高一下學(xué)期英語上教版（2020）專題訓(xùn)練導(dǎo)學(xué)案8聽說訓(xùn)練summarywriting2

上教版高一下英語專題訓(xùn)練8：聽說訓(xùn)練+summarywriting2教師日期學(xué)生課程編號課型專題課題聽說訓(xùn)練+summarywriting2教學(xué)目標(biāo)1)訓(xùn)練聽力長篇中的速記與推理技巧2)訓(xùn)練學(xué)生快速應(yīng)答和聽短文回答問題題型3)訓(xùn)練短文縮寫中不同體裁文章的縮寫技巧4)幫助學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、提高綜合運用語言和解析題目的能力教學(xué)重點1)聽力中的速記與推理判斷2)聽說要點及處理方法3)不同體裁文章的縮寫4)綜合能力的提升及問題的解決教學(xué)安排版塊時長1聽說訓(xùn)練40分鐘2專題復(fù)習(xí)30分鐘3綜合能力限時訓(xùn)練45分鐘4師生總結(jié)5分鐘5課后作業(yè)30分鐘聽說訓(xùn)練2+summary2聽說訓(xùn)練2+summary2聽說聽說訓(xùn)練=1\*ROMANI．Listening(A)Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Death B.Flying C.Height D.Givingapublicspeech12.A.Somepeoplewereafraidofliftsandmovingstairs.B.Deathfrightenedonlyasmallnumberofpeople.C.Somanypeoplewerefrightenedofheights.D.Sofewpeopleadmittedtofearoffinancialproblems.13.ADeepwater. B.Insects. C.Darkness D.Earthquake.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Studentsdonotpayforschool. B.Studentsstudyanddomanualworkatschool.C.Studentsworkfortuitionatschool. D.Schoolsmakemoneybyplantingvegetable.15.A.Everyweek. B.Everyday. C.Everysummer. D.Everyautumn.16.A.Developinggoodworkinghabits. B.Learningtheimportanceofproduction.C.Trainingstudentstobeexpertsintastingvegetables.D.Increasingthenation’sproduction.(B)Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Inthemiddleofthehall. B.Atthebackoftheroom.C.Nexttothegate. D.Attheinformationdesk.12.A.Speakwithoutpermission. B.Notedowntheagenda(議程).C.Readtheagendacarefully. D.Fillouta“SpeakerCard”.13.A.Justsharetheideaswiththepartnerinthemeetingroom.B.Interruptthespeakerwheneverhejusttalksnonsense.C.Keepquietwhensomebodyelseisgivinghisopinions.D.Talkonthecellphoneinalowvoiceduringthemeeting.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.6a.m.8a.m.,9p.m.11p.m.. B.5a.m.7a.m.,5p.m.7p.m..C.5a.m.6a.m.,5p.m.6p.m.. D.6a.m.7a.m.,8p.m.9p.m..15.A.Tomakethetowncleanerandbettertheenvironment.B.Toreducetheamountofthewaste.C.Tointroduceanewresourcerecyclingpany.D.Totrysomenewwayouttodecreaseitsnegativeeffects.16.A.Theyhavetohelpcleanthestreetsforawholeday.B.Theyhavereachedanagreementwiththelocalresidents.C.Theytravelalottolookafterfamilybusinesses.D.Theyebackhomelateandmissthewastecollectiontime.(C)Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Toincreasepeople’syearlyine. B.Todeveloppublictransport.C.Toimprovepeople’sworkefficiency. D.Todecreasetrafficonthestreets.12.A.12Euros. B.25Euros. C.50Euros. D.600Euros.13.A.Bycollectingtraffictickets. B.Byusingasmartphoneapplication.C.Byreinvestingfineswisely. D.Byemploying50workers.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Alawyer. B.Astudent. C.Ateacher. D.Apolitician.15.A.Tobesoldatahigherprice. B.Tomeettheneedsofdifferentpeople.C.Tomakepeopleselfconscious. D.Toleaveadeeperimpressiononreaders.16.A.It’sgoodtoreadonpublictransport. B.It’swrongtoseewhatothersarereading.C.Mostpeoplepretendtobeanintellectual. D.Don’tjudgeapersonbywhathereadsinpublic.教師教師小結(jié)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________自我自我總結(jié)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________時間：______________________學(xué)生簽字______________________=2\*ROMANII．Speaking1.快速應(yīng)答此部分主要為考察日常生活中最主要的語言功能，在歷屆上海高考口試中其考點一般可分為12項，這12項為：

Greetings問候

Asking

Introductions介紹

Saying

Goodbye告別

Making

Requests

and

Giving

Instructions請求

Giving

Thanks致謝

Asking

for

Permission允許

Showing

Agreement

or

disagreement同意不同意

Giving

Invitations發(fā)出邀請

Asking

Direction問題

Expressing

Good

Wishes祝愿

Requesting

and

Offering

Help請求與幫助

Making

Apologies道歉

在聽到考題時，應(yīng)弄清這個句子的類型：是一般疑問句，還是特殊疑問句；是陳述句，還是祈使句。對特殊疑問句應(yīng)抓?。旱谝粋€詞——疑問詞，這決定了你的應(yīng)答句的內(nèi)容。第二個詞——助動詞，它決定了你的應(yīng)答句的時態(tài)或語態(tài)。當(dāng)然，其他的詞也起了不同的作用，但相比之下，這兩個詞所提供的信息尤為重要。如上述例句：“Howareyougoingtostation?”第一個詞how告訴了你應(yīng)答句的內(nèi)容有關(guān)“方式”——去車站的方式。第二個詞“areyougoingto”告訴了你的應(yīng)答句應(yīng)用begoingto作動詞謂語。再如：“Don'tforgettoposttheletterforme!”這是一句祈使句。情景是：別人請你做事，但又擔(dān)心你會忘記。你的應(yīng)答句要告訴對方“我不會忘記的”。由于漢語思維的干憂，不少學(xué)生會講成：“Yes,Iwon't.”大家都知道，這是錯句。既然你不會忘記做某事，那就應(yīng)該是否定形式。這樣你的應(yīng)答句就必須是：“No,Iwon't.”1.Q:Youwon’tbelateagain,willyou?2.Q:Idon’tfeellikeeatinganythingthesedays.3.Q:We’rehavingapartythisweekend,wouldyoucaretoe?4.Q:Whyit’syou!Howareyoudoing?5.Q:IapologizeforwhatIsaidjustnow.6.Q:Makesureyoulockthedoorwhenyouleave.7.Q:Whataboutjoiningusinthegame?8.Q:Goodbyeandthanksagainforawonderfultime.9.Q:Mygod,I’veleftmywalletathome.10.Q:Ihavebeenwaitingherefor20minutes,butthebushasn’teyet.11.Excusemebutcouldyoupleasetellmewherethenearestbankis?12.Q:Whydidn’tyouetoschoolyesterday?13.Q:IheardthatJackfailedhisfinalexam.14.Q:Thankyouforyourhelp.15.Q:Whydon’tyoutraveltoHongKongduringtheholiday?16.Q:Whatdoyoulikereadinginyoursparetime?17.Q:Imissedthelastbusandhadtowalkhomelastnight.18.Q:Pleasegivemyregardstoyourparents.19.Q:Iwishyouwouldn’thaveyourradioonsoloud.20.Q:Idon’tfeellikeeatinganythingthesedays.2.聽短文回答問題練習(xí)1.Q1.Whyisthespringbreakthisyearconsideredtobespecial?Q2.Doyoupreferthiskindofholiday?Why?練習(xí)2.Q1.WhataretheprogramsmentionedbySusanatthePopWorldofBCDInternational.?Q2.Doyoulikelisteningtoradio?Whyorwhynot?教師教師小結(jié)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________自我自我總結(jié)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________時間：______________________學(xué)生簽字______________________專題復(fù)習(xí)專題復(fù)習(xí)SummaryWriting分體裁縮寫概述寫作的模式 概述可采用“主題句+支撐句”的模式來寫。不同文體閱讀材料概述的寫作模式如下表：文體主題句支撐句記敘文(多采用要素串聯(lián)法)故事本身(核心主人公、核心事件，結(jié)果)故事的意義議論文(多采用主題概述法)文章論點文章論據(jù)說明文(多采用段意合并法)說明的對象/觀點/現(xiàn)象解釋/分述課堂精講Narrative方法點撥：串連要素法記敘文的概要，一般包括記敘文的六個要素(who;when;where;what;how;why)，也就是考生應(yīng)先通讀閱讀短文，找出這六個要素，然后用自己的話將這六個要素串成一兩句話即可。當(dāng)然，不一定每篇記敘文都包含這六個要素，但“某人做了某事,結(jié)果如何”是應(yīng)當(dāng)包括的。因此，要寫好概要，須找到以下兩個問題的答案：(1)誰做了什么？(whodidwhat)(2)結(jié)果如何？(whatwastheresult)如果是夾敘夾議的文章，還要加上這個故事給人們的啟示或教育。WhenIwasquiteyoung,myfamilyhadoneofthefirsttelephonesinourneighborhood.Irememberwellthepolishedoldcasefastenedtothewallonthelowerstairlanding.Theshinyreceiverhungonthesideofthebox.Ievenrememberthenumber:105.Iwastoolittletoreachthetelephone,butIusedtolistenwithfascinationwhenmymothertalkedtoit.Oncesheliftedmeuptospeaktomyfather,whowasawayonbusiness.Magic!ThenIdiscoveredthatsomewhereinsidethewonderfuldevicelivedanamazingpersonhernamewas“InformationPlease”andtherewasnothingshedidnotknow.Mymothercouldaskherforanybody’snumber;whenourclockrandown,InformationPleaseimmediatelysuppliedthecorrecttime.Myfirstpersonalexperiencewiththisgenieinthereceivercameonedaywhilemymotherwasvisitinganeighbor.Amusingmyselfatthetoolbenchinthebasement,Iaccidentallyhitmyfingerwithahammer.Thepainwasterrible,buttheredidn’tseemtobemuchusecryingbecausetherewasnoonehometooffersympathy.Iwalkedaroundthehousesuckingmythrobbingfinger,finallyarrivingatthestairwaythetelephone!Climbingup,Iunhookedthereceiverandheldittomyear.“InformationPlease,”Isaidintothemouthpiecejustabovemyhead.Aclickortwo,andasmallclearvoicespokeintomyear,“Information.”“Ihurtmyfinger…”Icriedintothephone.Thetearscamereadilyenough,nowthatIhadanaudience.“Isn’tyourmotherhome?”camethequestion.“Nobody’shomebutme.”Isobbed.“Areyoubleeding?”“No,”Ireplied.“Ihitmyfingerwiththehammerandithurts.”“Canyouopenyouricebox?”sheasked.IsaidIcould.“Thenchipoffalittlepieceoficeandholdittoyourfinger.Thatwillstopthehurt.Becarefulwhenyouusetheicepick,”sheadmonished.“Anddon’tcry.You’llbeallright.”AfterthatIcalledInformationPleaseforeverything.IaskedherforhelpwithmygeographyandshetoldmewherePhiladelphiawas,andtheOrinoco,theromanticriverthatIwasgoingtoexplorewhenIgrewup.Shehelpedmewithmyarithmetic,andshetoldmethatmypetchipmunkIhadcaughthimintheparkjustthedaybeforewouldeatfruitandnuts.keypointskeywordsandphrasesmaincharacterssettingtheplotthebeginningthedevelopmenttheclimaxtheendSummary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(B)Expository方法點撥：我們根據(jù)說明文的不同類型，分別給出三種參考模板1.描寫某事物的性質(zhì)功用。即“對象+性質(zhì)功用+利好”2.針對某個問題提出解決方法或措施。即“問題+解決方法”3.介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因和結(jié)果。即“現(xiàn)象+原因+結(jié)果”Inschoolsandathome,mostofUShavebeenscolded(責(zé)備)orevengotpunishedfordaydreaming.Themajorityofpeoplesaythatbydaydreamingwewasteourtimeandenergyonsomethingunproductive.Butmanymedicalstudieshaveshownsomethingdifferent.They’vestressedthefactthatdaydreamingworkswondersonourimagination,creativityandsituationhandlingtechniques.Infact,manyproblemscanbeeasilysolvedifwedaydream.Thetopmostbenefitofdaydreamingisthatyourmoodgetstherightimprovement.Byseparatingyourselffromtheworldaroundyou,youtendtoenjoythelonelinessinyourmindandgetpeacefromdaydreamingasyouthinkaboutsomethingthatcalmsyoursenses.Whenyoustartimaginingthings,youwillforgetallthestressandtension(緊張).Instead,youwillgethappinessfromitandthishappinesswillturnintoasourceofenergythathelpsyouworkinagoodmood. Manypsychologistshavesaidthatpeoplewhodaydreamtendtohaveasharpermemory.It’strue.Whenyou’redaydreaming,you’lltendtogetcarriedawaytoimaginevarioussituations,eitherrealorunreal.Youtendtoactdifferentlyindifferentsituations,tryingtosatisfyyourmindbydoingwhatyouwantinyourdreams.Whenyourmindgetssatisfied,you’reinabetterpositiontoconcentratemoreonyourwork.Sincedaydreamingactivates(激活)thenervesofyourbrain,youtendtohavehigherattentivenessandyourabilitytorememberthingswilldevelop.Whenyoudaydream,youautomaticallyimagineyourselfasyourheartsaysandtherefore,yougettoknowyourselfbetter.Youalsostartrealizingthemistakesyou’vemadeinlifeandtryingyourbesttoavoidrepeatingthem.Suchimaginationtechniqueshelpyoutoconnectyourselfwithyoursoul.structurekeywordsortopicsentencetopiccharacteristic/benefitsSummary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(C)Argumentative議論文通常包括論點、論據(jù)和結(jié)論，因此寫議論文的概要主要是找出主題句(thetopicsentences)、支撐句(supportingsentences)和結(jié)論句(conclusionsentences)。其中最主要的是找準主題句。方法點撥：概要模板：論點+論據(jù)(+結(jié)論)Duringthelastfewyears,thenumberofchainstoreshasgreatlyincreasedinbigcitiesinChina.Nowadays,withinashortwalkalongabusystreet,youarelikelytofindachainstoreofsomekindafastfoodrestaurant,abakeryoraconveniencestore.Chainstoreshavebeepartofpeople’sdailylives.TheymaypopintoaBreadTalktobuyasweetrollforbreakfastontheirwaytowork.TheymayvisitaLianhuaSupermarketintheeveningtobuysomefoodfordinner.Forabirthday,theymightcelebratewithfriendsataLittleSheepHotpotRestaurant.AttheweekendtheymaygotoGomeAppliancestobuyaDVDorMP3player.Chainstoreshavebeesopopularthatsomepeopleincludethemasafactorwhendecidingwheretolive.Whyhavechainstoresgrownsofastinnumberandinfluence?Meetingthecustomers’needsistheanswer.Openedinconvenientlocations,thestoresareusuallynextdoortopeople’shomesandclosetobusstopsorundergroundstations.Theyofferawiderangeofproductsinaclean,welllitandrelaxingenvironment.Everystoreinachainoperatesinthesamewayastheothersdo.Thatway,everyoneknowswhattoexpectincasetheyshopthere.Thepricesarereasonabletoo.ItseemsthatchainstoresareaweledevelopmentinChina.Theyarecertainlyanewforcechangingpeople’swayoflife.structurekeywordsortopicsentenceintroductionargumentanalysisconclusionSummary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【隨堂檢測】(A)WhenIwasyoung,itwasn’ttheparentallovethatfilledmythoughtsinthespring.Itwasbaseball.Ilovedeverythingaboutthegamethecrackofabat,theexcitementofchasingagroundballacrossshortgreengrass,evenwatchingthegamesonouroldblackandwhiteTV.Yetlookingbacknow,nothingwasquiteasimportanttomeastheannualritual(老規(guī)矩)ofplayingcatchwithmydad.Dadwasnevermuchofabaseballfan,butasgreenleavesbegantoshootonbarebranchesandwarmthreturnedtotheair,hewouldgrabhisoldmitt(棒球手套)andheadouttotheyardwithmejustthesame.Therewassomethingbeneficialaboutplayingcatchwithhim,thehumoftheballasitsailedthroughtheair,andthefriendlypopasithittheleathernetting.Wemayhavebeen50feetapart,buttheflightofthatballconnectedus,formingasstrongarelationshipasanyfathersontalkevercouldhave.IwasneverthestarofmyLittleLeagueteam,yetDadnevercaredaboutthat.Everyyear,hewouldbeoutthere,waitingtofieldanyfalsethrowIsenthisway.AsIgrewolder,Irealizedthatourgamewasareflectionofourrelationshipthatevenifaproblemdidn’tinvolveagloveandaball,DadwouldalwaysbetheretohandleanythingIthrewinhisdirection.Hisdevotiontoourspringtimeritualshowedhisdevotiontomenotonlytomyloveofbaseballlbutalsotomylife.I’veoftenhearditsaidthat“thedevilisinthedetails.”NowIrealizethatinmyrelationshipwithmyfather,lovewasinthedetails.Summary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(B)TheseriousdeclineinthehealthofChinesestudentsiscausingconcernamongparents,schoolsandexperts.Thenextgeneration'sfutureisindangerandthereisaneedtounderstandthecausesoftheproblemandfindasolution.Inthelast10years,studieshavefoundanalarmingincreasein:ObesityThenumberofoverweightmiddleschoolstudentshasdoubled.Poordiet,especiallytheovereatingofjunkfoodandtheoverdrinkingofsoftdrinks,andthelackofphysicalactivityareidentifiedasthemainreasonsforthisproblem.PooreyesightMorestudentsnowwearglassesandfromanearlierage.Longhoursofstudyandheavyuseofputersandmobilephonesaremostmonlyblamed.StressStudentsfeelundermorepressuretosucceedthaneverbefore.Thelonghoursofstudyandhomeworktheymustdotoachievesuccess,pluspressurefromparentsandschoolsarethemaincauses.SomehavesuggestedincludingPhysicalEducation(P.E.)intheGaokaoasapossiblesolutiontostudents'healthproblems.Theysaythiswillforcestudentstobemoreactive,playsportsandthereforeloseweight.Others,however,opposetheidea,sayingthataddingonemoretesttotheGaokaowouldonlyincreasestudents'workloadandstressandwouldactuallyworsentheiroverallhealth.Althoughthereisnoeasyanswer,allagreethatsomethingmustbedonetostoptheseriousdeclineinstudents'health.Summary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(C)ShouldChinaEncouragePrivateCars?Withthelivingstandardsrisingrapidly,moreandmoreChinesepeoplecanaffordcars.Buttheincreaseofprivatecarsproducesunfavorableeffectsinmanyaspects.IthinkprivatecarsshouldnotbeencouragedinChina.PrivatecarshavetoberestrictedinChina.Tobeginwith,thesharpincreaseofprivatecarsworsensthealreadyterribletrafficsituationinChina.Chinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld.Thenumberofvehiclesisincreasingmuchmorerapidlythanbuildingroads.MasstransportationvehiclesaremoresuitablemeanstosolvethetrafficproblemsinChina.However,moretrafficjamswillhappen,whichisreallyapublichazardtoallofus.Thenumberofprivatecarsinurbanareasshouldbelimitedwhilethenumberofbusesshouldbeincreased.Secondly,privatecarscontributetoairpollution.AlotofbigcitiesinChinaarenowplaguedbyseriousairpollution.Itpeoplearetohavecarsoftheirown,thealreadycontaminatedatmospherewillgetevendirtier.Finally,moreandmoretrafficaccidentsoccurduetopoordrivingskillsofinexperiencedprivatecarowners.Inshort,Chinashouldnotencourageprivatecars.Asfarasthegreatdemandformeansoftransportisconcerned,wecandevelopmasstransportationsystemtotaketheplaceofprivatecars.Summary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(A)Theteacherwhodidthemosttoencouragemewas,asithappens,myaunt.ShewasMyrtleC.Manigault,thewifeofmymother’sbrotherBill.ShetaughtmeinsecondgradeatallblackSummerSchoolinCamden,NewJersey.Duringmychildhoodandyouth,AuntMyrtleencouragedmetodevelopeveryaspectofmypotential,withoutregardforwhatwasconsideredpracticalorpossibleforblackfemales.Ilikedtosing;shelistenedtomyvoiceandpronounceditgood.Icouldn’tdance;shetaughtmethebasicdancingsteps.Shetookmetothetheatrenotjustchildren’stheatre,butadultediesanddramasandherfaiththatIcouldappreciateadultplayswasnotdisappointed.Myauntalsotookdownbooksfromherextensivelibraryandsharedthemwithme.Ihadbooksathome,buttheywereallseriousclassics.EvenasachildIhadastronglikingforhumour,andI’llneverforgetthejoyofdiscoveringDonMarquis’sArchy&Mehitabelthroughher.Mostimportant,perhaps,AuntMyrtleprovidedmyfirstopportunitytowriteforpublication.Awriterherselfforoneoftheblacknewspapers,shesuggestedmynametotheeditorasa"youthcolumnist”.Mycolumn,begunwhenIwasfourteen,wassupposedtocoverteenagesocialactivitiesanditdidbutitalsogavemethefreedomtowriteonmanyothersubjectsaswellasthehabitofgatheringmaterial,thedisciplineofmeetingdeadlines,and,aftergraduationfromcollegesixyearslater,asolidcollectionofpublishedmaterialthatcarriedmynameandwasmypassporttoaseriesofwritingjobs.TodayAuntMyrtleisstillanenthusiasticsupporterofher"favouriteniece".Likeadiamond,shehasreflectedabright,multifaceted(多面的)imageofpossibilitiestoeverypupilwhohascrossedherpath.Summary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(B)Therearenowmanyproductsandservicesonthemarketwhicharesimilarincontentthoughproducedbydifferentpanies.Itisvital,therefore,forapanytodistinguishitselffromitspetitorsbyhavingastrongpanyimagewhichisimmediatelyrecognizable.Logosarepartofthisimage.Theyaresymbolswhichoftenincludeanameorinitialstoidentifyapany.Thelogoestablishesavisualidentityforthepany,justasdifferentgroupsofyoungpeopleexpresstheiridentitythroughhairstylesandclothes.Allgroupsfromallculturesandthroughouttheageshaveusedcolorsandsymbolstoshowtheiridentity.Indifferentcultures,differentcolorscarrydifferentmeanings.Somecolorsmaybeconnectedwithcoldnessinonecultureandwithwarmthinanother;somecolorsrepresentlifeinoneculturebutdeathinanother.Internationalpanieshave,therefore,tomakesurethattheirlogoswillnotbemisunderstoodindifferentcountries.Thelogosoflargeinternationalpaniesareinstantlyrecognizablethroughouttheworld.OneofthemostfamouslogosisthatofCocaCola.Thedesignofthewords“CocaCola”hasnotchangedsince1886,althoughthesurroundingdesignhasbeenchangedfromtimetotime.Manypanieshave,overtheyears,renewedtheirlogostofitinwithcontemporarydesignandtopresentmorepowerfulimages.Logosareusedonpackagingandbrochuresaswellasontheproductitself.Theymayalsoappearinnewspapersorontelevisionaspartofanadvertisingcampaign.paniesneedtohaveastrongcorporateidentity.Thelogohelpstopromotethisimageandtofixitinthemindsoftheconsumers.Logos,therefore,needtobeoriginalandtohaveimpactandstyle.Summary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(C)“DidyouhearwhathappenedtoAdamLastFriday?”LindseywhisperstoTori.Withhereyesshining,toribrags,“YoubetIdid,Seantoldmetwodaysago.”WhoareLindseyandToritalkingaboutItjusthappenedtobeyourstruly,AdamFreedmam,Icantellyouthatwhatthatwhattheyaresayingis(a)notniceand(b)noteventrue.Still,LindseyandToriaren’tverydifferentfrommoststudentshereatLintonHighSchool,includingme.Manyofourconversationsaregossip(閑話).Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalkedabout.Usually,gossipspreadsinformationaboutatopicbreakups,troubleathome,evendroppingoutthatapersonwouldratherkeepsecret.Themoreembarrassingorshamefulthesecretis,thejuicierthegossipitmakes.Probablytheworsttypeofgossipistheabsolutelie.Peopleoftenthinkofgossipersasharmless,butcruelliescancausepain.Ifweknowthatgossipcanbeharmful,thenwhydosomanyofusdoit?Thatanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgivesus.Sharingthelatestrumor(傳言)canmakeapersonfeelimportantbecauseheorsheknowssomethingthatothersdon’t.Similarly,hearingthelatestrumorcanmakeapersonfeellikepartofthe“ingroup”.Inotherwords,gossipissatisfyingbecauseitgivespeopleasenseofbelongingorevensuperiority(優(yōu)越感).Gossipalsocanhaveathirdeffect:itstrengthensunwritten,unspokenrulesabouthowpeopleshouldact.ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolicingbehaviorsinagroup.Translatedintohighschoolterms,thismeansthatifeverybodyyouhangaroundwithislaughingatwhatJohnworeorwhatJanesaid,the