北師大版必修四unit10不定式講解及練習

一、不定式的句法功能作主語：Toseeistobelieve.Itisquiterightforyoutogiveupsmokingrightaway.作賓語：Hewantedtogo.IfinditinterestingtostudyspokenEnglishbywatchingmovies.作表語：Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.作賓語補足語：Heaskedmetodotheworkwithhimtogether.作定語：Heislookingforaroomtolivein.作狀語：Wewereveryexcitedtoseeyou.（原因）Hehurriedtotheschoolonlytofindnobodythere.（結(jié)果）Tostaywithherforawhile,youwouldfindheraverykindlady.條件）Icameheretoseeyou.（目的）Inordertopasstheexam,heworkedveryhard.（目的）Wouldyoubesokindastotellmethetime?（結(jié)果）Weranallthewaysoasnottobelatefortheconcert.（目的）作主語補足語：Byronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.二、不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)主動被動一般todotobedone進行tobedoing/完成tohavedonetohavebeendone完成進行tohavebeendoing/.一般式表示不定式的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時或在謂語動詞動作之后發(fā)生。主動：Isawhimentertheroom.Hewasseentoentertheroom.被動：Iwasinvitedtothepartytobeheldintheroofgarden..進行式表示不定式的動作在謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生時正在進行。主動：Theyseemedtobeeatingsomething.Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou..完成式表示不定式的動作在謂語動詞的動作之前發(fā)生。主動：I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.Iheardyouhavefinishedyourwork.Tomwasheardtohavefinishedhiswork.被動：Thesongseemstohavebeensungformanytimes..完成進行式表示其動詞所代表的動作，在謂語動詞所代表的動作之前一直在進行主動：Thestudentsaresaidtohavebeenstudyingforalmosttwohourswithoutabreak.Theyarequitehappytohavebeenstayingwithustillnow.三、三點注意.不定式用在介詞but,except,besides后面時，如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式，那么這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to。如：Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine..不定式用在下面動詞后作賓語補足語時，不定式不帶to,如：Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.但是這些句子如果為被動語態(tài)，則to不可省，如：Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.（get）五看--see/watch/notice/observe/100kat；三使一have/make/let；兩聽--hear/listento；一感覺--feel.不定式做表語時，一般要帶to,但若主語部分中含有do的各種形式時，to可省。如：We’vemissedthelastbus.Allwecoulddonowiswalkhome.四、疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。如：WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.（主語）Mr.Smithdidn,tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.（賓語）IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.（賓語）Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.（表語）五、不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的比較。（一）、不定式作表語.不定式作表語一般表示具體的、一次性的或?qū)淼膭幼?。WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce..如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）。Toseeistobelieve.Toworkmeanstoearnaliving..如果主語是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明作用。Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture.ThefunctionofLouisSullivan'sarchitecturewastoprovidelargeuninterruptedfloorareasandtoallowamplelightintotheinterior.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemaboutthefutureoftheplant.（二）、動名詞作表語，表示習慣性的、一般的、抽象的或泛指的行為。Ourworkisservingthepeople.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.（注）動名詞作表語時與進行時態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。（三）、分詞作表語分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語。一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite,interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應該是“令人激動的二“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的"。所以，凡表示“令人…的”都是-ing形式；表示“感到…”都用-ed形式。這類詞常見的有：delighting-delighteddisappointing-disappointedencouraging-encouragedpleasing-pleasedpuzzling-puzzledsatisfying-satisfiedworrying-worriedshocking-shockedconvincing—convincedboring-boredconfusing—confusedamazing-amazed（四）、要把動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)看成一個整體。它有四種形式：①形容詞性物主代詞+動名詞；②名詞's十動名詞；③代詞賓格十動名詞；④名詞十動名詞。動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)可在句中作主語或賓語。作主語時，不能用③、④兩種形式；無生命名詞不能用第②種形式，無論是作主語還是作賓語。動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)，實際上是給動名詞加了一個邏輯主語。如：His/Jack'snotgettingtothestationontimemadeallofusworried.Doyoumindmy/me/Jack's/Jackleavingnow?六、不定式的特殊句型“too…to…”too前有否定詞，則意為“不太…”如：It'snevertoolatetomend.too前面有only,all,but,rather時，意為“非?！?，等于very。如：I'monlytoopleasedtobeabletohelpyou. Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.七、不定式在easy、difficult等形容詞后作狀語，用主動形式表被動。如：Oneofthebenefitsofthenewmodelisthatitiseasiertooperatthantheoldone.八、不定式主動表被動的情況.在“主語+be+形容詞+不定式”句型中，且主語是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯賓語。這時，可以看成是省略了不定式的邏輯主語forus,forone,foryou,forme等。例如：①Thatquestionisdifficulttoanswer.②Theproblemisdifficulttoworkout.③Theseapplesaregoodtoeat.當上述形容詞在句中作賓語補足語，后接不定式時，不定式也用主動表被動。如：①Ifoundhimeasytogetalongwith.②Theydon,tthinkthegameinterestingtoplay.③Ifindthelecturedifficulttounderstand.但若要強調(diào)句中的受事者，也可用不定式的被動式：Thehandwritingisdifficulttoberead.適合此結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞：hard,amusing,interesting,cheap,difficult,dangerous,easy,nice,important,good,pleasant,comfortable,heavy,light等.在too…to…和enoughto結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：①Thepassageistoohardtotranslate.②Theboxistooheavytomove.③Thisbookischeapenoughtobuy.但若要強調(diào)句中的受事者，也可用不定式的被動式：Thisboxistooheavytobelifted..不定式短語作后置定語，且與其邏輯主語間為主動關系時。如：①Ihaveameetingtoattendtoday.②Doyouhaveanythingtosay?③Hegavemesomebookstoread.但如果主語不是不定式的邏輯主語，則需要用不定式的被動形式。如：I,mgoingtoBeijingnextweek.Doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyourparents?.Therebe句型中，用來修飾主語的不定式多用主動式。如：There,snothingtodonow.(=Wehavenothingtodonow)There,snothingtosee.(Nothingworthseeing)注意：若用不定式的被動式，則表示不同的含義。比較：There,snothingtobedone.(=Wecandonothingnow)There7snothingtobeseen.(Nothingthereatall).在下列句型中，tolet,toblame,toseek等用不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。如：Thehouseistolet.這棟房子要出租。Whoistoblameforit?這得怪誰？Thereasonisnotfartoseek.理由不難找到。Alotremainstodo.還剩下許多事情要做。不同的人采用不同的說法：房屋的主人會說：Thehouseistolet.而經(jīng)紀人可能會說：Thehouseistobelet.以下句子表達不同的概念：Youaretoblame你應該負責/這是你的過錯。Youaretobeblamed你該受至U責備。blameM.責備；歸咎于兒責備；責任；過失blamesb.指責，責備某人。如：Youdon'thavetoblameyourself.Aliceshouldn'tbeblamedbyus.blamesb.forsth./doingsth.為某事責備某人。如：Heblamedhisfatherforhisfailure.ManychildrenareafraidofbeingblamedformakingmistakesinspeakingEnglish.Hiscompanion,blamedfortheaccident,hadnotbeendrivingcarefully.blamesth.onsb.把某事歸咎于某人。如：Sheblamedthefailureoftheirmarriageonhim.It'snouseblamingourdefeatonhim.ThepoliceblamedthetrafficaccidentonJack'scarelessdriving.betoblame(for)應(為…)承擔責任；該(為…)受責備。［注意］此處不能用被動語態(tài)。如：Thechildrenwerenottoblamefortheaccident.Iaminnowaytoblame.Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?Heismoretoblamethanyou.練： forthebreakdownoftheschoolcomputernetwork,Alicewasinlowspirit.

Thiscompanywasthefirst_portableradiosaswellascassettetaperecordersintheworld.A.producing B.toproduce C.havingproduced D.producedThepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,—itmoredifficult.A.notmaking B.notmake C.nottomake D.nortomakeHelenhadtoshout_abovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearC.makingherselfheardA.makingherselfhearC.makingherselfheardB.tomakeherselfhearD.tomakeherselfheardIdon,tknowwhetheryouhappen—,butIamgoingtostudyintheU.S.AthisSeptember.A.tobeheard.B.tobebearingC.tohearD.tohaveheardA.tobeheard.B.tobebearingC.tohearD.tohaveheardThenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only_thefilmstarshadleft.A.totellYouweresillynot一A.tolockTheteacheraskedus,A.don,tmakeB.tobetoldC.tellingD.toldyourcar.tohavelocked_somuchnoise.B.notmakeC.lockingnotmakingA.totellYouweresillynot一A.tolockTheteacheraskedus,A.don,tmakeB.tobetoldC.tellingD.toldyourcar.tohavelocked_somuchnoise.B.notmakeC.lockingnotmaking8.Anarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenorderedfiringanyshots.toissuebeingissuedC.tohaveissuedD.havinglockedD.nottomake—clearwarningsbeforeD.tobeissuedI’drathhavearoomofmyown,howeversmallitis,than_aroomwithsomeoneelse.A.toshareB.tohavesharedC.shareD.sharingA.toshareB.tohavesharedC.shareD.sharingThebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_inbroaddaylightyesterday.A.robbedB.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbedD.havingbeenrobbedA.robbedB.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbedD.havingbeenrobbedA.beingdestroyedC.tobedestroyedA.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceA.beingdestroyedC.tobedestroyedA.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceD.beingtakenplaceAnumberofpaintingsinthecastlearebelieved_inafire.B.havingbeendestroyedD.tohavebeendestroyedThemeeting-nextweekissuretobeagreatsuccess.Asaresultofmylaziness,Ifailed_myworkintime.A.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinishedA.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinishedIamsorry_writtenyoualetteratthetime.A.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothavingA.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothavingWillyoulendhimamagazine—?A.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.hereadA.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.hereadHecoulddonothingbut_forthebusA.wait,tocomeB.wait;comeC.waiting;comingD.waited;cameA.wait,tocomeB.wait;comeC.waiting;comingD.waited;cameItisaproblemthatdoesn,tneed-rightnow.A.tosolveB.solvingC.beingsolvedD.tobesolvingA.tosolveB.solvingC.beingsolvedD.tobesolvingC.tohavemadeD.havingmadeThere,samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans_trouble.C.tohavemadeD.havingmadeA.making B.tomakeIrememberhimthebikeneededA.hearing,saying,torepair B.tohear,say,torepairC.hearing,say,repairing D.tohear,saying,toberepairedRobertissaidto_abroad,butIdon,tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying

--Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.--Imeant—,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn,tfindheranywhere.A.todo B.to C.doing D.doingsoI,mgoingtoXi,annextweek.Haveyouanything_toyourparents?A.totake B.tobetaken C.tobeboughtto D.tobuyWhenarethey-intheirplan?A.hand B.handed C.tohand D.handingInsuchdryweather,theflowerswillhavetobewateredifthey—.A.havesurvived B.aretosurvive C.wouldsurvived D.willsurviveWhenwehurriedtothestation,therehappened_nobusatthattime.A.tohave B.tobe C.having D.beingIlostmywayincompletedarknessand,—mattersworse,itbegantorain.A.made B.havingmadeC.making D.tomakeAt_timedoesthesalesgirlgetuplateinthemorning,thoughsheisalwaystoobusy—agoodrest.A.no,totake B.no,takingC.any,totakeD.one,taking--Areyouastudent?--No,butIused—.A.tobeB.towasC.todoD.tobeaIstoppedtolisten,andmysonseemed_himself_inthelivingroom.A.toenjoy,toshut B.tobeenjoying,shuttingC.tobeenjoying,shut D.tohaveenjoyed,havingshutWithalotofdifficultproblems—,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settled B.settling C.tosettle D.beingsettledWe,releavingatsixo,clock,andhope_mostofthejourneybylunchtime.A.todo B.tohavedoneC.tomake D.tohavemadeThestudyofthewildworldmayhelptomaketheworldeasier_.A.understood B.tobeunderstood C. tounderstand D.understandWhowillyouget-theprojectforus?A.design B.todesign C. designed D. designingItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthan the governmentknow—.A.itwhattodowith B.whattodoitwith C. whattodowith it D.todowhatwithitWearenotallowed_outdoorswithsomeotherchildren.A.playing B.tobeplayingC.toplay D.beplayingAllenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_tocarryallthewayhome.A.muchtooheavyB.toomuchheavyC.heavytoomuchD.tooheavymuchShefeelssostronglythateachofusshouldhavearole_inmakingtheearthabetterplacetolivein.A.tohaveplayedB.toplay C.tobeplayedD.tobeplayingWhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidthatGeorgewastheperson—.A.tosend B.forsendingitC.tosenditto D.forsendingittoDoletyourmotherknowallthetruth,sheappears_everything.A.totell B.tobetold C.tobetelling D.tohavebeentoldTherearefivepairs—,butI'matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefrom41.Theproblemis_A.tobechosenB.tochoosefrom41.Theproblemis_difficultforus—so;workoutC.rathertoo,toworkoutC.tochoose D.forchoosingverytoo;tobeworkedoutD.quitetoo,toworkitoutA.send;tosendit---WhereshouldI_myapplication?---Thepersonnelofficeistheplace—.A.send;tosenditB.sendfor;tosendittoC.sendfor;forsendingit D.send;tosendittoI,veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat_inmynewjob.D.tobeexpectingA.expected B.toexpect C.expectsD.tobeexpectingIfeelitisyourhusbandwho-forthespoiledchild.A.istoblame B.isgoingtoblameC.istobeblamed D.shouldblame—thiscake,you,llneed2eggs,175gsugar,and175gflour.A.Havingmade B.Make C.Tomake D.MakingIfeelitanhonor_tospeakhere.C.havingaskedD.askedA.tobeaskedB.toaskC.havingaskedD.asked---What,sthematterwithJohn? ---Hedidn,tpassthetestbuthestill—.A.hopesso B.hopesto C.hopeit D.hopethatMuchattentionshouldbepaid_people,slivingconditions.A.inimproving B.toimprove C.improving D.toimproving—thateveningwasduetohisillness.A.Hefailedtocome B.ThathefailedtocomingC.Hisfailuretocome D.HisfailureincomingIwouldlove_tothepartylast