考研英語背誦

..整理doc整理doc.整理doc背誦：Completeforthrightnessisasignofvulnerabilityandnaviete,neitherofwhichwillearnapoliticianrespectamonghisorheropponents,andthatopponentswillusetoeveryadvantageagainstthehonestpolitician.Itiswrong-headedtoequatemoralbehaviorinpoliticswiththesimplenotionsofhonestyandputtingtheotherfellow’sneedsaheadofone’sown--orotherwaysthatwetypicallymeasurethemoralityofanindividual’sprivatebehavior.Thosewhoclaimtheeffectivenesspoliticiansneednotconcernthemselveswithmoralityfailtoappreciatethatsuccessfulpoliticalleadership,ifitistoendure,ultimatelyrequiresacertainmeasureofpublicmorality--thatis,servingthesocietywithitsbestinterestsastheleader’soverridingconcern.Passiveviewingofvideosorofwebpagesisnoindicationthatanysignificantlearningistakingplace.Bee-bopmusicpioneerTheloniusMonkwasrenownedforhiseccentricmannerofspeech,dress,andbehavior.Evenasayoungstudent,FrankLloydWrighttooktocarryingacaneandwearingatophatandacape.AndwhocouldarguethatmusiciansPrimeandMichealJackson,twoofthemostcreativeforcesinpopularmusic,arenothingifnon-conformingineveryway.Bydefinitioncreativityrequiresnonconformity.Inotherwords,anycreativeactisnecessarilyinnonconformancewithwhatexists.Artistsdrawinspirationnotfromotherartbutfromtheworldaroundthem-theessenceofwhichartistsattempttocaptureandconvey.Tothecontrary,greatartonlyservestoliftthehumanspiritinthefaceoftheso-called“progress”thatscientificaccomplishmentsbroughtabout.Inamyriadofotherrespectsscientificaccomplishmentshavediminishedourqualityoflife.Ourlawswouldnotreflectchangingsocietalvaluesandaddressnewlegalissuesfromourever-evolvingtechnology.Therearefarmorevitalconcernsthetechnologyseekstoaddress.Advancesinbiotechnologycanhelpcureandpreventdiseases;advancesinmedicaltechnologycanallowforsaferandlessinvasivediagnoses;advancesingeneticscanhelppreventbirthdefects;advancesinengineeringandchemistrycanimprovethestructuralintegrityofourbuildings,bridges,roads,andvehicles;informationtechnologyenableseducation,andcommunicationtechnologyfacilitatesglobalparticipationindemocraticprocess.Trueeducationamountstofarmorethangainingtheknowledgeandabilitytoexcelinone’smajorandone’sprofessionalcareer.Trueeducationalsofacilitatestheunderstandingofoneself,andtoleranceandrespectfortheviewpointofothers;providestheinsightandperspectiveregardingone’splaceinsocietyandinthephysicalandmetaphysicalworlds,providesanaestheticappreciationoftheworldaroundus.Educationistoaffordstudentsculturalperspectivesandacapacityforunderstandingopposingviewpoints,andtoencourageandnurturetheskillsofcriticalanalysisandskepticism—nottoindoctrinatestudentscertainideaswhilequashingothers.Popularcultureisamirrorofsociety’simpulsesandvalves.Withoutthebenefitofhistoricalperspectivegainedthroughtheearneststudyoftheartsandliteratureofthepast,itisimpossibleforustofullyunderstand,appreciateandcritiquetheartsandliteratureofthepresent.Thefalloutfromthe1992LosAngelesriotsaptlyillustratesthispoint.The“authority”thattherioterssoughttochallengewasthatofthelegaljusticesystem,whichacquittedpoliceofficersinthebeatingofRodneyKing.Themeansofchallengingthatauthorityamountstoflagrantdisregardforcriminallawonamassscale--bywayoflooting,arson,andevendeadlyassault.Thisviolentchallengetoauthorityresultedinafinanciallycrippledcommunityand,morebroadly,aturningbackofclockwithrespecttoracialtensionsacrossAmerica.Attemptstolegislatemoralityinvariablyfail,asillustratedbyProhibitioninthe1930sandmorerecently,failedfederallegislationtoregulateaccesstoadultmaterialviatheinternet.Consideridealistsuchasthe..整理doc整理doc.整理docAmerica’sfounders,orMahatmaGandhi,orMartinLutherKing.Hadtheseidealistsconcernedthemselveswithshort-termsurvivalandimmediateneedsratherthanwiththeirnotionsofanidealsociety,theUnitedStatesandIndiamightstillbethecoloniesofBritain,andAfricanAmericansmightstillberelegatedtothebacksofbuses.Researchistheexplorationoftheunknownfortrueanswerstoourquestions,andforlastingsolutionstoourenduringproblems.Researchisalsothechiefmeansbywhichwehumansattemptstosatisfyourinsatiableappetiteforknowledge,andourcravingtounderstandourselvesandtheworldaroundus.Artservestoliftthehumanspiritandtoputusmoreintouchwithourfeelings,foiblesandfates—inshort,withourhumanity.Withaheightenedsensitivitytohumancondition,webecomemoreother-oriented,lessself-centered,moregivingofourselves.Theartbreedscharitableconcernforthehungry,thehelpless,andthehapless.Theworldarounduspresentsaseamlesswebofphysicalandanthropogenicforces,whichinteractinwaysthatcanonlybeunderstoodinthecontextofavarietyofdisciplines.Whatweviewthroughcameralensprovidesonlyonedimensionofourlifeandtimes,writtendocumentationwillalwaysbeneededtoquantify,demystify,andprovidemeaningtotheworldaroundus.Inmyobservation,wehumanhaveapsychologicalneedforindividualidentity,whichwedefinebywayofourmembershipindistinctculturalgroups.Whenapeopletraditionbecomesextinct,theresultisadiminishedsenseofpride,dignity,andself-worth.Byinterveningtopreserveadyinglanguageagovernmentmightbedeployingitsresourcestofightalosingbattle,ratherthantocombatmorepressingsocialproblems—suchashunger,homelessness,disease,andignorance—thatplaguenearlyeverysocietytoday.Anoutwarddisplayoftraditionalcustomsanddistinctheritageisneededtoputtheworldonnoticethateachtribeisadistinctandautonomouspeople,withitsownheritage,values,andideas.Otherwise,thetriberiskstotalassimilationandlossofidentity.Themediagenerallyconsistsofprofit-seekingentities,whosechiefobjectiveistomaximizeprofitsfortheirshareholdersorotherowners.Moreover,ourcorporateculturehassanctionedthisobjectivebycodifyingitasanobligationofanycorporateexecute.Bettersocietyasonecharacterizedbygreatertoleranceofdifferingviewpointsandpeoplewhoaredifferentfromourselves,greaterrespectforindividualrights,andgreatercooperationacrossculturalandnationalboundaries.把我們的社會美化成一個能夠?qū)ζ渌煌^點，不同于我們的人有更好的包容性，對個人權利的更大的尊重，讓超越文化界限和地理界限的合作更好。（這段話慷慨激昂，很適用。。。）Theinitialpurposeofritualandceremoniesisrootednotinculturalidentitybutrathersuperstitionandspiritualbelief.Theoriginalpurposeofaritualmighthavebeentofrightenawayevilspirits,tobringaboutweatherconditionsfavorabletobountifulharvests,ortoentreatthegodsforasuccessfulhuntorforvictoryinabattle.歷史的作用：studyinghistoryprovidesinspiration,innumerablelessonsforliving,andusefulvalue—clarificationandperspective—allofwhichhelpusdecidehowtolivetoday.Attemptstolegislatemoralityinvariablyfails,asaptlyillustratedbytheprohibitionexperimentintheU.S.duringthe1930s,andmorerecently,failedfederallegislationstoregulateaccesstoa..整理doc整理doc.整理docdultmaterialviatheInternet.道德立法從來都是失敗的，比如1930年的禁止令，和現(xiàn)在的對通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接觸成人材料的管制。Somesocialillsspringfromfailingsandfoiblesthearepart-and-parcelofhumannature有些社會痼疾是來自于人類本性中的一些缺點。Statusquoaffordspeopleameasureofsecurityandpredictabilityintermsof…現(xiàn)狀給了我們在某些方面的安全感和可預測性。Piqueourcuriosity…激發(fā)我們的好奇心Mores,values,andidealsofpastcultures.過去文化的習俗，價值觀和理想Socialillsareheretostay.社會痼疾會一直存在Ampleempiricalevidencesuggestsso.Withrespectto…,theanswerisfarlessclear.Amorestrikingmarriagebetweentraditionandmodernizationis…更驚人的一個傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代相結(jié)合的例子是。。。Timelessaestheticideals永恒的美學理念Serveusefulpurposes產(chǎn)生有利作用Whilesthisasoundadvice,thisadviceshouldcarrywithitcertaincaveats.雖然某事是很好的建議，但是我們必須要注意幾點（用于對某個政策的補充）Basicvaluesuponwhichanydemocraticsocietydepends.Motivatingforces激勵Afirmcaneasilybecastaboutintheseaofcommercewithoutcleardirection,threateningnotonlythefirm’sbottomlinebutalsoitsverysurvival.Leaveformaleducatorstoequipstudentswithamoralcompassandballasttopreventthemfrombeingtossedaboutaimlesslyinaturbulentvocationalsea.Atfirstblush乍一看Mostpoliticiansseemdrivenbytheirinterestinbeingelectedandreelected—thatis,surviving—ratherthanbyanysenseofmission,orevenobligationtotheirconstituencyorcountry.Bearnoresemblanceto與。。。毫不相關Preservetraditionassociatedwithourhistoricstructure.Researchbecomesexpensiveandcomplexundertaking.研究幾經(jīng)成為一項耗錢又復雜的活動。Sthpalesinimportancecomparedtosth.某件事情在重要性方面不及另外一件事情。Sthlendfurthercredencetosth.某件事情給另外一件事情提供了更多的可信度Ononehandarethetwocompellingargumentsthat…一方面是兩個有效的論據(jù)Dothesocietydisservice給社會帶來不良后果。Progressispredicatedonrigorousscientificinquiry.進步是以嚴格的科學探索為基礎的。Pavethewayforsth為。。。鋪平道路Oppression,tyrannyandprejudicegounchecked.壓迫，暴政和偏見就會毫無控制了。（這句話是為了講某些教育失敗，政策失敗的后果。。。）Ourlawswouldnotevolvetoreflectchangingsocietalvaluesandtoaddressnewlegalissuesarisingfromourever-evolvingtechnology.我們的法律將會不適應由不斷變化的高科技帶來的法律問題，也不能反映一些社會價值。Observationandcommonsenseinformsmethat…觀察和常識告訴我。。。(用于引出一些例證)Trytodosthvicariouslythroughsth.試圖通過做。。。來做。。。Carefulscrutinyofthespeaker’sclaimrevealsthat對作者的論斷例子審查表明。。。（首段用于轉(zhuǎn)折性地表明自己觀點）..整理doc整理doc.整理docConfusesobservationwithinterpretation把觀察和解釋混淆了Itistemptingtoaffordthespeaker’sclaimgreatermeritthanitdeserves.很容易給讀者的論斷賦予過多的優(yōu)點。（首段用于轉(zhuǎn)折性地反駁觀點）Sbwillinalllikelihooddoessth.某些人很可能做某事Acertainquestionistiedupintheproblemofdefining…inthefirstplace.某個問題的解決必須要首先定義某個概念。（用于首段定義某概念，以開展論述）Supportingexamplesaboundinallareasofhumanendeavor.在人類奮斗的各個領域都充滿了支持性的例子。Servesb’sinterests服務某人自己的利益Theauthor’sclaimisanunfairgeneralization.作者的觀點是一個不公平的概括。（表明作者的觀點大部分正確，但需要改進）Fromamundaneeconomicorpoliticalviewpoint.從一個世俗的經(jīng)濟或政治角度。Inthefaceofstharesth.在某事的對立面就是某事。Theparadigmaticexample…一個非常典型的例子Creativeexpressionisamarriageofone’scognitiveabilitiesandtheexpressionofone’sfeelingsandemotions.創(chuàng)造性的表達式認知能力和人的情感的結(jié)合。Atfirstglancethebalanceofempiricalevidencewouldseemtolendconsiderablecredencetothespeaker’sclaim.However,uponfurtherreflection,itbecomesclearthat…Takeprecedenceover…比。。。更重要Shouldneverbedeterminedindiscriminately應該不能一概而論Affordsthsth給某事賦予某事Theclaimisanunfairgeneralizationinthatitfailstoaccountforotherempiricalevidenceservingtodiscreditit.Athresholdclaimwiththespeaker’sclaimisthat…這個作者的觀點的基礎是。。。(用于分層次論證)Ifundamentallyagree;however,asthespeakerimplies,itisimportantnottooverstatethecomparativevalueofimagination.我基本同意，但是，就像作者暗示的，非常重要的是不要過分強調(diào)什么的重要性。。。（很好用，用于那些比較折中的觀點的）Policeofficers警察。。。Forgothenear-termprofitsfortheprospectofmakinglastingcontributions.放棄短期利益為了長遠利益。Lendingevenmorecredencetothestatementisthe…Addingfurthercredibilitytothestatementisthe…Thespeakermakesathresholdclaimthat…WhileIwholeheartedlyagreewiththethresholdclaim,theconclusionunfairlygeneralizesabout…雖然我全心全意接受這個基礎論斷，這個結(jié)論不公平的概括了。。。Bebetterabletodosth更能做好。。。Concedingthatstudentsmustlearnideasandconcepts,aswellasfactsrelatingtothem,inordertolearnanythingmeaningful,Ineverthelessdisagree…雖然我承認。。。。，我不同意。。。。（這個句式好用）Amountstolittlemorethansth簡直就是。。。Amoreaccuratestatementwoulddrawadistinctionbetween…and…更準確度論斷應該要在。。。和。。。之間做個辨別。Maximizetheshareholderprofits.最大化股東的利益。(有用。。。)Admittedlythisexamplebordersonhyperbole,雖然這個例子有點夸張。。。Principlesofphysics,chemistry,andmathematicsknownopoliticalboundaries.科學無國界。Withrespectstothearts,however,thisclaimisfarlessconvincing.在藝術方面，這個就更沒有可信度了。Bythesametoken,..整理doc整理doc.整理doc…同樣的。。。Renderanynation’ssecuritiessystemmorevulnerable.是任何國家的防御系統(tǒng)更加易受攻擊。Haveachillingeffectonresearchandnewknowledge.對任何研究和新知識都是有害的。Iagreeinsofarasareasofresearchcertaintoresultinimmediateandsignificantbenefitsforsocietyshouldcontinuetobeapriority.Allavenuesofscientificresearch.科學研究的任何領域。Thespeakergoestoofarbyimplyingthat…作者不應該暗示。。。Therearefarmorevitalconcernsthattechnologyseekstoaddress.科學有更需要關注的東西。Participationinthedemocraticprocess.參與到民主過程中。Whatoneconsiderstobethechiefaimoftechnology.Wearemorepressedfortimethaneverisconvincing.ForsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanaTVset.Asidefromtheforgoingtwoprovisos,however,…除了以上的兩個條件之外，然而。。。Thespeaker’sclaimisactuallythreefold:(1)….作者的觀點有三重。Extendtenuouslyto….簡單的推廣到。。。Itisunconscionabletorelegatenormativedecisionsastowhichcitiesorculturaltraditionsaremoredeservingtoafewlegislators,whosenotionsaboutculturemightbemisguidedorunrepresentativeofthoseofgeneralpopulace.把合理的決定交給那些官員是不理智的，他們關于文化的概念就可能有問題，同時也有可能不能代表最廣大人民。Inadequateresourcescallforrestrictions,prioritiesandchoices.不充分的資源，所以需要限制，優(yōu)先和選擇。。Unfairlygeneralizeabout…unfairlysuggests…不合理的概括了。。。不合理的建議了。。。Includingthelikeof…包括。。。Havelittlebearingon…與。。。關系不大。Inanumberofmoresignificantrespects，。。。.在一些更重要的方面。。。Thespeakerclaimsthat…,andasaresult,…whileIfindthesecondprongofthisdualclaimwellsupported,Itakeexceptionwiththefirstprong,asidefrom…雖然我覺得這個雙重的宣告的前一部分很正確，但是，我懷疑他的第二層。Ifindtheclaimisfraughtwiththeproblemsofdefiningethics…我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個問題很復雜，需要定義倫理先。Inaddressingtheissueitishelpfultoconsiderinturnthreedistinctformsofleadership,business,political,andsocial-spiritual.要想好好解決這個問題，把三種不同的領導分開來看是有用的，政治領導，企業(yè)領導，社會精神領袖。Oneproblemthatistiedupintheproblemofdefining…inthefirstplace.Drawadistinctionbetween…and…;strikeabalancebetween…and…在兩者之間作個區(qū)別，在兩者之間取個平衡。Drivingforce;motivatingforce.推動力Totheextenttheoccuronamassscale,如果他們大范圍的發(fā)生的話。。。Baseinstincts可鄙的本性。Findlesssupportfrom…從。。。更找不到支持。Work