2018英語一完型強(qiáng)化-考研群

cent.Somecountriesdidnot1enoughfood;basicneedsinhousingandclothingwerenot2.Manyofthesecountrieslookedtotheindustrialprocessesofthedevelopednations3solutions.4,problemscannotalwaysbesolvedbycopyingtheindustrializednations.Industryinthedevelopednationsishighlyautomatedandvery5.Itprovidesfewerjobsthanlabor-intensiveindustrialprocesses,andhighly6workersareneededto7andrepairtheequipment.Theseworkersmustbetrained,8manynationsdonothavethenecessarytraininginstitutions.Thus,the9ofimportingindustry eshigher.Studentsmustbesentabroadto10vocationalandprofessionaltraining.11.justtobegintraining,thestudentsmust12learnEnglish,French,German,orJapanese.Thestudentsthenspendmanyyearsabroad,and13donotreturnhome.Allnationsagreethatscienceandtechnology14beshared.Thepointis:15theindustrialprocessesofthedevelopednationsneedtolookcare-fully16thecosts,becausemanyofthesecostsare17.Studentsfromthesenationsshould18theproblemsoftheindustrializedcountriesclosely.19care,theywilltakehomenottheproblemsofscienceandtechnology,20thebenefits.1.[A][D]2.[A][D]3.[A][D]4.[A][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][D]7.[A][D]8.[A][D]9.[A][D]10.[A][B][C][D] [B] [D][A] [B] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D]Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis41theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceof42breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwordsameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakerunfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake47difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespeci?cwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe49toexplainordescribeina50thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.41.[D]42.[A][D]43.[A][D]44.[A]pass[B]take[C]back[D]stir45.[A][D]46.[A][D]47.[A][B][D]48.[A][D]49.[A][B][C][D]50.[A] [B] [C] [D]Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.41kindofsleepisatallwellunderstood,butREMsleepis42toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore43.Thenewexperiments,suchasthese44forthe?rsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations45ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotal is100percentfataltorats,examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompleynormal.Aresearcherhasthemysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats bacterialinfectionsoftheblood, theirimmunesystems—theself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases-hadcrashed.41.[A][D]42.[A][D]43.[A][D]44.[A][D]45.[A]inthe[B]by[C]withthe[D]forthe46.[A][D]47.[A][D]48.[A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsight[C]laidemphasis[D]castlight49.[A] [B][D]50.[A] [B]as[C]only[D]ifVitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.Theydonotprovideenergy,41dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor42foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,andif43ismissingade?ciencydisease es44.Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and45nitrogen.Theyaredifferent46theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin47oneormorespeci?cfunctionsinthebody. enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusevitamins.Manypeople, ,believeinbeingonthe“safeside”andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody’svitaminneeds.41.[A][D]42.[A][D]43.[A][B][D]44.[D]45.[A][D]46.[A]in[B]so[C]such[D]except47.[A][D]48.[A][B][D]49.[A][D]50.[A][D]ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople41intotheof?cesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday’sworkforaday’spay.Onedayatatime.42industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandstruggletosurvive43reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.44itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasingly inganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This“45”workforceisthemostimportant46inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis47changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive48avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens49byemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,bene?tsandsenseof50thatcamefrom系beingaloyal41.[A][B][C][D]42.[A][B][D]43.[A][B][C][D]44.[A]Even[B]Now[C]If[D]Provided45.[A][B][C][D]46.[A][B][C][D]47.[A][B][C][D]48.[A][B][C][D]49.[A][B][C][D]50.[A][B][C][D]UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Thisview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41.[A][D]42.[A][C][D]43.[A][D]44.[A][D]45.[A][C][D]46.[A]47.[A][C][D]20182018英語一強(qiáng)系系48.[A][B][D]49.[A][D]50.[A][D]Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a43ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifumresultsaretobeTherecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Froma?nancialstandpointalone,safety48.Thefewertheinjury49,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss. [A]constituting [A]comes [A]anadvantage[B]a [C]an [D]aIfafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargetyofgrain41consumingallhisgrainimmediay.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe47.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor48extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.41.[A]other[B]aswell[D]more42.[A]only[D]ever6.48. 49. 50. Theernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasigni?cant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea33billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe37withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatself-regulationdidnot38suf?cientcontrol.ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda ofmediawhenhesaidthe ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges42toTheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally44inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas45toprivacyandthatpublic?gurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafe ourBritishjudges,”heWitnesspaymentsbecamean47afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsforlingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourt guilty31.[A]as[B]for[C]in[D]such32.[A][D]33.[A][D]34.[A][D]35.[A][D]36.[A][B][D]37.[A][D]38.[A][D]39.[A][D]40.[A][B][C]41.[A][D]42.[A]better[B]other[C]rather[D]soonerComparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentofevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-23,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading26throughtheegraph,theephone,radio,andmotionpicturesthe20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocess.ItisimportanttodoItisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediay32.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“al”too,aswellas33,with ingsharperandstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas38bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Bene?ts”havebeenweighed40“harmful”es.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddif?cult.21.[A][D]22.[A][D]23.[A][D]24.[A][D]25.[A][D]26.[A][D]27.[A][D]28.[A][D]29.[A][D]30.[A][D]31.[A][C][D]32.[A][D]33.[A][D]34.[A]35.[A]bymeans[B]interms[C]withregard[D]inline36.[A][D]37.[A][B][C][D]38.[A][B][C][D]39.[A][D]40.[D]Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,inlectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious21tohowtheycanbebest22suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand23,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.24theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewinlectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe25thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheir plishmentsare26byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalready?lledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe27toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,28,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,29studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide30opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful31dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe32ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult33visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave34attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto36elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants37.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.38theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby39forrolesthatarewithintheir40andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.21.[A][B][D]22.[A][D]23.[A][D]24.[A][B][D]25.[A][B][C][D]26.[A][D]27.[A][D]28.[A]in[B]asa[C]for[D]ina29.[A][D]30.[A][D]31.[A][D]32.[A][D]33.[A][B][C] [D]34.[A][B][D]35.[A]if[B]now[C]so[D]even36.[A][D]37.[A][D][A]Onthecontrary[B]Onthe [C]Onthewhole[D]Ontheother[A] [B] [C] [D][A]capabilities[B] [C]pro?ciency[D]Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributingin?uence.21ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior theywerenotsuf?cientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughwithothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimestotheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus, asarejectionofmiddle-classthefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes27lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare28tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly29juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat30tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrising31makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydif?culttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin32leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealso33changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;34,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome35wascommoninthetraditionalfamily36.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeanin?uenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other37causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased38ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing39ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminaladirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeen[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]interactions[B] [C]cooperation[D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B]but [C] [D]or[A]considering[B] [C]highlighting[D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]in [B]on [C]bycontrast[D]at[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C]undertaken[D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D]Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhich?oatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeople?ndthattheycansmellonetypeof?owerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofboth?owers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate10smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell12cansuddenly esensitivetoitwhen13toitoftenenough.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrain?ndsit14tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe18newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’s.Thebrain?ndsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals20thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangerof?re.1.[A][D]2.[A][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][D]5.[A][D]6.[A]even[B]if[C]only[D]as[A]distinguishing[B] [C]determining[D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]at [B]at [C]at [D]at[A] [B] [C] [D][A]ineffective [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C]identi?able[D][A]similar [B]such [C]along [D]asideThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica’spopulation.1 hasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalernmentcan’tpossibly2.Tohelphomeless3independence,thefederalernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,4theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.5everyoneagreesonthenumberofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimatesanywherefrom600,000to3million.7the?guremayvary,ystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis8.Oneofthefederalernment’sstudies9thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto10thisgrowinghomelesspopulation eincreasingly1.[A][B][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]1.[A][B][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A]Now[C][D]Except8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D][A] [B] [C]complementary[D][A] [B] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]supervision[B] [C] [D]By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshad eindependentnations.Theroughly20million1ofthesenationslooked2tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberiancolonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence3theidealsofrepresentativeernment,careers4totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the5toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya8setoflaws.Ontheissueof8ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,9,therewasless10theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11bytheSpanishCrown.12mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13theof?cialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe14ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17colonies.Earlypromisestoendntributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20self-ruleanddemocracy.1.[A][D]2.[A][D]3.[A][D]4.[A][D]5.[A][D]6.[A][B][D]7.[A][D]8.[A][D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]controlling[B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C]contributed[D][A]puzzledby[B]hostile [C]pessimisticabout[D]unpreparedTheideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreinligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwas?rstsuggested.he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreinligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheinlectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtradition16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheinligenceanddiseasesareintimay 18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D] 5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D][A]unconsciously[B]disproportionay[C]inde?niy[D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]given [B]got [C]carried [D]put[A] [B] [C]administering[D][A]development[B] [C]consequence[D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]paradoxical [C] [D]Researchonanimalinligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruit?y2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisa(n)4innotbeingtoobright.Inligence,it5,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—a(n)7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8.Isthereanadaptivevalueto9inligence?That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourowninligencemightbe.Thisis 12themindofeveryanimalwe’veeverResearchonanimalinligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatinligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18,theywouldhopetostudya(n)19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?20theresultsareinconclusive.[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]insists [B]sums [C]turns [D]puts[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]by [B]in [C]as [D]for[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]Above [B]After [C] [D][A]fundamental[B] [C] [D][A]Byaccident[B]In [C]So [D]BetterIn1924America’sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatalargeephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowshop?oorlighting1workers’productivity.Instead,thestudies2givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyin?uentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingoftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricysis.Theexperimentshadanothersurpriseinstore.12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto14interpretationsofwhathappened.15,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondays.Workers19tobediligentforthe?rstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown.[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]controversial[B] [C]mischievous[D][A]requirements[B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]asfar [B]forfear [C]incasethat[D]solong[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]Contraryto[B]Consistent [C]Parallelwith[D]Peculiar[A] [B] [C]implication[D][A] [B] [C] 15.[A]In[B]For[C]Inconsequenc[D]As16.[A]17.[A] 18.[A] 19.[A] [D]20.[A] [D]AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittlein?uenceonphysical?tness.Laughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsblood3heartrateandoxygenconsumption.Butbecausehardlaughterisdif?cultto4,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5bene?tstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyplishesthe7.Studiesdatingbacktothe1930sindicatethatlaughter8muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesSuchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbutthey esadwhenthetearsbeginto?ow.Althoughsadnessalso14tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscan?ow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublished