshelfareveryfreshandcheap.Asmymothertooksomebeautifulpiecesoffurniturehome.WhenIcameoutofthemovietheatre,Ifoundithadsnowedintheafternoon.昨天早上，我去了書店。架子上的所有食物都很新鮮和便宜。因?yàn)槲覌寧Я撕芏嗥恋募揖呋丶摇．?dāng)我走出電影院，我發(fā)現(xiàn)中午下雪了。TheimportanceofCoherence?AnextremeexampleofanincoherentparagraphUnderstandingCoherenceinContextSkillBuilderReadandexploreUsefulcohesivedevices?Therepetitionofkeytermsorphrasesmakesmeaningcoherentinatext.Theuseofsynonymsandantonymshelpsenhancecoherenceinatext.Linkingwordssuchassince,so,afterwards,then,although,but,however,etc.canhelpconnectmeaningsinsentences.Pronounssuchashe,she,it,they,etc.helpcarrymeaningonintothenextpointinatext.

Findoutwhateachpronounreferstointhetext.Example

Afterthat,weconsiderpossibleanswersandtesteachtofindtherightones.(Para.1)ones=answers1....hewasgoingagainsttheviewsoftheday.(Para.2)he=________________2.Thiswascertainlynottheinterest...(Para.2)This=___________________3....whattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelieved.(Para.2)they=____________________________________________thesearchforknowledgeFrancisBaconthechurchandmostpeople4.…theygrewangryandputhiminprison(Para.3)they=__________5.…thenitmustbeso.(Para.3)it=_____________6.Heisnowknownas…(Para.3)He=___________peopleassumptionGalileiReadandexploreItseemsobviousnowhowweacquireknowledgeandunderstanding.Tostartwith,weneedquestions.Then,tofindanswers,weobservetheworldaroundusandstudythefacts.Afterthat,weconsiderpossibleanswersandtesteachtofindtherightones.AlthoughtodaywearemoreusedtotypingafewkeywordsintoasearchengineandwaitingfortheInternettogiveusananswer,modernscientistsandthinkersarestillsolvingtheworld’sproblemswiththistypeofanalysis—luckilyforus.However,inthe17thcenturywhenFrancisBacon(1561-1626)suggestedthatthistypeofthinkingwasthewaytogainknowledge,hewasgoingagainsttheviewsoftheday.AlthoughBaconheldanimportantrankinKingJames’royalcourtofEngland,histrueinterestwasnottheday-to-day,slowandinefficientworkingstyleofthegovernment,buttheworthysearchforknowledge.Thiswascertainlynottheinterestofmostpeopleinhisdays.Atthattime,peoplebelievedmoreinthechurchthaninfacts,andpeoplelikeGalileoGalilei(1564-1642),whoprovedtheideathat“theEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse”,wereoftenpunishedbythechurchwithnoonecomingtotheir.Circlethelinkingwordsinthetextthatthewriterusedinordertoexpresshis/heropinioncoherently.Readandexplore

Thechurchandmanypeopletendedtoignorethefactsanddidn’twanttochallengewhattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelieved.Infact,whenGalileiprovedthattheEarthwasnotthecentreoftheuniverse,insteadofbelievinghim,peoplechosetobelieveviewsthatwerealmost2,000yearsold!ItisnotsurprisingthatpeoplewantedtobelievetheseprimitiveideasastheyhadbeenputforwardbythegreatphilosopherAristotle(384-322BCE).HesaidthattheEarthmustbethecentreoftheuniversebecauseitfeltliketheEarthwasstandingstill.Galileidisagreed.Atfirst,peopleapprovedofhisstudiesandurgedhimtocontinue,butlaterwhenheprovedAristotlewrong,theygrewangryandputhiminprison.Theydidn’twanttoabandonwhatthey’dalwaysthoughtastrue.Andthisisstilloftentruetoday.Peoplemaketheassumptionthatifsomeoneimportantandrespectedsaysthatsomethingisright,thenitmustbeso.ButeventhoughAristotlewasagreatmanwhoinspiredmanygreatscientistsandphilosophersafterhim,hewaswrongattimes.AndGalileialsomademistakes.HeisnowknownasthefatherofastronomybuthebelievedthattheEarthmovedroundthesuninaperfectcircle.Hewaswrong.

Therefore,ourunderstandingoftheworldaroundusisconstantlygrowingandchanging.Inotherwords,welearnmoreeverydayandnoneofuscaneversitbackandsay,“Weknowitall.”Weneedtothankthegreatmenofthepastfortheirwisdom.Theyunderstoodthatwedon’tknoweverythingandprobablyneverwill,asthiswouldmeanaworldwithquestions.WeowesomuchofourknowledgeandunderstandingoftheworldtopeoplelikeBaconandGalilei,whowerebraveenoughtostepoutfromtheshadowsofconventionalthoughtinordertofindthekingdomofknowledgethattoday’scivilisationisbuiltupon.Thesemenknewthatknowledgeandunderstandingarethingstofightfor;morevitaltoaman,andmorebeneficialtomankind,somemightsay,thanallthemoneyintheworld.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainfalseinformation.Usethewordsandphrasesbelowtocorrectthem.inefficientapproveof

didn’twanttoabandonconstantlygrowingandchangingcontinue1.InBacon’sdays,theworkingstyleofthegovernmentwasveryefficient.

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________InBacon’sdays,theworkingstyleofthegovernmentwasveryinefficient.2PeoplewerestronglyagainstGalilei’sstudiesatfirstandthentheyurgedhimtogiveup._____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________3Ourunderstandingoftheworldisstable.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________PeopleapprovedofGalilei’sstudiesatfirstandthentheyurgedhimtocontinue.Ourunderstandingoftheworldisconstantlygrowingandchanging.inefficientapproveof

didn’twanttoabandonconstantlygrowingandchangingcontinue4Peopleinthepastwerewillingtogiveupwhattheyhadalwaysthoughtastrue.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Peopleinthepastdidn’twanttoabandonwhattheyhadalwaysthoughtastrue.inefficientapproveof

didn’twanttoabandonconstantlygrowingandchangingcontinuePractice:“Who1.

(question)muchshalllearnmuchandremembermuch,”saidFrancisBacon.Now2.

seemsobvioushowweacquireknowledgeandunderstanding.However,inthe17thcentury,peoplebelievedmoreinthechurch3.

infacts.As4.

result,peoplewhoprovedscientificideaswereoftenpunished.Manypeopletended5.

(ignore)thefactsandwere6.

(willing)tochallengewhattheyhadbelieved.Tilltoday,peoplestillfeelthatifsomeoneimportantand

(respect)saysthatsomethingisright,thenitmustbeso.ButsometimesquestionsitthanatoignoreunwillingrespectedPractice:greatmensuchasAristotleandGalileimightmakemistakes.Therefore,ourunderstandingoftheworldaroundusis8.

(constant)growingandchanging.Inotherwords,welearnmoreeverydayand9..ofuscansimplysay,“Weknowitall.”“Alltruthsareeasytounderstandoncethey10.

(discover);thepointistodiscoverthem,”saidGalileoGalilei.constantlynonearediscovered【Homework】Whydidthewriterwritethispassage?Writedownyouranswerandshareinclass.

【Checkyourpreview】1.______________adj.顯然的，明顯的；易理解的2.______________n.

分析3.______________n.

等級(jí)4.______________adj.

皇家的；王室的5.______________adj.

效率低的6.______________n.

假定，假設(shè)7.______________adj.

極其重要的，必不可少的8.________________adj.受尊敬的，受敬重的9.________________n.

智慧10.________________n.

文明11.________________n.

陰影12.________________哲學(xué)家

______________________觀察世界______________________搜索引擎______________________為某人辯護(hù)______________________往往會(huì)，傾向于______________________陳舊的觀點(diǎn)______________________首先；第一____________