作文筆記孫遠(yuǎn)

作文筆記-孫遠(yuǎn).txt我都舍不得欺負(fù)的人，哪能讓別人欺負(fù)？一輩子那么長，等你幾年算什么我愛的人我要親手給她幸福 別人我不放心 我想你的時候我一定要找得到你不許你們欺負(fù)他！全世界只有我才可以！放棄你，下輩子吧！！Argument:一段完整的分析、論證，有邏輯錯誤，要求抓住邏輯錯誤（2-4個關(guān)鍵性的錯誤）。攻擊他，高分第一點，抓住要害。30分鐘。Argument備考策略第一， 掌握一些基本的分析技巧。第二， 開頭和結(jié)尾要有一個框架和現(xiàn)成的模式，必須爭分多秒。第三， 注意掌握一些閃光句型。原題里有大量的信息可以利用，而且必須利用。第四， 熟悉每一道題并準(zhǔn)備提綱。審題問題。每道題由三大塊構(gòu)成1. 一句話的論述背景。2. 整塊的題干本身，有邏輯錯誤。作者的claimorconclusion：so，therefore，hence，thus，consequently，should；作者的論據(jù)evidence：facts，examples，statistics,authorities;作者的假設(shè)assumptions,是作者的一種觀點，一種想法，階段性的結(jié)論，小結(jié)論（假設(shè)是否成立？）3. 寫作要求例題（Get-AwayAirlines）首先，賽車行業(yè)合適的項目，航空公司是否合適？賽車和飛機的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)不同導(dǎo)致工作性質(zhì)不同賽車行業(yè)的員工去參加培訓(xùn)到底在多大程度上受益。只是時間上有先后關(guān)系，并不能代表有因果關(guān)系其次，客戶的滿意度能不能提高是一個值得懷疑的假設(shè)：顧客滿意的內(nèi)容最后，profits的問題：利潤與市場情形，需求，競爭，成本，客源等有關(guān)。典型邏輯錯誤問題1.數(shù)據(jù)類問題。調(diào)查survey，用數(shù)據(jù)做證據(jù)的問題。要考慮數(shù)據(jù)是不是具有代表性，是不是具有典型意義。為了確保結(jié)果具有代表性，通常有三個步驟要考慮第一步，我們把調(diào)查的對象分成幾個組成部分。Group-subgroups第二步，確定子群在總?cè)褐械谋壤?，總?cè)河卸啻?，回?yīng)的人有多少第三步，按照比例隨機抽取樣品。具有代表性的representative。提問的方式:Whatprocedurewasused?樣本規(guī)模，完整性，數(shù)據(jù)是否重要（說明問題），數(shù)據(jù)是否模糊Whatquestionwasasked?Loadedquestion(暗示性的問題)平均數(shù)的問題，不合適每個人Beggingthequestion循環(huán)論證Fallacyofmissingevidence證據(jù)缺失，證據(jù)不足notlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.16. Thearguercommitsthefallacyof17. Thefactthatsayslittle/nothingabout18. Thefactthatdoesnotensurethat/lendsnostrongsupportto19. Thearguerfailstoconvinceusthat20. Theevidenceprovidedinthisargumentisnotsufficienttovalidatetheassumptionthat21. Thestatisticalevidence/theresultofthesurveyuponwhichtheargumentreliesistoovaguetobeinformative.22. Itmakesnosensethat攻擊的方法1. 例證法。用反面的例子來攻擊對方的推理2. 假設(shè)法。If，evenif，grantedthat，wecannotensurethat,onlywhen,unless,inthis/thatcase,evenso3. 推測。Itispossiblethat,itisequallypossiblethat;Itislikelythat,itisalsolikelythat;possibly,may,might正文寫作要有一些比較漂亮的分析性句型：1. Theargumentsimplyequatessthwithsth,whichisunwarranted2. Themerefactthatisinsufficientevidencetoconcludethat3. Theargumentfailstoruleoutthepossibilitythatengagesinaswellas4. Commonsensetellsusthat5. Consequently,themerefactthatdoesnotsupporttheclaimthat6. Whilethismaybetrueinsomecases,itisequallypossiblethat7. Onecaninferfromthesurvey’sresultthat8. Ifso,eventhough,theauthor’sargumentthatwouldbeseriouslyweakened.9. Inaddition,whileitistruethat,thisisnottrueof10. Consequently,unlesstheauthorcandemonstratethat,thearguer’sconcernabouttheseissuesisunfounded.11. Thearguerignoresotherlikelybenefitsthataffect12. However,unless,thereisagoodchancethat13. Withoutsuchevidence,wecannotacceptthearguer’sconclusionthat14. Finally,theauthorunfairlytrivializesby15. Comprehensiveanalysisisnecessarytoidentifytheactualcausesof16. Thestatisticsofferedwarrantsonlytheconclusionthat17. Therefore,anydecisionaimedataddressingtheproblemmustbebasedonmorethoroughinvestigationtogathersufficientdatainordertonarrowdownandlocatetheactualcausesoftheproblem18. Fromthesurveyquotedintheargument,however,wefindnosignofsuchproceduresforrandomsampling,andhavegoodreasontodoubtifthesampleisrepresentativeenoughtoreflectasawhole19. Whensamplesareusedtomakegeneralclaimsaboutaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughintimetothegenerationtheyareusedtosupport,sothathistoricalchangeswillnotinvalidatethegeneralization20. Thefactthatdoesnotnecessarilyimplythat21. Butwearetoldnothingaboutthewaythepollwasconductedandhowwellitrepresented22. Buttheproblemisthatthetwosituationsarenotsimilarenoughtojustifytheanalogicaldeduction23. Theexamplecited,whilesuggestiveofthesetrends,isinsufficienttowarranttheirtruthbecausethereisnoreasontobelievethatthedatadrawnfromisrepresentativeof五、 寫結(jié)尾（3）不該有實質(zhì)性的內(nèi)容，主要為歸納，建議：指出原論者未能完全有效地支持自己的結(jié)論，指出原論者可以從正文攻擊的幾個方面加強原論證Inconclusion,thearguerfailstoestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenand,tostrengthentheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoprovideevidencethat,tobetterevaluatetheargument,Tosumup,theconclusionlackscredibilitybecausetheevidencecitedintheanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.Tostrengththeargument,thearguerwouldhavetoprovidemoreevidenceconcerningthepercentage.Tobetterevaluatetheargument,wewouldneedmoreinformationregardingAsitstands,theargumentisnotwellreasoned.Tomakeitlogicallyacceptablethearguerwouldhavetodemonstratethat.Additionally,thearguermustprovideevidencetoruleoutotherpossiblecausesof.Toconclude,thisargumentisnotpersuasiveasitstands.Beforeweaccepttheconclusion,thearguermustpresentmorefactstodemonstratethat.Tosolidifytheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoproducemoreevidenceconcerningInsummary,theconclusionreachedinthisargumentisinvalidandmisleading.Tomaketheargumentmoreconvincing,thearguerwouldhavetoprovethat.Moreover,Iwouldsuspendmyjudgmentaboutthecredibilityoftherecommendationuntilthearguercanprovideconcreteevidencethat六、 檢查（3）There