2022-2023學(xué)年河南省鄭州市高二上學(xué)期期末英語試題原卷版+解析版含聽力音頻無聽力原文

第第頁2022-2023學(xué)年河南省鄭州市高二上學(xué)期期末英語試題（原卷版+解析版，含聽力音頻無聽力原文）高二英語

注意事項(xiàng)：

本試卷分四部分，考試時間120分鐘，滿分150分?？忌鷳?yīng)首先閱讀答題卡上的文字信息，然后在答題卡上作答，在試題卷上作答無效。

第一部分聽力(共兩節(jié)，滿分30分)

做題時，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。

第一節(jié)(共5小題;每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分)

聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。

1Whatdoesthewomanthinkoftheweather

A.Nice.B.Warm.C.Cold.

2.Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace

A.Inahospital.B.Inaclassroom.C.Inamuseum.

3.Whatwillthemando

A.Goshopping.B.Attendameeting.C.Talkaboutthefilm.

4.Whatisthegirl’sopinionaboutthecourse

A.Toodifficult.B.Veryeasy.C.Worthtaking.

5.WhatdoesRosaaskJacktodo

A.Thinkabouthimself.B.Turnofftheradio.C.Apologizetoher.

第二節(jié)(共15小題;每小題15分，滿分22.5分)

聽下面5段對話或獨(dú)白。每段對話或獨(dú)白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘;聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。

聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。

6.HowmanyyearshadJamesrunhisbusiness

A.10.B.13.C.15.

7.HowdoesthewomanfeelaboutJames’situation

A.Concerned.B.Embarrassed.C.Disappointed.

聽第7段材料，回答第8、9題。

8.Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers

A.Colleagues.B.Schoolmates.C.Neighbors.

9.WhatdoesFrankplantodorightaftergraduation

A.Starthisownbusiness.B.Workasaprogrammer.C.Travelaroundtheworld.

聽第8段材料，回答第10至12題。

10.Whydoesthewomanmakethecall

A.Tobookahotelroom.

B.Toaskabouttheroomservice.

CTomakechangestoareservation.

11.Whenwillthewomanarriveatthehotel

A.OnSeptember15th.B.OnSeptember16th.C.OnSeptember23rd.

12.Howmuchwillthewomanpayforherroompernight

A.$179.B.$199.C.$219.

聽第9段材料，回答第13至16題。

13.Whydoesthemanseldomdoexercise

A.Helacksmotivation.B.Heworksallthetime.C.Hehasaheartproblem.

14.WhatdoesJacobSattelmairprobablydo

A.Aresearcher.B.Anathlete.C.Adoctor.

15.Whydoesthewomanspeakofastudy

A.Torecommendanexercise.

B.Tosupportherrecentfindings.

C.Topersuadethemantoexercise.

16.Howlongwillthemanprobablyexerciseaweek

A.300minutes.B.150minutes.C.60minutes.

聽第10段材料，回答第17至20題。

17.Whatpercentageoftheworld’steaexportgoestoBritain

A.Almost15%.B.About30%.C.Over40%.

18.Whydoteatasterstasteteawithmilk

A.Teawithmilkishealthy.

B.Teatastesmuchbetterwithmilk.

C.MostBritishpeopledrinkteathatway.

19.Whosuggestsapriceforeachtea

A.Teaexporters.B.Teatasters.C.Teacompanies.

20.Whatisthespeakermainlytalkingabout

A.Thelifeofteatasters.B.AfternoonteainBritainC.TheLondonTeaTradeCentre.

第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，滿分40分)

第一節(jié)(共15小題;每小題2分，滿分30分)

閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。

A

AmazingTrainRides

Takingatraininthewinterisfun.Themountainsturnfromgreentowhite.andyoucanenjoythemonthejourney.Nowmanyholiday-themedtrainsaddfun.Allaboard!

●AuroraWinterTrain:Alaska

ThisseasonalscenictrainthatheadsnorthfromAnchorageispopular.FromtheWinterTrainyou'llseeasnow-whiteDenali,America'stallestpeak(山峰)-andwithanyluck,atracksidemoose(駝鹿).YoucangetoffthetrainafterthreehoursatTalkeetnatoskiinDenaliorcontinueonforanotherninehourstoFairbanksforsomenorthernlightsviewing.There'refewbetterplaces,asFairbanksisAmerica'snorthernmostcity.

●TheSkiTrain,Colorado

TheSkiTrainisajoyfulrideevenfornon-skiers.TherideconnectsDenver's1914Beaux-ArtsstationwiththeWinterParkskiarea.Oneminuteyou'reindowntownDenver'sBeaux-ArtsUnionStationandtwohourslateryou'resteppingoffthetrain.100feetfromaWinterParkskilift.Whatawonderfulrideitis!

●AmtrakCaliforniaZephyr:ChicagotoSanFrancisco

Long-distancetraintravelersadorewestwindinanyseason,butwinteraddstheappealofsugarysnowoutsidethewindowasyoutravelovertheRockiesandSierras.DepartingdailyallwinterfrombothChicagoandSanFrancisco,the51-hourjourneyoffershotel-levelserviceinabedroom.Oryoucanbreakupthetripwithstopstosleep(andski)inDenverorSaltLakeCity.

●CanyonR=Reno;C=Columbus;N=NewYork;H=Height;F=Feet)

A.B.

C.D.

D

InFrankSchtzing’s2023novelTheSwarm(《群》),sealifedevelopsacollectivemindofitsown.Whalesbandtogethertoattackships,whilegroupsofjellyfish(水母)swallowtheshores.It’sasifoceancreaturesdecidedtojointlyfighthumanitytotrytogetbacktheirenvironment.

Scientistssaythatthissceneisn’tmadeup.Animalsdomoveingroupsgovernedbythecollective.Thinkofaflockofbirds,alineofants,agroupoffish—allcrowdslikethoseimaginedbySchtzing,ifnotquiteasdeadly.“Animalsregulatethesevastcollectivestructureswithoutanyleadership,withoutanyindividualanimalknowingthewholestateofthesystem,”saysNicholasOuelletteanengineer.“Andyetitworksfantasticallywell.”

DeborahGordon,abiologist,studieshowantsmakecollectivedecisions,suchaswhenandwheretohuntforfood.Aredharvestersettlementtypicallyhassomehunterswaitinginthenestwhileothershuntout.StudyingtheseantsinNewMexico,Gordonshowedthattheyleavethenestataratedeterminedbyhowoftenhuntersreturnwithfood.Themorefoodisavailablethemoreoftenhuntersreturntothenest;thisstartsmoreantsleavingthenest.Butiflittlefoodisavailable,theprocesswillthrottledown.

WorkingwithcomputerscientistBalajiPrabhakarGordonfoundthatinformationflowingamongtheantswassimilartothewaytheInternetprotocols(協(xié)議)regulatetherateofdatatransportdependingonhowmuchbandwidth(寬帶)isavailable.Thescientistsnamedthisnaturallyproducedalgorithm(算法)the“Anternet”.TheAnternetinformationseemstohelpthesettlementtosearchefficiently.

Studiesofcollectivebehaviourinbirds,antsandfishhavemeaningsforhumans.Engineerscantakelessonsfromanimalsthatswarmeffectivelytogethertobuildbetterswarmsofsmallrobots.

Andunderstandinghowantscollectivelyadapttochangesintheirnetwork,suchaswhenatreeblowsdown,couldhelpresearchersdevelopflexiblerulesforrobotsworkinginanunfamiliarenvironmentsuchasinaburningbuilding.“That’salessorforengineering,”Gordonsays.

12.WhydoesthewriterdescribethesceneofTheSwarm

A.Towarnpeopleofthedangerofsealife.B.Torecommendthespecialnoveltoreaders.

C.Toprovehumandamagetotheenvironment.D.Tostresstheeffectofanimalgroupbehavior.

13.Theunderlinedpart“throttledown”inparagraph3probablymeans“______”.

A.godownB.slowdownC.breakdownD.setdown

14.WhatcanbeknownabouttheAnternet

A.It’saflexibleproblem-solvingrule.B.It’samethodofantsfindingwayhome.

C.It’saflowofdataaboutInternetprotocols.D.It’sanettocollectinformationamongants.

15.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout

A.Observingnatureforinterestingengineering

B.Adaptingtothechangeoftheanimals’habitats

C.Learningfromthecollectivewisdomofanimals

D.Understandingthevariousbehavioursofanimals

第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2分，滿分10分)

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。

Manypeoplemightfeellostduringamajortransition(轉(zhuǎn)折)inlife.Lifecoaching,however,isthebestchoiceforanyonewhoislookingforwaystogetthroughthetoughpathoflife.

—___16___Somelifecoachesmightfocusonlyoncertaintypesofsituations,likeadvancingcareers,whileothersmaybewillingtohelpwithnearlyanylifetransition.

Alifecoachwilloftenactasanadvisorforhisclients(客戶).___17___Manytimes,hewillalsobeabletolookataclient’slifewithnfaireyeandofterfreshideasoncertainsituations.Indoingso,thelifecoachwillusuallybeabletohelphisclientworkthroughanyproblemshemayface.

___18___Duringthisinterview,thelifecoachshouldfindoutwhattheclient’swants,needsandgoalsareinlife.

Howtohelpeachclientisdifferenttoeveryone,anditisaveryindividualizedprocess.___19___Becauseofthis,alifecoachmustdevelopplansbasedoneachclient’sstrengths,weaknesses,abilitiesandsoon.Alifecoachwillalsousuallytakeeachclient’smoralsandvaluesintoconsideration.

Somelifecoachesmaybeabletofindemploymentwithafewselectuniversitiesandcorporations.Therearealsoahandfuloflargelifecoachingfirmsthathirelifecoachesaswell.Themajorityoflifecoaches,however,workforthemselves,openingtheirownlifecoachingpractices.

___20___

A.Methodsthatworkforoneclientmaynotworkforanother.

B.Agoodlifecoachshouldtrytosatisfyalltheneedsofhisclients.

C.Heisoftenexpectedtolistencloselytotheirconcernsandproblems.

D.Beforealifecoachcanhelpaclienthefirstneedsanin-depthinterview.

E.Lifecoachesofferguidancetoalltypesofpeopleindifferentstagesoftheirlives.

F.Insomecases,lifecoachesmayworktogetherandofferawiderrangeofservices.

G.Generally,therearenostricteducationrequirementsforstartingalifecoachingcareer.

第三部分語言知識運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié)，滿分45分)

第一節(jié)(共20小題;每小題1.5分，滿分30分)

閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。

Bydayacleaner,bynightanartist,whichisthedailyroutinefora56-year-oldwoman,WangLiuyun.From7a.m.to7p.m.,shesweepsthefloors,____21____rubbishbinsandcleansrestrooms.Afterwork,shefocusesonheroilpaintings____22____theoutdoorsinasmallroomwhereshelivesand____23____herworkequipment.“Paintingfeedsmy____24____,whilethecleaningjobhelpsmakeendsmeet,”shesays.

In2023,sheheardofa____25____paintingcourseinShuangxiancienttownFujianprovince.WangLiuyun,afarmerthen,knewthatitwastimeto____26____herlife.Sheleftherhomeandstartedaweek’sstudyatacharityprogram____27____byartistLinZhenglu.“____28____paints,brushesandcanvas(油畫布)forfree,____29____toldmetopaintwhateverIwanted.Onthefourthday,Ifinishedmy_____30_____picture,showingaspringtimesceneinthetown,”Wangsays.Shecompletedanothertwopaintingsonthefifthandsixthdays.

“ThoughLinkeptsayingIhada_____31_____forlandscapepainting,Ididn’tbelievethat,”Wang_____32_____,“Mythreepaintingsweresold,eachfor150yuan,whichincreasedmy_____33_____,andIbegantotakepainting_____34_____.”

WangwasonceattractedbyDwellingintheFuchunMountains(《富春山居圖》),afamouslandscapepainting_____35_____byHuangGongwangintheYuanDynasty.SheevenwenttotheMountainsinZhejiangtoappreciatethe_____36_____butfoundthattheMountainswerenotso_____37_____asthatinthepainting.“ItwasatthatmomentthatIrealizedwhatHuangpaintedwasasceneinhisdream,”Wangsays.Itisalso_____38_____shehasbeenattractedbypainting,whichsheseesasanescapefrom_____39_____andatooltohelppeopletoheal(療傷).I_____40_____inthedirt,butIpaintintheclouds,”shesays.

21.A.coversB.emptiesC.poursD.handles

22.A.copyingB.affectingC.describingD.approaching

23.A.repairsB.arrangesC.collectsD.keeps

24.A.soulB.desireC.familyD.leisure

25.A.necessaryB.commonC.freeD.useful

26.A.adjustB.restartC.designD.consider

27.A.committedB.acknowledgedC.launchedD.approved

28.A.TakingB.ShowingC.ObtainingD.Providing

29.A.teachersB.programmersC.advocatesD.participants

30.A.firstB.rewardingC.originalD.formal

31.A.tendencyB.preferenceC.characteristicD.talent

32.A.claimsB.recallsC.imaginesD.concludes

33.A.happinessB.expenseC.confidenceD.motivation

34.A.seriouslyB.personallyC.normallyD.naturally

35.A.praisedB.createdC.appreciatedD.discovered

36.A.peakB.positionC.paintingD.scenery

37.A.practicalB.peacefulC.splendidD.high

38.A.whenB.whyC.howD.where

39.A.realityB.sadnessC.easeD.responsibility

40.A.findawayB.makeadifferenceC.setanexampleD.earnaliving

第二節(jié)(共10小題;每小題15分，滿分15分)

閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。

ABritishdietcompanyrecentlyannouncedthatit____41____(succeed)inmakingawhitecrust(面包皮)milkbreadwhichwillstopthepracticeofremovingthecrustwhenmakingsandwiches.

Didyouknowthatthehugemajorityofmilkbreadsandwiches____42____(make)dailyhavetheircrustsremovedWhilecrustedsandwichesdoexist,thegeneralbeliefis____43____thesoft,whitepartofmilkbreadis____44____(tasty)thanthebrowncrust.Thisbeliefdatesbacktoatimelongagowhenthecrustwasharder____45____(chew)through,butthingsaredefinitelyalotdifferenttoday.Thecrustisniceandsoft,____46____peoplestillseemtoprefercrustedsandwiches.Thatresultsinalotoffoodwaste,butthecompanyhopestochangethatwithanewwhitecrustbread.

ChefSmithandhisteamspenthalfayear____47____(develop)anewtypeofbreadthattheyclaimendstheneedtoremovethecrust.Peoplehavebeencomingupwithallsortsofwaystorecyclebreadcrustsinordertoreducefoodwaste,butSmith’sideawastocreateacrustthatdidn’thavetobethrownawayinthefirstplace.

Althoughthecompanydidn’tfullydisclosethesecretbehinditsnewwhitecrustbread,itdidmentionthatitisbakedslowlyatalowertemperaturethanregularbread,____48____resultsinawhitecolorallthroughthebreadandarichmoisttexture(口感).

Thecompanyusedtoservecrustlessmilkbreadsandwichestoitscustomers,butitwillbe____49____(switch)tothisnewwhitecrustbreadinthenearfuture,andthusitwill_____50_____(incredible)decreaseitsfoodwaste.

第四部分寫作(共兩節(jié)，滿分35分)

第一節(jié)短文改錯(共10小題;每小題1分，滿分10分)

51.假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。

增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號（∧），并在其下面寫出該加的詞。

刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。

修改：在錯的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。

注意：

1.每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞；

2.只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計(jì)分。

ThiswasthefirstdayofmytriptoCanadawithmymother.Afteralongflightof14hours,wefinallyreachedtoTorontoAirportat7:40p.m.localtime.Weliveinmymother’sfriend’shouse.Sincethereareonlytwograndparentsathome,thehouseislargewiththreefloors.Theyevenhavealiftfixinside.Thereisabigandbeautifulgardenoutsidehouse,wheretheyplantvariousflowersandplants.Thereisalsoapeachtreefullofpeachinthegarden.Alittlesquirrel(松鼠)canbeseenclimbupanddownthetreehappily.Thetailofthelittlecreatureisreallybig,likeabroom.ThisisthefirsttimeIhadseenacutesquirrelsoclose.ThatIhaveseenheremakesmefeelextremewonderful!

第二節(jié)書面表達(dá)(滿分25分)

52.假定你是李華，你的新西蘭筆友Jerry對中國文化遺產(chǎn)很感興趣，他在郵件中希望你為他推薦一兩個你喜歡的名勝古跡，請用英語給他回復(fù)。內(nèi)容包括：

1.簡介你推薦的名勝古跡；

2.說明你推薦的理由；

3.邀請他有機(jī)會來參觀。

注意：

1.詞數(shù)100左右；

2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

3.開頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

DearJerry,

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Bestwishes.

LiHua

聽力：1-20CABCBCABBCBBAACBBCBC高二英語

注意事項(xiàng)：

本試卷分四部分，考試時間120分鐘，滿分150分?？忌鷳?yīng)首先閱讀答題卡上的文字信息，然后在答題卡上作答，在試題卷上作答無效。

第一部分聽力(共兩節(jié)，滿分30分)

做題時，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。

第一節(jié)(共5小題;每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分)

聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。

1.Whatdoesthewomanthinkoftheweather

A.Nice.B.Warm.C.Cold.

2.Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace

A.Inahospital.B.Inaclassroom.C.Inamuseum.

3.Whatwillthemando

A.Goshopping.B.Attendameeting.C.Talkaboutthefilm.

4.Whatisthegirl’sopinionaboutthecourse

A.Toodifficult.B.Veryeasy.C.Worthtaking.

5.WhatdoesRosaaskJacktodo

A.Thinkabouthimself.B.Turnofftheradio.C.Apologizetoher.

第二節(jié)(共15小題;每小題15分，滿分22.5分)

聽下面5段對話或獨(dú)白。每段對話或獨(dú)白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘;聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。

聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。

6.HowmanyyearshadJamesrunhisbusiness

A.10.B.13.C.15.

7.HowdoesthewomanfeelaboutJames’situation

A.Concerned.B.Embarrassed.C.Disappointed.

聽第7段材料，回答第8、9題。

8.Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers

A.Colleagues.B.Schoolmates.C.Neighbors.

9.WhatdoesFrankplantodorightaftergraduation

A.Starthisownbusiness.B.Workasaprogrammer.C.Travelaroundtheworld.

聽第8段材料，回答第10至12題。

10.Whydoesthewomanmakethecall

A.Tobookahotelroom.

B.Toaskabouttheroomservice.

C.Tomakechangestoareservation.

11.Whenwillthewomanarriveatthehotel

A.OnSeptember15th.B.OnSeptember16th.C.OnSeptember23rd.

12.Howmuchwillthewomanpayforherroompernight

A.$179.B.$199.C.$219.

聽第9段材料，回答第13至16題。

13.Whydoesthemanseldomdoexercise

A.Helacksmotivation.B.Heworksallthetime.C.Hehasaheartproblem.

14.WhatdoesJacobSattelmairprobablydo

A.Aresearcher.B.Anathlete.C.Adoctor.

15.Whydoesthewomanspeakofastudy

A.Torecommendanexercise.

B.Tosupportherrecentfindings.

CTopersuadethemantoexercise.

16.Howlongwillthemanprobablyexerciseaweek

A.300minutes.B.150minutes.C.60minutes.

聽第10段材料，回答第17至20題。

17.Whatpercentageoftheworld’steaexportgoestoBritain

A.Almost15%.B.About30%.C.Over40%.

18.Whydoteatasterstasteteawithmilk

A.Teawithmilkishealthy.

B.Teatastesmuchbetterwithmilk.

C.MostBritishpeopledrinkteathatway.

19.Whosuggestsapriceforeachtea

A.Teaexporters.B.Teatasters.C.Teacompanies.

20.Whatisthespeakermainlytalkingabout

A.Thelifeofteatasters.B.AfternoonteainBritainC.TheLondonTeaTradeCentre.

第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，滿分40分)

第一節(jié)(共15小題;每小題2分，滿分30分)

閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。

A

AmazingTrainRides

Takingatraininthewinterisfun.Themountainsturnfromgreentowhite.andyoucanenjoythemonthejourney.Nowmanyholiday-themedtrainsaddfun.Allaboard!

●AuroraWinterTrain:Alaska

ThisseasonalscenictrainthatheadsnorthfromAnchorageispopular.FromtheWinterTrainyou'llseeasnow-whiteDenali,America'stallestpeak(山峰)-andwithanyluck,atracksidemoose(駝鹿).YoucangetoffthetrainafterthreehoursatTalkeetnatoskiinDenaliorcontinueonforanotherninehourstoFairbanksforsomenorthernlightsviewing.There'refewbetterplaces,asFairbanksisAmerica'snorthernmostcity.

●TheSkiTrain,Colorado

TheSkiTrainisajoyfulrideevenfornon-skiers.TherideconnectsDenver's1914Beaux-ArtsstationwiththeWinterParkskiarea.Oneminuteyou'reindowntownDenver'sBeaux-ArtsUnionStationandtwohourslateryou'resteppingoffthetrain.100feetfromaWinterParkskilift.Whatawonderfulrideitis!

●AmtrakCaliforniaZephyr:ChicagotoSanFrancisco

Long-distancetraintravelersadorewestwindinanyseason,butwinteraddstheappealofsugarysnowoutsidethewindowasyoutravelovertheRockiesandSierras.DepartingdailyallwinterfrombothChicagoandSanFrancisco,the51-hourjourneyoffershotel-levelserviceinabedroom.Oryoucanbreakupthetripwithstopstosleep(andski)inDenverorSaltLakeCity.

●CanyonR=Reno;C=Columbus;N=NewYork;H=Height;F=Feet)

A.B.

C.D.

【答案】8.A9.B10.C11.B

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了米國企業(yè)的規(guī)模，分布情況及收入情況。

【8題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容“Supposethatwelinedupabout14millionUnitedStatesbusinessesinorderofsize,startingwiththesmallest,alonganimaginaryroadfromSanFranciscotoNewYork.Therewillbe4,500businessestothemileoralittlelessthanoneperfoot.(假設(shè)我們按照規(guī)模排列了大約1400萬家米國企業(yè)，從最小的開始，沿著一條想象中的從舊金山到紐約的道路。一英里內(nèi)將有4500家企業(yè)，或者每英尺不到一家)”可推知，寫這篇文章的主要目的是為了說明米國企業(yè)的規(guī)模。故選A項(xiàng)。

【9題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“Supposefurtherthatweplantedaflagforeachbusiness.Theheightoftheflagpolerepresentstheyearlyvolume(額)ofsales—each$10000insalesisshownbyonefootofpole.(進(jìn)一步假設(shè)我們?yōu)槊恳豁?xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)插上一面旗幟。旗桿的高度代表年銷售額，每10000美元的銷售額由旗桿的一英尺表示)”和第三段關(guān)鍵句“Thelineofflagpolesisaveryinterestingsight.FromSanFranciscotoaboutReno,itisalmostunnoticeable,arowofpolesaboutafoothigh.(旗桿的排列是一個非常有趣的景象。從舊金山到里諾，幾乎看不到，有一排大約一英尺高的柱子)”可知，用旗桿的高度代表年銷售額，以這種方式介紹了不同地區(qū)企業(yè)的年銷售額情況。由此推知，提到了旗桿的排列是為了描述企業(yè)年銷售額的事實(shí)。故選B項(xiàng)。

【10題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段關(guān)鍵句“Butasweapproachtheeasternterminus(終點(diǎn)),thepolessuddenlybegintorise.Thereareabout300,000firmsinthecountrywithsalesover$500,000.Thesefirmstakeupthelast75milesofthe3,000-mileroad.(但當(dāng)我們接近東部終點(diǎn)時，柱子突然開始上升。全國約有30萬家公司，銷售額超過50萬美元。這些公司占據(jù)了3000英里道路的最后75英里)”可知，道路的最后75英里的總銷額最大。故選C項(xiàng)。

【11題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段關(guān)鍵句“FromSanFranciscotoaboutReno,itisalmostunnoticeable,arowofpolesaboutafoothigh.(從舊金山到里諾，幾乎看不到，有一排大約一英尺高的柱子)”、第三段關(guān)鍵句“FromRenoeastward,thepolesincreaseinheightuntil,nearColumbus,Ohio—about4/5ofthewayacrossthenation-flagsflyabout10feetintheair.(從里諾向東，柱子的高度不斷增加，直到俄亥俄州哥倫布附近，大約4/5的地方國旗在大約10英尺的高空飄揚(yáng))”和第四段關(guān)鍵句“Theytakeupthelastquarterofamilebeforethecitylimits,flagsflyingatcloudheight,5,000feetup.(他們占據(jù)了城市邊界前的最后四分之一英里，旗幟在5000英尺高空的云層中飄揚(yáng))”可知，從舊金山到里諾，旗幟在大約一英尺高的地方，從里諾到俄亥俄州哥倫布，旗幟升到10英尺的地方，到終點(diǎn)紐約時，旗幟升到5000英尺高。由此可知，B項(xiàng)圖表顯示了米國企業(yè)基于銷售額的正確規(guī)模順序。故選B項(xiàng)。

D

InFrankSchtzing’s2023novelTheSwarm(《群》),sealifedevelopsacollectivemindofitsown.Whalesbandtogethertoattackships,whilegroupsofjellyfish(水母)swallowtheshores.It’sasifoceancreaturesdecidedtojointlyfighthumanitytotrytogetbacktheirenvironment.

Scientistssaythatthissceneisn’tmadeup.Animalsdomoveingroupsgovernedbythecollective.Thinkofaflockofbirdsalineofants,agroupoffish—allcrowdslikethoseimaginedbySchtzing,ifnotquiteasdeadly.“Animalsregulatethesevastcollectivestructureswithoutanyleadership,withoutanyindividualanimalknowingthewholestateofthesystem,”saysNicholasOuelletteanengineer.“Andyetitworksfantasticallywell.”

DeborahGordon,abiologist,studieshowantsmakecollectivedecisions,suchaswhenandwheretohuntforfood.Aredharvestersettlementtypicallyhassomehunterswaitinginthenestwhileothershuntout.StudyingtheseantsinNewMexico,Gordonshowedthattheyleavethenestataratedeterminedbyhowoftenhuntersreturnwithfood.Themorefoodisavailablethemoreoftenhuntersreturntothenest;thisstartsmoreantsleavingthenest.Butiflittlefoodisavailable,theprocesswillthrottledown.

WorkingwithcomputerscientistBalajiPrabhakar,GordonfoundthatinformationflowingamongtheantswassimilartothewaytheInternetprotocols(協(xié)議)regulatetherateofdatatransportdependingonhowmuchbandwidth(寬帶)isavailable.Thescientistsnamedthisnaturallyproducedalgorithm(算法)the“Anternet”.TheAnternetinformationseemstohelpthesettlementtosearchefficiently.

Studiesofcollectivebehaviourinbirds,antsandfishhavemeaningsforhumans.Engineerscantakelessonsfromanimalsthatswarmeffectivelytogethertobuildbetterswarmsofsmallrobots.

Andunderstandinghowantscollectivelyadapttochangesintheirnetwork,suchaswhenatreeblowsdown,couldhelpresearchersdevelopflexiblerulesforrobotsworkinginanunfamiliarenvironmentsuchasinaburningbuilding.“That’salessorforengineering,”Gordonsays.

12.WhydoesthewriterdescribethesceneofTheSwarm

A.Towarnpeopleofthedangerofsealife.B.Torecommendthespecialnoveltoreaders.

C.Toprovehumandamagetotheenvironment.D.Tostresstheeffectofanimalgroupbehavior.

13.Theunderlinedpart“throttledown”inparagraph3probablymeans“______”.

A.godownB.slowdownC.breakdownD.setdown

14.WhatcanbeknownabouttheAnternet

A.It’saflexibleproblem-solvingrule.B.It’samethodofantsfindingwayhome.

C.It’saflowofdataaboutInternetprotocols.D.It’sanettocollectinformationamongants.

15.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout

A.Observingnatureforinterestingengineering

B.Adaptingtothechangeoftheanimals’habitats

C.Learningfromthecollectivewisdomofanimals

D.Understandingthevariousbehavioursofanimals

【答案】12.D13.B14.A15.C

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了動物確實(shí)是在集體統(tǒng)治下群居活動的，科學(xué)家對動物群居的研究有助于吸取經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)，有效地聚集在一起，建造更好的小型機(jī)器人群。

【12題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“InFrankSchtzing’s2023novelTheSwarm(《群》),sealifedevelopsacollectivemindofitsown.Whalesbandtogethertoattackships,whilegroupsofjellyfish(水母)swallowtheshores.It’sasifoceancreaturesdecidedtojointlyfighthumanitytotrytogetbacktheirenvironment.(在弗蘭克Schtzing2023年的小說《群》中，海洋生物形成了自己的集體意識。鯨魚聚集在一起攻擊船只，而成群的水母吞噬海岸。這就好像海洋生物決定聯(lián)合起來對抗人類，試圖恢復(fù)它們的環(huán)境)”可知，動物聚在一起可能產(chǎn)生大的影響，似乎要和人類對抗。由此推知，描寫TheSwarm的場景是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動物群體行為的影響。故選D。

【13題詳解】

詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“Themorefoodisavailablethemoreoftenhuntersreturntothenest;thisstartsmoreantsleavingthenest.(食物越多，獵人返回巢穴的頻率就越高；這使得更多的螞蟻離開巢穴)”以及“Butiflittlefoodisavailable,theprocess”中but表示轉(zhuǎn)折，可知，食物越多，獵人返回巢穴的頻率就越高；這使得更多的螞蟻離開巢穴。但如果食物不足，這個過程就會減慢。故畫線詞意思是“減慢”。故選B。

【14題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“WorkingwithcomputerscientistBalajiPrabhakar,GordonfoundthatinformationflowingamongtheantswassimilartothewaytheInternetprotocols(協(xié)議)regulatetherateofdatatransportdependingonhowmuchbandwidth(寬帶)isavailable.Thescientistsnamedthisnaturallyproducedalgorithm(算法)the“Anternet”.TheAnternetinformationseemstohelpthesettlementtosearchefficiently.(戈登與計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家BalajiPrabhakar合作，發(fā)現(xiàn)螞蟻之間的信息流動類似于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議根據(jù)可用帶寬來調(diào)節(jié)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率的方式?？茖W(xué)家們將這種自然產(chǎn)生的算法命名為“Anternet”。Anternet信息似乎有助于解決高效搜索問題)”可知，Anternet是一個靈活的解決問題的規(guī)則。故選A。

【15題詳解】

主旨大意題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Studiesofcollectivebehaviourinbirds,antsandfishhavemeaningsforhumans.Engineerscantakelessonsfromanimalsthatswarmeffectivelytogethertobuildbetterswarmsofsmallrobots.(研究