翻譯規(guī)則簡介

Introductionof

TranslationPrinciples翻譯及商務(wù)翻譯簡介一、教學(xué)目的：了解基本的翻譯理論、原則和方法二、教學(xué)過程：1.翻譯的定義和內(nèi)涵2.中外著名翻譯家的理論3.翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與實例4.翻譯過程—理解和表達5.翻譯對譯者的要求[<]1.翻譯的定義和內(nèi)涵：（DefinitionandConnotation）Translationisanart/science/craft?粽子？端午節(jié)（農(nóng)歷5月5日）是中國古老的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，

TheDragonBoatFestival,the5thdayofthe5thlunarmonth

……

2）東施效顰?3）亞洲四小龍的經(jīng)濟去年出現(xiàn)了疲軟WhatisTranslation?Conversionofmeaningfromonelanguagetoanotherlanguage.Theartofreproducingtheauthor’sexactideabymeansofanotherlanguagefromtheoriginal.Theactofreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaning,andsecondlyintermsofstyle.(Nida)長春大學(xué)光華學(xué)院陳春田翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出不同翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的代表人物：亞歷山大·弗雷澤·泰特勒尤金·奈達嚴(yán)復(fù)魯迅傅雷錢鐘書許淵沖張培基

2.1國外翻譯家的理論：（influentialtranslationprinciples）Translation:alanguageactivity;arenderingfromonelanguageintoanother.Translationisascience.Translationisanart.Translationisaskill.Translationiscommunicating.Translationisapurposefulactivity.(ChristianeNord)“Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.”(EugeneA.Nida&CharlesR.Taber:TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation,1969)“所謂翻譯，是指在譯語中用最切近而又自然的對等語再現(xiàn)原語的信息，首先在語義上，其次是文體上。”——奈達泰特勒(Tytler)（英國）：翻譯三原則：（1）要將原作的意思全部轉(zhuǎn)移到譯文上來；（2）譯文應(yīng)當(dāng)具備原作的風(fēng)格和文體；（3）譯文和原作要同樣的流暢。(1)Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.(2)Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.(3)Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.2.2中國幾位翻譯家的理論（influentialtranslationprinciples）嚴(yán)復(fù)：信達雅—faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“threecharacterguide”isregardedasaplumb-lineoflongstandingtomeasuretheprofessionalleveloftranslating.傅雷：神似—spiritualconformity,Emphasizingthereproductionofthespiritoftheflavoroftheoriginal.強調(diào)原作神韻再現(xiàn)。錢鐘書：化境—sublimedadaptation.Focusonthetranslator’ssmoothandidiomaticChineseversionforthesakeoftheChinesereader.劉重德：信、達、切—faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.2.

翻譯理論簡介[<]YanFu’sCriteriaYanFu’s“faithfulness”meansthefullandcompleteconveyingortransmissionoftheoriginalcontentorthought.His“expressiveness”demandsthattheversionmustbeclearandflowingwithoutanygrammaticalmistakesorconfusedlogicandsense.Sothefirsttwowordsastranslationcriteriaareacceptable.Buthis“elegance”isunadoptablebecauseitreferstotheuseofclassicalChinesebeforethatHanDynasty.YanFuheldthatonlythelanguagebeforetheHanDynastycouldbeconsideredelegantandoldvocabulary,oldstructureofChinesemustbeusedinordertorepresenttheoriginalfullyandadequately.許淵沖：詩歌翻譯的三原則“三美”（意美、音美、形美），“三化”（等化、淺化、深化）傅雷：以效果而論，翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似。錢鐘書：文學(xué)翻譯的最高理想可以說是“化”，把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國文字，既能不因語文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強的痕跡，又能完全保存原作的風(fēng)味，那就算得入與“化境”。長春大學(xué)光華學(xué)院陳春田翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

張培基在《英漢翻譯教程》中提出忠實、通順的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：忠實：忠實于原作的內(nèi)容，保持原作的風(fēng)格通順：譯文語言必須通順易懂，符合規(guī)范。中國翻譯史上的論爭魯迅：寧信而不順---rathertobefaithfulthansmooth。目的：引入英文句式的表達法梁實秋、趙景深：寧順而不信---rathertobesmooththanfaithful目的：可讀性強，便于交流。[<]忠實準(zhǔn)確、通順流暢和風(fēng)格得體可以說是所有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的共核，三者的次序不可顛倒。忠實準(zhǔn)確指譯文必須忠實于原文的內(nèi)容，把原文內(nèi)容完整準(zhǔn)確地轉(zhuǎn)達出來。譯者不能隨意歪曲、增刪、遺漏、篡改原文的內(nèi)容。通順流暢指譯文要充分發(fā)揮譯入語的語言優(yōu)勢，譯文語言必須標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范、通俗易懂、符合譯入語的表達習(xí)慣，不存在死譯、硬譯、生搬硬套、文理不通的現(xiàn)象。風(fēng)格得體指譯文應(yīng)盡量忠實轉(zhuǎn)達原文的文體特征和寫作風(fēng)格。3.Basiccriteriafortranslationandbusiness

translationCriteriafortranslation:Criteriafortranslationarethegaugefortranslationpracticeaswellasthestandardforjudgingwhetheratranslationisgoodorbad.Differentpeoplesuggestdifferentcriteriafortranslation,buttheycouldbesummedupas“Faithfulness”(忠實;信)and“Expressiveness/Smoothness”(通順;達).Generalcriteria(p7)Faithful/Accuracy忠實/準(zhǔn)確Smoothness/beingreadable通順[<]3.翻譯理論與實例Faithfulness(1)Janedoesnotworkhardbecauseshewantstoearnmoney.譯1：因為簡想賺錢，所以才不努力工作。譯2：簡并不是因為想賺錢才努力工作的。[<]Not…because

Idon’tliketeachingjustbecausemyparentsarebothteachers.

我喜歡教書，并不僅僅因為父母都是老師。Theenginedidn’tstopbecausethefuelwasfinished.引擎并不是因為燃料耗盡而停止運轉(zhuǎn)。Don’tscampyourworkbecauseyouarepressedfortime.不要因為時間緊而敷衍塞責(zé)。Inthatcity,wehadneversuffereddiscriminationbecausewewereJews.我們在那個城市從未因為是猶太人而遭受歧視。Ididn’tbuythatcarbecauseitwasveryinexpensive.我買那輛車，并非因為它很便宜。Ididn’tbuythatcarbecauseitwasveryexpensive.因為那輛車很貴，所以我沒有買。Pureironisnotusedinindustrybecauseitistoosoft.純鐵因太軟而不用于工業(yè)。3.翻譯理論與實例Faithfulness(2)HewasonhiswaytoChinaagain.譯1：他又風(fēng)塵仆仆地踏上去中國的旅程。譯2：他又踏上去中國的旅程。(3)Hesoldhard-to-getitems.譯1：他行賄受賄，兜售緊俏商品。譯2：他出售緊俏商品。（2：31）[<]Steelandironproductsareoftencoatedlesttheyshouldrust.鋼鐵制品常常涂上油漆以免生銹。

(InEnglish,“coat”asaverbmeans“paintorcoversth.withpaint”,soitisonlynaturaltoputitinto“涂上油漆”,ratherthanmerelyusingasingleverb“涂”.)Faithfulness&Accuracy忠實/準(zhǔn)確倫敦到岸價每打100英鎊.￡100perdozenCIFLondon.請報下列商品倫敦船上交貨之最低價.ItwouldbeappreciatedifyouwouldletusknowbyreturnyourlowestpossiblepriceforthefollowinggoodsFOBLondon.FOB(freeonboard)為價格術(shù)語,意思為”離岸價格或船上交貨價).…50%byL/CatsightandthebalanceD/Patsight.50%用即期信用證支付,其余的用即期付款交單.WhatisFaithfulness?1)Faithfulnessfirstofallmeansfidelitytothecontent/substanceofthesourcetext.Thetargettextshouldconveythecontentofthesourcetextcompletelyandaccurately.Distortionorrandomadditionanddeletionofanykindisnotpermitted.2)Italsomeansfaithfulnesstothesourcestyle.Thatis,thetranslatorshouldnotharmorchangethestyleofthesourcetext;neithershoulds/hesubstitutehisownstyleforthestyleofthesourcetext.Faithfulness&Accuracy忠實/準(zhǔn)確鑒于我們之間長久愉快的業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系，本公司將酌情考慮給予5%的折扣.Wewillmeetyouhalfwaybyofferingadiscountof5%

inviewofourlongpleasantrelations..Insuchacase,SellerisboundtoreimburseBuyerforanylossordamagesustainedtherefrom.

在此情況下,賣方負(fù)責(zé)償還買方由此所遭受的損失.Faithfulness&Accuracy忠實/準(zhǔn)確買方同意購買、賣方同意出售本貨物，其條款如下.TheBuyeragreestobuyandtheSelleragreestosellthefollowinggoodsonthetermsandconditionsasfollows.本合同用中文和英文兩種文字寫成,一式兩份。

Thiscontractshallbemadeinduplicate,bothinEnglishandChinese.Faithfulness忠實MosquitoBye,Bye,Bye.

蚊蟲殺、殺、殺！

聰明不必絕頂。（生發(fā)靈廣告）Wisenessdoesnotcomefrombaldness.不打不相識。（打字機公司廣告）Typingisknowing.4ordcosts5ive%le$$.(Ford)福特為您省5%。（福特汽車）WhatisSmoothness?Expressiveness/smoothnessmeansthatthetranslationshouldconformtothenormsofthetargetlanguagesothatthetargettextissmoothandexpressive.Inoneword,thetranslatorshouldguardagainstinappropriatenessinwording,ungrammaticalityordisorderingrammaticalstructure.Faithfulnessandsmoothnessisakindofunity,anorganiconeness.Anidealizedtranslationshouldconveythemeaningandstyleofthesourcetextinanintegratedwayandbesmoothinexpression,whichiswhatatranslatorshouldtryhardtoachieve.Smoothness(1)Shenotonlylaughsalotbuthasaheartofgold.譯1：她不僅常常大笑，而且還有一顆黃金之心。譯2：她不僅笑口常開，而且還有一顆金子般的心。(2)Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.

一個和尚挑水吃，兩個和尚抬水吃，三個和尚沒水吃。（3）我屬蛇。

IwasbornintheChineselunaryearofthesnake.(3:2)

[<]3.翻譯理論與實例Smoothness早上7點到9點賓館有早餐供應(yīng),但需憑票就餐.Breakfastisservedatthehotelfrom7to9o’clocktothosewhoproducetickets.PleasebeinformedthatallthestudentsaretohaveameetingatRoom222intheofficebuildingat2:00P.M.,March10.

謹(jǐn)定于3月10日下午2點整在學(xué)校辦公大樓222廳召開全院學(xué)生會.

[<]3.翻譯理論與實例SmoothnessWeshouldbeverymuchobligedifyoucouldletushavefulldetailsofyourlatestproducts.

倘貴方能詳告最新產(chǎn)品的情況,我們不勝感激.Youwillfindenclosedwiththisletterasampleofnewsocks.隨函附上本公司新出品的短襪樣品,請查收.Manyofthesefineproductsareinstockreadyforyourorder.

上述多種優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，備有現(xiàn)貨，歡迎訂購。（4：14）

[<]Goodtothelastdrop.滴滴香濃，意猶未盡。（麥斯威爾咖啡）

Fresh-upwithSeven-up.(Seven-up)

提神醒腦，喝七喜。Faithfulness&Accuracy&SmoothnessTranslationStandardsinDifferentStyles:LiteratureTranslation：FaithfullyrepresentingtheemotionandwritingstyleoftheoriginalNewsTranslation:Accuratelytranslatingthelatestfacts,usingnewspapersexpressionsandstylesEconomy&Tourism&Technologytranslation:accuratelyusingthespecialtermsandexpressionsLegalDocumentsTranslation:representingtheformalandregulatedlanguageandstyleBasicproceduresoftranslationAsapracticeandoperation,translationisgovernedbyitsownlawsandprinciples.Atranslatorshouldfollowthefollowingthreesteps,sothats/hecouldconveythemeaningofthesourcetextaccuratelyandthereadersofthetargettextcouldappreciatethestyleandfeaturesofthesourcetext.Thesethreestepsare:understanding/comprehension;representation/conveyance/expression;checkingTwoEssentials1.正確理解2.準(zhǔn)確表達a.

Lexicalmeaningb.

Sentencestructurea.Noadditionofinformationb.Nolossofinformationc.Nodistortionofinformation

Comprehensionbeforerepresentation

(先理解,后動筆)Whatiscomprehension?Thisisthefirststep.Itistograsptheoriginalthoughtsandopinions,aimsandpurposesofthesourcewriter,whichisoneoftheindispensableprocessesoftranslation.Translationinvolvestwomajorprocesses:comprehensionandrepresentation,thatis,tounderstandthethought,gistandpurposeofthesourcetextbeforerepresentingitinthetargetlanguage.

Understanding（twolanguages)

Abookmaybecomparedtoyourneighbor;ifitbegood,itcannotlasttoolong;ifbad,youcannotgetridofittooearly.一本書好比你的鄰居；如果是好書，讀書時間再長也不嫌長；如果不是好書，越早丟開越好。cannot…too（怎么……也不足以）Youcannotpraisetheplaytoohighly.你怎么稱贊這出戲也不過分。Ishallneverbeabletostresstoomuchforyourkindness.不管我怎么感謝你，都不足以報恩。Youcannotbetoocarefulinproofreading.

校對時，越仔細(xì)越好。

第五節(jié)翻譯的過程understanding,representationUnderstanding（thelanguageitself,syntacticstructure,hiddenmeanings,contextualmeanings,idiomaticusage…)1.Itwillstrengthenyoutoknowthatyourdistinguishedcareerissowidelyrespectedandappreciated.

譯文1：這會使你更加認(rèn)識到，你的杰出事業(yè)是如此廣泛地受到人們的尊敬和贊賞。譯文2：當(dāng)你認(rèn)識到你的杰出事業(yè)是如此廣泛地受到人們的尊敬和贊賞時，你就會更堅強。

分析：在上面這個句子中，不定式短語toknowthat…appreciated是句子的主語，由先行詞it作代表。

【例2】JohnisnowwithhisparentsinNewYorkCity；itisalreadythreeyearssincehewasabandmaster.

譯文1：約翰現(xiàn)同父母住在紐約市；他不擔(dān)任樂隊指揮已三年了。譯文2：約翰現(xiàn)同父母住在紐約市；他不擔(dān)任樂隊指揮已三年了。

分析：該句中的since一詞是關(guān)鍵。since從句中的was是指一種狀態(tài)結(jié)束。如不理解這一慣用法，很可能誤譯為…Wehavebeenmissingthemsincetheylefthere.

自從他們離開這里，我們就一直很想念他們。Ithasbeenyearssinceshehaswrittenasuccessfulnovel.她很多年沒有寫出成功的小說了.

(若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動詞是終止性的過去時，則從句表示的時間是“從動作開始的那一時刻起”。)JohnisnowwithhisparentsinNewYork,itisalreadythreeyearssincehewasateacher.

約翰現(xiàn)在和父母一起住在紐約，他不當(dāng)教師已經(jīng)三年了。

--HowlongisitsinceyoulivedinShanghai?--ItishasbeenfouryearssinceIlivedthere．你離開（沒住在）上海多久了？我已經(jīng)有四年不住在那里了。

（若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動詞是持續(xù)性動詞或表示狀態(tài)的動詞的過去時時，則從句表示的時間是“從那持續(xù)動作或狀態(tài)結(jié)束時算起”。）

【例1】Itisgoodforhimtodothat.

分析：這個句子可以有兩種意思：

(1)這樣做對他有好處。

(2)他這樣做是件好事。

要做出選擇，必須從上下文來推理，看哪一種譯法更合乎邏輯。

【例2】IlovedyoumorethanAuntCathy.

分析：該句如果沒有上下文，則可能有兩種解釋：

(1)IlovedyoumorethanIlovedAuntCathy.

(2)IlovedyoumorethanAuntCathylovedyou.

同樣，要做出選擇，必須依據(jù)上下文才能確定。

4.理解與表達understanding,representationUnderstanding（cultures)亞洲“四小龍”例如中國人喜歡龍，西方人卻認(rèn)為龍是邪惡的代名詞。因此，亞洲“四小龍”譯為“fourAsiantigers”需要注意的是，商標(biāo)詞的翻譯需要譯者注意譯名在目的語中是否有不好的聯(lián)想。如：中國電池商標(biāo)白象，如果翻譯成”WhiteElephant”就不合適，因為英語中”WhiteElephant”的意思是沒有用的東西。targetlanguage意譯法？？？？？？1）”孔雀“牌彩色電視機2）”白象“牌電池3）”鳳凰“牌自行車譯文：1）”Peacock”ColorTV2)“WhiteElephant”Battery3)“Phoenix”Bicycle評：1.在中國文化中，”孔雀“是“美”的化身，所以中國有許多商標(biāo)都以“孔雀“為名。如”孔雀“牌手表。在英語文化中，”孔雀“沒有吉祥之意，反而帶有貶義，指“洋洋自得，炫耀”之意。（5：196），有建議用”Kingbird”…2.”白象“漢語中無不好的意思，英語中“WhiteElephant”是“大而無用之物，累贅”之意。3.”鳳凰“漢語中被譽為“百鳥之王”，象征著“吉祥，富貴”，常被比作出類拔萃的人，如：”山窩窩里飛出了金鳳凰“。在英美文化中，“Phoenix”指的是”兇猛的怪物“。（5：195）

第五節(jié)翻譯的過程understanding,representationUnderstanding（theculturalbackground)

ItwasFriday*andsoonthey‘dgooutandgetdrunk.

星期五發(fā)薪日到了，他們馬上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。

*星期五[Friday]為英國的發(fā)薪日。如不解釋，譯入語讀者就不會明白英國人為什么要在這一天上街去大吃大喝。）understanding,representationUnderstanding（theculturalbackground)

她一大早起床，進城，見到了她的公爹：Shegotupearly,wenttothetownandsawherpublicfather.(Publicfathershouldbefatherinlaw.)Understanding（theculturalbackground)三個臭皮匠，頂個諸葛亮Manyheadsarebetterthanone.今年高考他有名落孫山了.Thisyearhefailedagainintheentranceexaminationsforcollegestudents.

第五節(jié)翻譯的過程understanding,representationUnderstanding（theculturalbackground)1)Mr.WangismymanFriday.

小王是我的得力干將和助手

(“ManFriday”的意思就是“得力、忠誠的助手”。這個說法源自小說《魯濱遜漂流記》。Friday原本是個被其他部落俘虜?shù)囊叭?，被魯濱遜救了出來。由于是星期五救的，于是起名叫Friday。從此，F(xiàn)riday就成了魯濱遜忠實的仆人。而“manFriday”后來就演變成了得力助手的代名詞。如果助手是女性，就叫“girlFriday”。

此外，得力助手還可以叫做“right-handman”。)

看下面例句：

HeisthemanFridayofpolice.（他是警方的得力助手。）

第五節(jié)翻譯的過程understanding,representationUnderstanding（theculturalbackground)2)JohnisnowwithhisparentsinNewYorkCity;itisalreadythreeyearssincehewasabandmaster.

約翰同父母住在紐約市;他不擔(dān)任樂隊指揮已三年了.3)Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishandplaysthegame.

約翰為人可靠,他既忠誠又正直.4.理解與表達understanding,representationUnderstanding（theprofessionalknowledge)

Industrialaverageswereup.

工業(yè)股票的平均價格在上漲.Averageisoftwokinds;GeneralAverageandParticularAverage.

海損有兩種,一種是共同海損,另一種是單獨海損.average為股票用語時,指(若干種股票的)”平均價格”;average為保險術(shù)語時,指”海損或費用”.我們將為此批貨物購買保險.Weshallcoverinsuranceonthegoods.我們將對此貨投保綜合險和戰(zhàn)爭險.WeshallcoverthegoodsagainstAllRisksandWarRisk./WeshallcoverAllRisksandWarRiskforthegoods.Pleasesendustheinsurancepolicytogetherwithyourreceiptforthepremiumspaidassoonaspossible.請盡快寄保單及已支付的保險費收據(jù).

4.翻譯的過程Understanding(Exercises)4)ImighthavegotmoreforthosesharesifIhadkeptitalittlelonger,butI’vemadeaprofitonthem(2:9).5)Thepriceofvegetableshasrocketedrecently(2:10).6)Owingtothefallingoffoforders,thefirmishavingtosackanumberofitsemployees(2:12).7)MyfatherandIhaveneverseeneyetoeyewherebusinessisconcerned.(2:12).8)Yousaidthatitisoutofquestion,butitseemstomethatitisoutofthequestion(2:20).4.翻譯的過程Understanding(Answers)4)那些股票若再晚一點賣掉，我或許賺得更多；不過，我是賺了。

5)近來蔬菜價格出現(xiàn)暴漲。

6)由于訂貨減少，公司正要裁減一批雇員。

7)在生意問題上，我和父親從未有過共識。

8）他說不成問題，但在我看來，卻是根本不可能。Representation/reproductionFree/Liberaltranslation1)Don’tcrossthebridgetillyougettoit.不必?fù)?dān)心太早／不必自尋煩惱．

(如果按原文字面直譯為“到了橋邊才過橋”，未免不倫不類。)2)Ruthwasupsettingtheotherchildren，soIshowedherthedoor.

譯文：魯絲一直在擾亂別的孩子，我就把他攆了出去。

3)Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?你以為我是好欺騙的嗎？三個臭皮匠，頂個諸葛亮ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeliangthemastermind.Manyheadsarebetterthanone.Thewisdomofthemasseexceedthatofthewisestindividual.Practice你的表不對。說曹操，曹操就到。Heisoneoftheliteraryfatcat.Heiswearingtwohats.Nowonderheissobusy.Awomanwithoutamanislikeafishwithoutabicycle.Don’taskhimforheistypicallyhen-pecked.Dr.WalkerhasatouchoftheHongkongdogandwillbeherealittlebitlate.Heisnowashappyasacow.Doyouhaveasweettooth?IwishIwereinJohn’sshoes.HejustwonafreetriptoEurope.Consumergoodsarealsoabundantofgoodqualityandvariety.4.3CheckingAsthefinalstepintranslation,checkingreferstotranslator’smeticulousexaminationofthetranslationagainstthesourcetextafterthecompletionofthetranslation.Thoughafinalstep,itiscrucialandindispensable.Checkingisparticularlyimportantforbusinesstranslation,forbusinessdocumentsorbusinessactivitiesnecessarilyinvolvepeople’snames,placenames,trademarks(namesofproducts),numbersandfigures,andbusinesstechnicalterms(e.g.“commercial”asannounmeans“TVadvertisement”).4.4Thedifficultiesinvolvedintranslation

4.1.1DifficultiesincomprehensionThesourcetextisofteninaforeignlanguage,whichoftentakesmoretroubleforthetranslatortocomprehendthanhisnativelanguage.Moreoftenthannot,themoral(寓意)ofthesourcetextisvague,whichmighthaveresultedfromtheauthor’simproperexpressionorbeenintendedbythesourcetextwriterforsomespecificpurpose.Unfamiliaritywiththebackgroundinformationmightalsoconstituteobstaclesincomprehension,asthesourcetextauthorandthetranslatorareoftenindifferenttimes.4.4Thedifficultiesinvolvedintranslation4.4.2Thetranslatorhastotakethefactorsofthetargettextreadersintoconsideration,andaccordinglytakesomenecessarymeasuresfortheTTtobereadable,forTTreadersaredifferentfromthesourcetextreadersineducation,culture,interestsandintelligence.Oneofthemeasuresisannotation(translator’snotes).4.4Thedifficultiesinvolvedintranslation4.4.3SLisdifferentfromTLinwaysofexpression,whichrequiresthetranslatortodigintothesourcetextanddigestit,andthentrytobefreefromtheinfluenceandrestraintsofST.Thatis,thetranslatorshould,basedonaccuratecomprehension,representthesourcetextmessageinidiomaticexpressionsofthetargetlanguage.Failingthis,thetranslationwouldinevitablybefacedwithtransla