從物稱與人稱角度探討英漢翻譯策略

OnE-CTranslationStrategiesfromthe

DistinctionsinImpersonalandPersonalSubjectsAbstract：WhetheratranslatorisawareofthefactthatemphasisonimpersonalandpersonalsubjectsinEnglishandChinesecharacterizesthetwolanguagesbasicallydecidesthequalityoftranslation.Hence,ascientificanalysisofthedistinctionsbetweenimpersonalandpersonalsubjectsiscrucial.Thispapermainlydealswiththehistoricalreasonsforthedistinctions,thecomparisonofimpersonalandpersonalsubjects,andEnglishtoChinesetranslationstrategies,forthesakeofabetterinspectionofthedifferentmodesofthinkingandrecognition,andabetterguidancetopracticaltranslation.Keywords:impersonal;personal;subject;translationContentsTOC\o"1-5"\h\zAbstract(English) (I)\o"CurrentDocument"Introduction (1)\o"CurrentDocument"LiteratureReview (1)HistoricalReasonsforEmphasisonImpersonalSubjectinEnglishandonPersonal\o"CurrentDocument"SubjectinChinese (2)ComparisonofDistinctionsBetweenImpersonalandPersonalSubjects (5)TranslationStrategiesforTranslatingEnglishintoChinese (7)\o"CurrentDocument"FiveMajorCategoriesofImpersonalSubjects (7)\o"CurrentDocument"SentenceswithAbstractorInanimateSubjects (7)\o"CurrentDocument"SentenceswithImpersonalPronounIt (8)\o"CurrentDocument"SentenceswithPassiveVoice (9)\o"CurrentDocument"SentenceswithThereBe (9)\o"CurrentDocument"SentenceswithPossessiveCase (9)\o"CurrentDocument"E-CTranslationStrategies (10)\o"CurrentDocument"ChangingObjectintoSubject (10)\o"CurrentDocument"Subject+Predicate+Object+ObjectComplement (10)Subject+Predicate+Preposition+PrepositionalObject (11)\o"CurrentDocument"Subject+Predicate+Object (12)\o"CurrentDocument"Subject+LinkVerb+Predicative+PrepositionalObject. (12)TranslatingSentences withPronounItActingasSubject (12)\o"CurrentDocument"PreparatoryIt (12)\o"CurrentDocument"UnspecifiedIt (13)\o"CurrentDocument"EmphaticIt (13)\o"CurrentDocument"TranslatingSentenceswithPassiveV?ice (13)\o"CurrentDocument"TranslatingSentenceStructureThereBe (14)\o"CurrentDocument"PossessiveCase+Noun/Gerund (14)\o"CurrentDocument"Conclusion (15)\o"CurrentDocument"References (15)Abstract(Chinese) (17)IntroductionTranslationisamajorvehicleforcross-culturalcommunication.Speakingoftranslation,impersonalandpersonalsubjectsarenotsupposedtobeoverlooked.ImpersonalsubjectisfrequentlyusedinEnglish,whichpresentsobjectsorideasobjectively.Onthecontrary,Chinesetendtodescribehumanbeingsandtheiractionsorstatementsfromtheirownperspectiveswhentheywanttoshowsomething,whichiscalledpersonalexpression.Abetterunderstandingofimpersonalandpersonalsubjectsisofconsiderablesignificanceintranslationandtransculturalcommunication.ItisnocoincidencethatimpersonalsubjectisusedinEnglishandthatpersonalsubjectisusedinChinese.Language,especiallythefeaturesoflinguisticconstruction,isinfluencedanddeterminedbymodeofthinking.Still,modeofthinkingbridgescultureandlanguage.Ononehand,modeofthinkingiscloselyrelatedtoculture,whichisepitomeofculturalandpsychologicalfeaturesandrestrictsthegenerationofcultureandpsychologyinturn.Differentmodesofthinkingprimarilycausedifferentcultures.Ontheotherhand,modeofthinkingisintimatelylinkedwithlanguage,whichistheinmostmechanismoflinguisticgenerationanddevelopmentandacceleratestheformationanddevelopmentofthinkingmode.Therefore,itisacceptedthat,forthepurposeofstudyingalanguage,studyingtheimplicitculturethatdistinguishesthelanguagecomesfirst.Tobeprecise,itequalstostudyingthethinkingmode,whichinfluencesandrestrictstheformation,developmentandstructuralstyleofagivenlanguage,andimplicitculturesuchasvalues,enjoyspriority.LiteratureReviewIntheWest,agreatmanyscholarsandprofessorshavestudiedandarestudyingtherelationshipbetweenthinkingmodeandlinguisticconstruction.WilhelmvonHumboldtisoneofthem.Heputforwardthatlanguageisakindofworldview.Languageiscreatedfrommankind'sexperiences.Andtheyconfinedthemselvesintheirownlanguagewiththeexperiences.Alinguisticfenceiserectedallaroundthenation.Onlywhenthenativesofthenationsurmountthecribcantheydivorcethemselvesfromtherestrictionofthebarrier⑴.SapirandWhorfcarriedonanddevelopedHumboldt'stheory,andthenbroughtforwardthewell-knownSapir—WhorfHypothesiBasically,theysuggestedthatlanguageisnotjustanexpressionandindicationofthought,butalsoamodewhichformsthought[2].WilhelmWundt,aGermanpsychologist,believedthatthementalfeaturesofacertainnationcanbearevelationofitsvocabularyandgrammar.Inotherwords,thinkinginfluencesanddeterminestheapplicationofalanguagetoalargeextent,anddifferentmodesofthinkingleadtothedifferencesinlinguisticconstruction[3],thesamewithNida'sviewthat“Eachlanguagehasitsowngenius”⑷.Domestically,SunXianan(2000)pointedoutthatadistinctethnicbrandisironedonanation'shistoryandhabitats,withsocialevolution,geographicalenvironment,naturalconditions,economiclife,andmentalmechanismincluded,andthatthebrand,deeplyengravedinlanguagesystems,turnedintoatypicalcharacteristicofthenationallanguage⑸.QianMu,amasteronstudiesofancientChineseculture,consideredthatChineseculturecentersonhumanityandonlife,whichisteemedwithculturalawarenessandhumanisticspirit.Chineseculture,byitsnature,issubordinatetohumanisticculture[6].WangListressedthatsubjectisrequiredineachsentenceingrammarsofWesternlanguages.Anditisanexceptionwithoutasubject,whichiscalledellipsis.Conversely,itisausualcasethatsubjectisomittedaslongastheagentordoerisdefinitelyobviousinChinesegrammar⑺.Withoutusingpersonalsubject,impersonalsubjectisoftenusedinEnglishtopresentsomethingoranideaobjectively,asDr.LianShunengstressed[8].HistoricalReasonsforEmphasisonImpersonalSubjectinEnglishandonPersonalSubjectinChineseThethinkingmodeofacertainnationgraduallyformedundertheconstantinfluenceofgeography,philosophicalbackgroundandculturaltraditions.ThenaturalgeographicalconditionsofancientWesterncountriesandancientChinaplayedanimportantroleintheoriginofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternthinkingmodes.Asatypicalagriculturalsociety,Chinawitnessesitsdevelopmentinaclosedcontinentalenvironmentsurroundedbyunattainablemountainsinthewestandbyinsurmountableoceanintheeast,withChinesecultureemanatingfromthevastcountryareasoftheYellowRiverbasinandrootinginthecountryside.TheChinesepeopleliveinthefertilelandincentralCathayinaself-containedway,enjoyingthepreferenceofnature.Peopletherebelieveinthefavorableopportunity,geographicallocationandsocialcondition.ItistherelaxedandharmoniousatmospherethatshapesasignificantconceptinancientChinesephilosophy,namely,onenessbetweenmanandnature.Viewingtheworldfromthisperspective,Chinesepeopledeemanimismthatnothingintheworldislifelessandinanimateandthatallthecombinationofcolors,lightsandpatternsiscontinuouslycirculatinglifeformwhichcommunicateswithhumanbeings.Thus,objectsarelearnedasawholeandtheworldisregardedasavirtuallyinseparableorganismandeverythingandallphenomenaareinterpretedfromthisviewpointthatyinandyangarethetwoopposingprinciplesinnature,forinstance,heavenandearth,sunandmooninthecosmos,maleandfemaleintheworld.Theproduction,changeanddevelopmentofeverythingaccordwiththeeffectofyinandyang.Ideologically,themaintenanceofnationalpeaceandthepursuitofharmoniouscommunityarecardinalpointsfromConfucianismtoTaoism.Meanwhile,thedevelopmentoftraditionalculturethatintegrityisadvocatedwhileindividualismisignored,andthatdutiesandresponsibilitiesarethoughttobeessentialwhileindividualrightsareconsideredtobetrivial.Philosophically,onenessbetweenmanandnatureisthefundamentalspiritintraditionalChinesephilosophydominatedbyConfucianismandDaoism,thegistofwhichisthattheentireuniverse,includingheaven,earthandmankind,isintegratedandcannotbedivided[9].Thefiveelements(mental,wood,water,fire,earth)ofChinesephilosophyaredistinctfromthefourelements(earth,water,fire,wind)inGreekandIndiancultures.Theformeroneconcentratesonitspracticalfunctionsindailylife.Thatiswhymentalisincluded[10].Thus,nomatteritisConfucianismorDaoism,onenessbetweenmanandnatureistheintellectualfoundationsofChina.Yinandyang,thefiveelementsandtheEightDiagrams,doctrineofmean,andonenessbetweenmanandnatureallreflecttheChinesenotionthatmankindandnaturearebelievedtobeintegratedandtheinterrelationshipofhumanbeingsandtherelationshipofhumanandnatureareseenasanorganicintegritywhichisdynamicallybalanced.Moreover,anintegratedworldviewimpliesanemphasisoninstinctiverecognition.Ineveryrespect,thethinkingmodeofChineseischaracterizedbycomprehensiveness,integrity,su切ectivity,intuitiveness,dialectic,ambiguity,anditisspiritual,introverted,intuitiveandsubjective.ComparedtotheclosedcontinentalenvironmentinChina,Westernculturecanbeclassifiedasprosperousness-onlyandpowerfulness-onlyextrovertedbusinesscultureandmarineculture.TheancestorsofBritishandAmericanwereWesternnomadslivinginaroaring,turbulent,andharshocean-surroundedenvironmentandtastingthevagariesofnature.Theatmosphereendowedthemwithexpansionaryandadventurouscharacters,intenseinclinationstoconquerthenature,andstrongdesirestocontrolandconquerothers.Consequently,WesternnationsformedadistinctivethinkingmodefromChina.Inotherwords,thecosmoswasdividedintotwodifferentworldswheremankindandnatureweredividedandopposite,meanwhile,thesamewithmaterialandspirit,societyandnature,etc.Naturewasplacedentirelyoppositetohumanbeings,andwasdestinedtobetransformed.Andpeoplewereborntolearnaboutthenature,governthenatureanddominatethenature.Individualvaluesrepresentedtherationalspiritsduringtheprocessofexploringthetruth.ItissimpletocometotheconclusionthatWesternersfocusonawareness,ration,evidenceandlogicalanalysis.ThroughoutthedevelopmentofWesternintellectualhistory,individualismneverfailstoattractWesterners.Itisknownthatgovernmentcameintobeingbecauseoftheagreementoffreecivilians.Oncefreedomisdeprived,theright-deprivedmassisentitledtorevolutetorecapturetheirfreedomsincesovereigntyisinthehandsofpeople.InthemainstreamcultureofBritainanAmerica,analyticrecognitionshedlightonhowthinkingmodeaffectstheworld,notonhowtoachieveaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Theobjectiveandmeaningoflifelieonlearningaboutandgoverningtheworld.Mankindisthemasterofallthings,capableofcontrollinganddominatingtheworld.Natureisoppositetohumanbeingsandissupposedtobetransformedandconquered.SoitcanbeconcludedthatthethinkingmodeofBritishandAmericansischaracterizedbyindividualism,objectivity,analysis,logic,conformation,accuracy,anditismaterial,extroverted,analytic,logicalandobjective.Tosumup,itisthedifferentthinkingmodesthatcausetheimpersonalandpersonalsubjectsinEnglishandChinese.TheBritishandAmericanthinkingmodeisdividednessbetweenmanandnature.Instead,theChinesethinkingmodeisonenessbetweenmanandnature.DifferentmodesofthinkinggiverisetothefactthatChristiancultureprevailinginEnglish-speakingcountriesemphasizesrationalandlogicalanalysisandindividualismthatindividualvaluecanbeindependentofcommunityvalue,whileConfucianculture,amajorpartoftraditionalChineseculture,laysparticularemphasisonintegrityandintuitioninthinkingandcognition.ComparisonofDistinctionsBetweenImpersonalandPersonalSubjectsInEnglish,impersonalsubjectisalwaysusedbynativespeakerswhoareinclinedtonarrateordescribesomethingoranideasubjectivelywithoutusingapersonalsubject.Thatis,thespeakerandthelistener,orthewriterandthereadertrytoconcealthemselvesinordertomakesurethattheyareirrelevanttothematter,althoughitmayleadtoanabsenceofpeople-to-peoplerelationship.G.LeechandJ.Svartvik(1974:25)pointedoutthat“Formalwrittenlanguageoftengoeswithanimpersonalstyle,i.e.oneinwhichthespeakerdoesnotreferdirectlytohimselforhisreaders,butavoidsthepronounsI,you,we.Someofthecommonfeaturesofimpersonallanguagearepassives,sentencesbeginningwithintroductoryit,andabstractnouns”[ii].Toexemplifywhatissaidabove,apieceoflibrarynoticeisgiven.Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.Studentsareaskedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturnofbooks,andtobearinmindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.近來已注意到本館存書驚人地減少，此事令人關(guān)切。現(xiàn)要求學(xué)生不要忘記借書還書規(guī)則，并考慮其他同學(xué)的需要。今后凡借書逾期不還者，必將嚴(yán)格按章處罰。⑻TextbooksonEnglishwritingalwayspersuadetheirreadersoutofusingimpersonalsubjectwhichseemstobelackofpersonalreferenceandhumantouch,tobeabstractandofficialevencoldandinhuman.Ifthenoticeiswrittenwithpersonalsubject,itwillturnouttobemorehumanandlessofficial.Thenumberofbooksinthelibraryhasbeengoingdown.Pleasemakesureyouknowtherulesforborrowing,anddon'tforgetthatthelibraryisforeveryone'sconvenience.Sofromnowon,we'regoingtoenforcetherulesstrictly.Youhavebeenwarned!J.Perlmutter(1965:119)stressedthat“Whenthewriterandreaderareoutofthepicture,writinglackswarmthandsincerity.Tomakewritinghuman,youhavetoestablishandmaintainapeople-peoplerelationship”[12].Thefollowingthreepairsofsentencesaregiventomakeacomparisonofimpersonalandpersonalsubjects.impersonal:ItwasnotedthatthisofficedidnotreplytotheletterofJulytwenty-two.Pleasebeadvisedthatapologiesareherebytendered.personal:WesincerelyapologizefornotreplyingtoyourJulytwenty-twoletter.impersonal:ApplicantsforthesepositionsmustfileformsbyAugust1.personal:PleaseapplybyAugust1.impersonal:Theenclosedformfromtheaccountingdepartmenthasbeensentforyoursignature.personal:Pleasesigntheenclosedform.Twoversionsoftheparagraphbelowisgiveninordertofigureoutthedifferencesbetweenimpersonalandpersonalsubjects.ThecamerawasdelightedtofindtheyoungGuinnesspoppingintoGreatExpectationsasthegiddilygenialHerbertPocket.Itembracedhim,inGuinness'sgrandpostwardecadeofEalingStudioscomediesTheManinttheWhiteSuit,andTheLavenderHillMob.ItsawhimlocatethesuicidalprideofthecolonelinTheBridgeontheRiverKwai:thesuperbperformanceinthemoviewonhimanOscarasbestactor.Thecameramayevenhavecapturedanon-the-flyselfportraitwhentheolderGuinnesssat,purringomniscient,fortheroleofGeorgeSmileyinthetwo'80smini-seriesTinker,Tailor,Soldier,SpyandSmiley'People.譯文1：攝影機看著當(dāng)時還年輕的吉尼斯在《遠(yuǎn)大前程》中飾演赫伯特?帕克特那無憂無慮和藹可親的模樣，簡直喜不自勝。對他在二戰(zhàn)后頭十年伊靈電影制片廠的喜劇片《白衣人》和《賴文德山暴民》中的出色表演，更是拍案叫絕。攝影機發(fā)現(xiàn)他在《桂河大橋》中將那位英國上校自殺性的矜持與傲慢刻畫得準(zhǔn)確貼切，在片中他精湛絕倫的表演為他贏得奧斯卡最佳男演員獎。攝影機甚至可能捕捉到年事已高的吉尼斯稍縱即逝的自畫像，他當(dāng)時在八十年代兩部系列短劇《補鍋匠、裁縫、大兵、間諜》和《施麥利的人》中飾演那無所不知、嘟嘟囔囔的施麥利。譯文2:攝影機拍下了吉尼斯的演藝人生：年輕時，吉尼斯在《遠(yuǎn)大前程》中飾演赫伯特?帕克特。那是一副性情溫和、無憂無慮的樣子。二次大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后的十年間，伊靈電影制片廠拍攝了《白衣人》和《賴文德山暴民》兩部喜劇片，吉尼斯在片中的表演令人嘆為觀止。其后，在《桂河大橋》一片中，吉尼斯將英國上校自殺前的那種矜持與傲慢刻畫得入木三分，精湛的演技使他榮獲奧斯卡最佳男演員。八十年代，吉尼斯年事已高，表演趨于本色。在《補鍋匠、裁縫、大兵、間諜》和《施麥利的人》兩部連續(xù)劇中，吉尼斯飾演無所不知、嘟嘟囔囔的施麥利。從施麥利的身上就能看到吉尼斯本人的影子。[⑶TheexampleisaintroductionofGuinness,whowasafamousBritishactor.Hehadvividlyplayedanumberofrolesandhadspentmorethanhalfofhislifespanbeforethecamerathattruthfullyrecordshisactingcareer.Withtheuseofpersonification,itseemsthatthecameraisaliveandcanseewhathappenstoGuinness,suchasthecamerawasdelightedtofind...,itembracedhim...,Itsawhimlocate...,thecameramayevenhavecaptured...andthesuperbperformanceinthemoviewonhim...Althoughtheseimpersonalsentencesarevisuallyvivid,Chinesearenotusedtomakingadescriptioninthisway.SoitisnotwisetodirectlytranslatethesentencesintoChinesewithouttheawarenessofchangingimpersonalsubjectintopersonalsubject.Actually,farcicalmistakesaremadeinversiononebecauseoftheneglectofhabitualuseofsubjectsinChinese,thatis,inanimatenounsnevercollocatewithanimateverbsunlesspersonificationisintentionallyused.Asforthisexample,thetopicoftheparagraphisGuinness'experiences,sopersonificationisdefinitelyunnecessary.Andthatiswhyversiontwoisbetter.TranslationStrategiesforTranslatingEnglishintoChineseFiveMajorCategoriesofImpersonalSubjectsSentenceswithimpersonalsubjectsinEnglishcanbegenerallyclassifiedintothefollowingfivecategories.5?1?1SentenceswithAbstractorInanimateSubjectsAmongmanyEnglishsentences,abstractnounsorinanimatenounsactassubjects.Meanwhile,animateverbs,whichrepresenthumanactionorbehaviors,serveaspredicate.Asaresult,thiskindofsentencespossessesasenseofmetaphorandpersonification.O.Jespersen(1951:236)suggestedthat“Therecanbenodoubtthatthepoetictendencytopersonifylifelessthingsorabstractnotions,forinstancetoapostrophizedeathas訐itwerealivingbeing,andtherepresentationinplasticartofsuchnotions,arelargelyduetotheinfluenceoflanguageswithsex-gender,chiefly,ofcourse,Latin”[14].Despitethefactthatabstractnotionsoflifelessthingsaredescribedbyusingmetaphororpersonification,theyalwaysappearinrhetoricalorrelaxedwritingstyles,withfeweroccurrencesthanthoseinEnglish.TheChinesepeople'sabsenceofhumorleadsthemtopayattentiontowhatsomebodydoes,orwhatheisdoing,whathehasdone,orwhathedid.Subjectisoftensomeoneoracertainthingandpredicateisaverbindicatingactionsorbehaviorsofhumanbeings.InanimatesubjectsareadoptedinEnglishsentenceswithimpersonalsubjectstodemonstrateabstractnotions,psychologicalfeelings,complexdefinitions,timeandposition,etc.Ontheotherhand,animateverbsareemployedinthesesentenceswithimpersonalsubjectstopresenttheactionsorbehaviorsofindividualsoracommunity,suchascome,go,watch,see,borrow,lend,learn,study,love,hate,think,persist,stop,grasp,etc.Forexample,FromthemomentthetouriststeppedintoHawaii,careandkindnesssurroundedthemoneveryside.一踏上夏威夷，游客們就隨時隨地受到關(guān)懷與照顧。Theyear1949sawthefoundationofthePeople'RepublicofChina.1949年，中華人民共和國成立了。SundaystartedwithamorningvisittotheWestminsterCathedral,wherethefaithfulfollowerswenttopray.星期天，虔誠的信徒一大早就去威斯敏斯特教堂禱告。Bitternessofherlossofthebelovedtorturesher.她痛失愛人，心如刀絞。Cheerfulnessdeprivedhimofthepowerofspeaking.他高興地說不出話來。Differently,inChinese,animateverbsgenerallycollocatewithpersonalsubjectsowingtothelong-establishedhabitualthinkingthatonlyindividualsoracommunityareendowedwithconsciousnessandwill.ThecollocationofinanimatesubjectandanimateverbinChineseareusuallyknownasmetaphororpersonificationinChinese.Forexample,南京目睹過六朝更迭。Nanjinghaswitnessedsixdynasties.月光很早以前就踏上了旅程。Thelightfromthemoonstartedonitsjourneylongago.SentenceswithImpersonalPronounItImpersonalpronounitactsassubject.Pronounitiscomprehensivelyusedasanexpletive,besidestheusageofsubstitutingthingsorcreaturesexcludingmankind.ThesethreekindsofuseneveroccurinChinese,andpersonalsubjectsentence,subjectlesssentence,subject-omittedsentence,imperativesentenceandpassivesentencewithnogrammaticalmarksareoffrequentuse.SentenceswithimpersonalpronounitwillbediscussedindetailsinthesecondpartofE-Ctranslationstrategies.SentenceswithPassiveVoiceTheuseofpassivevoiceinEnglishpresentsafactoraviewpointinanobjective,indirect,androundaboutwaywithoutmentioningthedoerortheagent.AsG.LeachandJ.Svartvik(1974:258)put,“Theby-phrasecontainingtheagentofapassiveclauseisonlyrequiredinspecificcases(infact,aboutfouroutoffiveEnglishpassiveclauseshavenoagent).Thepassiveisespeciallyassociatedwithimpersonalstyle(e.g.inscientificandofficialwriting),wherethequestionofwhoistheagent(i.e.whoperformstheactiondescribedbytheverb)isunimportantandoftenirrelevant”[11]Forexample,AcurrentsearchofthefilesindicatesthattheletterisnolongerinthisBureau'spossession.Itisnotedthattheletterwasreceivedtwomonthsago,andafterstudy,returnedtoyouroffice.Inviewoftheforgoing,itisregrettedthatyourofficehasnorecordofitsreceipt.Iftheletterisfound,itwouldbeappreciatedifthisbureauwasnotifiedatonce.我們最近查找了卷宗，發(fā)現(xiàn)本局并無此信?？梢钥隙ǖ氖?，我們于兩個月前收到此信，經(jīng)研究后，已寄還貴處。鑒于以上情況，貴處仍無收信的記錄，我們感到遺憾。如果你們找到此信，請即通知本局，不勝感激。SentenceswithThereBeInEnglish,thesentencestructuretherebeandthesentenceswiththesubjectonehaveimpersonaltendency,whileinChinesethesubjectisalwayscomparativelyspecificorevenomitted.Forexample,IntheMiddleAges,thereweretensofthousandsknightswhojoinedtheCrusades.在中世紀(jì)，成千上萬的騎士加入了十字軍。Onemustworkhardbeforeonecanachievesuccess.要想成功，得先吃苦。SentenceswithPossessiveCaseThestructure,possessivecasefollowedbyanounoragerund,canbeseenineveryarticleinEnglish.Actually,aftertranslatingpossessivecaseintonominativecase,thewordwiththenewcasewillbetherealsubjectinChinese.Forexample,Mygoodfortunehassentyoutome,andwewillneverpart.我很幸運能夠得到你，讓我們永遠(yuǎn)不分離。Jordan'sadventurousexperiencesinexploringtheSouthPolehavegivenhimmanyeminentscientificachievements.喬丹在南極探險的時候九死一生，但這也讓他獲得了令人矚目的科研成果。TheboySdiligenceandassiduitywonhiswayforhim.那個男孩勤奮刻苦，很有人緣。SalinaShonestandgoodnatureattractedmanyfriendsforher.塞琳娜誠實善良，有很多朋友。E-CTranslationStrategiesSinceimpersonalandpersonalsubjectsdistinguishEnglishandChinese,translatingimpersonalsubjectintopersonalsubjectisthebestway.Basedonanalysisandclassification,thefollowingfivetypesofEnglishsentencesaresuggestedtotranslateintoChinesesentenceswithpersonalsubjects.ChangingObjectintoSubjectTheobjectofthesourcesentencechangesintotheobjectofthetargetsentence.Therearefourkindsofsentencestructureswhichareclassifiedbasedondifferenttranslationstrategiesaccordingtodifferentconstituents.5?2?1?1Subject+Predicate+Object+ObjectComplementBesidesthefactthattheobjectofthesourcesentencechangesintotheobjectofthetargetsentence,thesubjectofthesourcelanguagechangesintoadverbialmodifierinthemeantime.Forexample,Hissmileserveshimonlyforhisdishonesty.他只是用笑容來偽裝欺騙。Arduousworkingwillhelpyouwithaquickerpromotion.你努力工作就能很快升職。Plus,sometimesatransitionofsentencestructureisneeded,thatistosay,thesimpleEnglishsentencechangesintocomplexChinesesentence.Conjunctivewordscanbeaddedtothesentencetomakeaclearillustration.Myparentsbelievethatheavylivingexpenseswouldhavestoppedthemfromtraveling.父母認(rèn)為，就算生活再苦，他們也應(yīng)該出去走走。IonceheardthatGeorge'soutrageouscrimehadendedhimupintheprisonwherehewouldspendtherestofhislife.我聽說，喬治因為罪惡滔天而鋃鐺入獄，他將在監(jiān)獄度過余生。Caringforanunacquaintedstrangermadehertakeonherselftodonateherbonemarrowsoastocurethepoorguy'sleucocythemia.她為了一個素未謀面的陌生人捐獻(xiàn)骨髓，就是為了治好他的白血病。Emily'seye-catchingbeautyenableshertoobtainwhatshewants.艾米麗很漂亮，她能得到任何她想要的。Theinstructorsaidanattentiveexaminationofthepaperswillrevealthestudentswhatisdifferent.老師說，同學(xué)們只要仔細(xì)檢查一下就能發(fā)現(xiàn)幾篇論文的不同之處。Subject+Predicate+Preposition+PrepositionalObjectTheobjectandthesubjectofthesourcesentencechangesrespectivelyintothesubjectandtheobjectofthetargetsentence.TheideaofmakingmoneyneveroccurredtoMr.Gilbert,whereasMrs.Gilbertthoughtnothingbutmoney.吉爾伯特先生的腦子里從沒想過怎么去掙錢，而吉爾伯特夫人滿腦子想的都是錢。AfantasyofmarryingaprincecharmingflashesinthemindofVictoria.維多利亞腦海閃過這樣一個念頭，她要嫁給心目中的白馬王子。HappinessandhealthalwaysaccompanywithGoodman.古德曼總感到自己既幸福又健康。Whenthesubjectoftheoriginalsentencederivesfromverborisanounwiththesenseofverb,thesubjectshouldbechangedintopredicate.AgiggleslippedfromSusanatthenewsthatshehadbeenadmittedbyHarvardUniversity.蘇珊聽到自己被哈佛大學(xué)錄取了，咯咯地笑著。Linda'sabsenceofthemeetingsuggestedtoherthattheprojectmaybepostponed.琳達(dá)未能參加會議，她覺得可能那個項目可能會推遲。Subject+Predicate+ObjectItisagoodchoicetoexchangethesubjectandobjectoftheoriginalsentenceduringtheprocessoftranslation.Insomeoccasions,whentheoriginalsubjectishumanorgan,humanshouldbetranslatedintothesubjectofthetargetlanguage,andtheverboftheoriginallanguageshouldbeextendedtocollocatewiththenewsubject.Themeaningoflifeleftherafterherson'death.兒子死后，她覺得生命沒有了意義。Aflushlightedherfaceatthesightofherboyfriend.她看見男朋友的時候，臉紅了。Thetriumphofdefeattheinvadersdelightedthewholenation.全國人民沉浸在擊退敵人的喜悅中。Subject+LinkVerb+Predicative+PrepositionalObjectTheprepositionalobjectchangesintothesubjectofthetargetlanguage.MariaCareyisverypopularwithyoungsters.年輕人很喜歡瑪利亞?凱莉。Theroadseemedwrongt