2023年附答案第一學(xué)期大學(xué)英語(yǔ)I高級(jí)職業(yè)英語(yǔ)期末復(fù)習(xí)題庫(kù)

2023-2023學(xué)年第一學(xué)期《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)I》（高級(jí)職業(yè)英語(yǔ)）期末復(fù)習(xí)題庫(kù)PartILIsteningComprehension(15%)Key:l-15:ACCAA/DBACA/DACBDDirections:Thispartistotestyour/isteningability.ltconsistsof3sections.SectionA(1*5=5points)Directions:Thissectionistotestyorrabilitytounderstandshortdialogues.Thereare5recordeddialoguesinit.Aftereachdialogue,thereisarecordedquestion.Boththedialoguesandquestionswillbespokentwotimes.Whenyouhearaquestion,youshou1ddecideonthecorrectanswerfromthe4choicesmarkedA,B,CandDgiveninyourtestpaper.Thenyoushouldmarkthecorresponding1etterontheAnswerSheetwithasingJeiinethroughthecentre.1.A)Thewomandoesn'tmindworkingovertime.Thewomandoesnztlikeworkingovertime.Sheenjoysbeingfree.D)Shedoesn,tlikethejobataII.2.A)Student.B)Dentist.C)Teacher.D)Libraria3.A)Openthewindow.B)Giveheracoat.C)Leavethewindowclosed.D)Openthedoor.4.A)Marygotup1aterthanusual.B)Thetrainwaslate.

D)Shedoesn,tlikethejobataII.2.A)Student.B)Dentist.C)Teacher.D)Libraria3.A)Openthewindow.B)Giveheracoat.C)Leavethewindowclosed.D)Openthedoor.4.A)Marygotup1aterthanusual.B)Thetrainwaslate.C)Marymissedthetrain.HerclockwasoutofordeC)Marymissedthetrain.Herclockwasoutoforde5.A)Thisafternoon.Hewon'tbeab1etogotoBeijing.Afterhefinisheshiswork.DJTomorrowmorning.6.A)TopracticehisEnglisheveryday.B)Tocorrecthissentences.C)TofinishhishomeworkontimeD)Tousethenewwordsinsentcnces.7.A)Hewasseeingadoctor.Hewasvisitinghismotherinhospita1.HewasIookingafterhismother.D)Hewasvisitinganurse.8.A)5:25.B)5：35.C)5：30.D)4：00.9.A)Thebushasbrokendownandwi11notarrive.Thebuswasinaterrib1eaccident.Thebuswillprobab1yarrive at9：15.Thebusmayarrivetonight,butthemanisn'tsure.A)5minuteslate.30minuteslate.35minuteslate.25minuteslate.A)Theman's.B)Thewoman,s.C)Theman怎brother's.

Thewoman'sbrother's.12.A)At7:35.At7：1512.A)At7:35.At7：15D)At8:10.At7：20.D)At8:10.13.A)Theybothlikedit.Neitherlikedit.ThemotherdidnztIikeit,butthefatherdid.Themotherdidnztlikeitbecauseitwasn*tinEngIish.14.A)Maryisanewcomer.MaryisaIwayslateforherclass.MarywenttobedIatelastnight.Maryhadnothingtodothismoming.15.A)Shequarre1edwithherboss.Sheissick.Sheisfired.Shereceivedawarnjngfromherboss.SectionB(1*5=5points)Directions:Thissectionistotestyourabi1itytounderslandIongdia1agues.Thereare2recordeddialoguesinit.Aftereachdialogue,thereisarecordedquestion.Boththedialoguesandquestionswillbespokentwotimes.Whenyouhearaquestion,youshoulddecideonthecorrectanswerfromthe4choicesmarkedA,B,CandDgiveninyourtestpaper.ThenyoushouldmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasingle1inethroughthecentre.DialogueOne(P65,dialogue1)alongtime.16.A)Theyhaven'tmeteachotherforalongtime.Theyoftenseeeachotherrecently.Theymeteachothernot1ongago.They,vestayedtogetherforalongtime.17.A)Fortheseafood.Forbusinessreasons.Forsightseeing.Forpersona1reasons.DialogueTwo(P65,dialogue2)18.A)Becausehehasanappointment.B)BecauseI>eis1eavingthatday.C)Becauseofthecontract.Becauseofthemeeting.19.A)BecausetheCEOhasleft.B)BecausetheCE0isn'tfree.BecausethcCEOdoesn'twantto.BecausetheCEOhasseenhim.20.A)Thesalesmanager.B)TheCEO'ssecretary.C)Thedirectoroftheoffice.Themcetingorganizer.Dialoguethree(P32dialogue1)21.A)Hehasmuchexperience.B)Hehasinterestinit.C)Hewantstomakemoremoney.HewanIstohelpothers.22.A)BeingasaIesmanishardwork.Thereisapart-timejobopportunity.C)AcompanyisIookingforsalesmen.D)Applicationsmustbemadetomorrow.DialoguefOur(P32,dialogue2)23.A)Hehasdecidedtocontinuehisstudies.Hehasnointerestinbeingaprogrammer.Hedoesn'tknowexactlywhathewantstoHedoesn'tliketostudycomputerscience.24.A)Heisaprogrammer.B)Heisareporter.C)Heisacareercounselor.D)Heisamanagcr.25.A)Togainmoreworkexperience.Tochangehismajoratcollege.Toworkinasoftwarecompany.D)Togoonwithhisstudies.Dia1oguefive(PIO,dialogue1)26.A)Theyliveinthesamedorm.Theykneweachotherbefore.Theyfeelconfusedaboutthebigcampus.D)Theya:reinBui1ding7.27.A)ItsbehindBuiIding7.B)It'snotfarfromtheirdorm.It'sinfrontofthephonebooth.It'sneartheteachingbuilding.Dialoguesix(P10.dialogue2)A)It'sactuallythesameashighschool.Thcreisnobigdifferencebctweenco11egeandhighschoo1.Itdiffersfromhighschoolinmanyways.ThereisonlyonediffereneebetweencollegeandhighschooI.A)Thereismorehomeworktodoinco1lege.Collegeteachersmaketheirstudentsworkhard.Co1legestudentsneedtobemoreindependent.Therearemoresocialactivitiesateollege.30.A)Spendingmoretimeonstudies.B)Findinganidea1placetostudy.C)Makingagoodstudyplan.Ge11ingusedtothecoIlegelifequick1y.SectionC(1*5=5points)Directions:Inthissection,youwiIIheararecordedshortpassage.Thepassageisprintcdonthetestpaper,butwithsomewordscrplirasesmissing,Thepassagewillbereadthreetimes.Duringthesecondreading,youarerequiredtoputIhemissingwordsorphrasesontheAnswerSheet/norderofthenumberedblanksaccordingtowhatyouhear.Thethirdreadingisforyoutocheckyourwr/ting.Nowthepassagewillbcgin.(P65,task4)*TonyisdrivingtotheairporttopickupMrs.ParkerfromBeijingUniversity.ShecomestoGuangzhouto31)attendanimportantinternationaIconference.TheconferencewiII32)beheIdatSunYat—senUniversityfrom10to13ofDecember.Accordingto33)theagenda,Mrs.Parkerisgoingtogiveatalkonthesubjectof"HumansandEnvironment".Aftertheconferenee,Tonywil1showheraroundGuangzhouandtakehertoLastethe34)deliciousfood.OntheafternoonofDec.l3?hewil135)seeheroffattheairport.(P98,task4)*Manybusiness|peoplehavetotravelonbusiness.Therefore,itis36)necessaryforbusinesspeopletomakesomearrangementsforthetraveling inadvance.Forexample,ifyouareplanningtotravelbyplane,youhaveto37)reserveanairlineticket.WhenbookinganairIineticket,youshouldmakesurethetime,date.38)destinationandthespellingofyournamearecorrect.Ahote1rooma1soneedstobereserved39)wellinadvaneesothatyoumaybeabletostayinthehote1yojlike.Ifyouwanttovisitbusinesspartners.rememberto40)makeappointmentswiththemandletthemknowyouritjnerary.(P76,task4)*Thetelephoneisthemostcommonandconvenientwayofcommunicationinmodemsociety.Therefore.learning41)teIephoneskillsisveryimportantforanyoneusingthetelcphoneatwork,whoneedstoknowhowtocreate42)aprofessiona1impressionofthecompanyandsuccessfullygaintheinformationtheyneed.Whether43)makingorreceivingthecalhthefirstru1eistospeakclearIyin44)afriendlytoneofvoice.Alsoidentifyyourseifdirectly.Ifyouarethecaller,justsaywhoyouwanttospeakto.Afterreaching

thepersonyouwanttotalkwith,bereadytoexpress45)whyyoucal1PartIIVocabulary(30%)SectionAInthissection,thereare10incompIetesentences.Foreachsentencethereare4choicesmarkcdA),B),c)andD).Youarerequiredtocompletethesenteneebydecidingonthemostappropriatechoice.(10points)thepersonyouwanttotalkwith,bereadytoexpress45)whyyoucal1PartIIVocabulary(30%)SectionAInthissection,thereare10incompIetesentences.Foreachsentencethereare4choicesmarkcdA),B),c)andD).Youarerequiredtocompletethesenteneebydecidingonthemostappropriatechoice.(10points)46.WhenyouVegoingforyourbusinesstrip,therearemanythingsyouhavetoconsider A)inadvanceB)onadvaneeC)byadvanceD)advance47. ,agoodtravelplancansaveyouaIotoftimeandmoney.A)bebasedonB)AsafactC)AsA)inadvanceB)onadvaneeC)byadvanceD)advance47. ,agoodtravelplancansaveyouaIotoftimeandmoney.A)bebasedonB)AsafactC)AsmatteroffactD)Asamatteroffact48.TeIIthe48.TeIIthe ofthedateandplaceA)assitantsB)consu1tC)sincerityD)A)assitantsB)consu1tC)sincerityD)supply49.Aremiddleschoo1teacherspaid 49.Aremiddleschoo1teacherspaid salesmen?morethanmorelesslessthanmoreover50.Giftsarejusttoexpressyour todobusinesswithyourparnotneccssarytobuytooexpcnsivethingsfornotnecthat.A)advisableB)fearC)nervousD)sincerityacommonpra51.Nowadays,sendinggiftsforbusinesspartnershas acommonpraA.developedintodevelopedinC)developedonD)developedby52.Whentheseare ,informyourbusinesspartnerofthedatesofyourarrivalanddeparturesoastoletyourparInermakesomepreparationforawarmreceptionandhelpyoubookticketsfor52.Whentheseare ,informyourbusinesspartnerofthedatesofyourarrivalanddeparturesoastoletyourparInermakesomepreparationforawarmreceptionandhelpyoubookticketsfortrainorplanebetweencities.setdownB)setoutC)setinD)seton53. rule,youshou1d53. rule,youshou1d1ettheguestwaIkonyourright,.ToageneraIAsweliasAsageneraI.Onthegeneral54.Itis todresscleanandtidywhenyoumeetaguestforthefirsttime.pushyrewardingnousecustomary55. yourvisitors*backgroundandpreparetomeetthemassoonastheyarrive.BeawareofBeawareinBeawareC)BeawareonWeusually parentstosolvcdifficultproblems.dependonwa1kongoonmoveonThiswillhe1pyou yoursparetime.makefu11B)makefulluseofmakefullofmakeuseIt'stimeto anactionpIan practicesothatyoucaneventuallyfindajobinthatfield,oput...out59.Thisisagreattimeto ____notonlywhoyouare,butaIsowhoyouwanttobe.workoutgetoutfigureouttryout60.Youwillhavefriendsto withandstudypartnersforfinaIs.hangoutfigureout1ookoutwatchout61.Younowneedto moredetailedinformation.gathernarrowgetmuchBesides,youcan youroptionsbyexp1oringthelabormarket,parttimeworkorvolunteeropportunities,etc.narrowupnarrowdownC)narrowonnarrowof yourgoals,youcangoontodevelopacareeractionplan.basedinbasedonbasedofD)based64.Trynewthingsanddon'tbeafraidto newpersona1ities.tryintryontryouttryfor65.Besides, whatyou,rereallygoodatbyaskingfamilyandfriends.findonfindinfindoutwaIchoutThisprocessisusua1ly foursteps:analysis,expIoration?selection,prisedofbaseoncomprisedonbaseinThebeautyofcol1egeisthatyoucan withnewpeople.A)startoverstartongoonmakefunItisquiteimportantthat youcommunicateinaneffectiveway.bothofbothbothinD)and69.What'sthe asoftwareengineerandasoftwaredeveloper?differenceonB)differencewithdifferencebetweendifferenceof70.1t'stimevoutoselectpossiblecareerpaths. TOC\o"1-5"\h\ztoonforin71 willyouhavetoconsideryourinterestsandskills,youalsohavetothinkaboutyourpersona1ityandvaIues.NotatallAswellasGetalongwithNoton1y72.Takeyourtimeand learnnewideaslastoneaboveal1C)afteraIID)notatall73TaIktothemaboutyourownfearsand .shoesantstreeanxieties74Herearesometipstohelpyou coliegelifeasquicklyaspossible.relyongotoadapttoadapton75Col1egeisabouthavingfunandmakingnewfriends learningnewthingsasIongasasforasasmuchasaswellasSectionBThefo1/owingisalistof10Chinesephrases.YouarerequiredIofindtheEnglishequivalentsinthetab1ebelow,andmatrequiredIofindthechthem.(10points)76.以一種有效的方式a.discussprices77.接風(fēng)洗塵b.acommonpractice78.供應(yīng)能力c.departuretime79.出發(fā)時(shí)間d.exchangeforeigncurrencies80.交通工具e.inaneffectiveway81.商談價(jià)錢f.warmingreception82.兌換外匯g.transportationmeans83.慣例h.qualitystandard

84,質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)i.supp1yability85. 表達(dá)誠(chéng)意j.expressthesincerity86.感受相同a.soIveprob1ems87.盡快地b.geta1ongwith88.正由于這樣c.sparetime89.解決困難d.extracurriculumactivities90.空閑時(shí)間e.ashort-1ermgoal91.與…相處f.forthisreason92一方面g.makefulluseof93.短期目的h..fee11hesameway94.課外活動(dòng)i.aboveaII95.充足運(yùn)用j.asquicklyaspossible96.溝通能力a.goodworkingre1ationship97.電話禮儀b.persona1qualities98.平常例行事務(wù)municationskiIls99.良好的工作關(guān)系duceletters100.辦公室專職人員e.goodappearanee101.撰寫信件f.telephoneetiquette102,跑腿，辦事g.officeprofessiona1103.良好的外表h.makingandtakingte1ephonecal1s104. 個(gè)人品質(zhì)i.runerrands105.接聽(tīng)電話j.dailyroutinemattersSectionCFi11inthebIankswiththerightwordsorphrases.Changethe

formwherenecessary.(10points)exclusivelyparticipateadjustmentexclusivelyparticipateadjustment111.Itisgenerallybelievedthatweshallmakefulluseofthesun111.Itisgenerallybelievedthatweshallmakefulluseofthesunzsepersonalityfigureoutdependonadapt1:0startovermakefulluseof106.Hewontheelectionmoreonpersonalitythanonmoney.107.Severa1expertswillparticipateintheprojectastechnica1advisers.108.Themanageraskedexperiencedworkerstohelpthenewcomerstoadapttothenewworkingenvironmentquickly.109.ThisbathroomisforthePresident'sexclusive1yuse.110Heisamanwhomyoucandependon.nergysomeday.new112.Itisnotsoeasytomakeaquickadjustmenttothenvironment.newather.113.Shefeltverynervouswithsomanypeop1elookingather.114.Noonecanfigureouthowthefirestarted.115.Afterthefire,wehadtostartoverandbuiIdourbusinessgain115.Afterthefire,wehadtostartoverandbuiIdourbusinessgainfromthebeginning.havethemakingsofrefertofamilirizehavethemakingsofrefertofamilirizequalitydeveloppossessdifferfromre1iableasdeveloppossessdifferfromre1iableassistancecorrespondence116.ThelibraryboughtallthecorrespondencebetweenthePresidentandhiswife.ThequalltyoftheserviceherehasImprovedalotsincehewaspromotedtomanager.Themanagerthoughthewasareliab1epersonandto1dhimal1aboutthenewplan.119.Unlesswereceivemorefinancia1assistancefromthegovernment,thehospitalwiIIhavetoclose.120.Theproposalwi11havetobereferredtotheFinanceCommittee121.Weddingcustomsdifferfromcountrytocountry.Shehasthreeyearsexperieneeofofficework,soshehavethemakingsofbecominganofficeprofessional.IwonderwhetheryouwiIIfamiliarizeuswithyourtechnicaIknow-how.Achi1ddevelopsrapid1ybothphysica1Iyandmenta11ybetweentheagesof13and16.125.ThepoliceaskedmeifIpossessedagun.inadvance findout advisable evaluateconfirmarrangementconsuIt effective bebasedon route126.HetookaquickIookatthebackofthebooktofindouttheanswerstothequestions.127AChinesestudentwenttoconsulthisforeignteacherabout

Englishlearning.129Onceyouraddressisconfirmed,youwi1Ibeabletoreceivetheproduct.130.ThelocalgovernmentwarnedthecitizenstoprepareinadvanceforthebadweaLher.131.Wearestil1tooearlytoevaluatehischancesofsuccess.132.Heisresponsiblefora1Ithetravelarrangement.133.Theyaretryingtofindthemosteffectivemethodstoso1vetheprob1emsatthemoment.Theguideledushomebyashortroute.Itisadvisabletodosomewarm-upexercisesbeforeswimmingPartinReadingTasks(30%)TasklDirections:Inthistaskthereisapassagew/thfiveunfInishedstatementsfoliowedbyfourcVoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD.YoushouldchoosethecorrectanswerandwritedownyouransweronthecorrespondingAnswerSheet.(5points)Norma1lyastudentmustattendacertainnumberofcoursesinordertograduate,andeachcoursewhichheattendsgivesaereditwhichmunivcrsitiesthctotalwaymattertowardsadegree.InmanyAmericanunivcrsitiesthctotalworkforadegreeconsistsofthirty-sixcourseseachIastingforonesemester.Atypica1courseconsiststhreeclassesperweekforfifteenweeks;whileattendingauniversityastudentwil1probablyattendfourorfivecoursesduringeachsemorkforadegreeconsistsofthirty-sixcourseseachIastingforonesemester.Atypica1courseconsiststhreeclassesperweekforfifteenweeks;whileattendingauniversityastudentwil1probablyattendfourorfivecoursesduringeachsemester.Norma1lyastudentwouldexpecttotakefouryearsattendingtwosemesterseachear.11ispossibletospreadtheperiodofworkforthedegreeoveraIongerperiod.ILisa1sopossib1eforastudenLtomovebetweenoneuniversityandanotherduringhisdegreecourse,thoughthisisnotinfactdoneasaregu1arpractice.Foreverycoursefol1owedbyastudentisgivenagrade,whichisrecorded,andtherecordisavailableforthestudenttoshowtoprospectiveemp1oyers.A1Ithisimposesaconstantpressureaffair.E1ectionstopositionsinstudentorganizationsarousemuchenthusiasm.Theeffectivewordofmaintainingdisciplineisusuallyperformedbystudentswhoadvisetheacademicauthorities.Anystudentwhoisthoughtthavebrokentherules,forexample,bycheating,hastoappearbeforeastudentcourt.WiIhtheenormousnumbersofstudents,theoperationofthesystcmdoesinvo1veacertainamountofactivity.Astudentwhohashe1doneofthesepositionsofauthorityismuchrespectedanditwil1beofbenefittoalatercareer.ear.11ispossibletospreadtheperiodofworkforthedegreeoveraIongerperiod.ILisa1sopossib1eforastudenLtomovebetweenoneuniversityandanotherduringhisdegreecourse,thoughthisisnotinfactdoneasaregu1arpractice.Foreverycoursefol1owedbyastudentisgivenagrade,whichisrecorded,andtherecordisavailableforthestudenttoshowtoprospectiveemp1oyers.A1Ithisimposesaconstantpressureaffair.E1ectionstopositionsinstudentorganizationsarousemuchenthusiasm.Theeffectivewordofmaintainingdisciplineisusuallyperformedbystudentswhoadvisetheacademicauthorities.Anystudentwhoisthoughtthavebrokentherules,forexample,bycheating,hastoappearbeforeastudentcourt.WiIhtheenormousnumbersofstudents,theoperationofthesystcmdoesinvo1veacertainamountofactivity.Astudentwhohashe1doneofthesepositionsofauthorityismuchrespectedanditwil1beofbenefittoalatercareer.136.NormallyastudenIwouldaIleasta11end classeseachweek.A)36B)20C)12D)15137.AccordingrstparagrapA)36B)20C)12D)15137.AccordingrstparagrapanAmericanstudentisaHowed toIiveinadifferentuniversitytotakeaparticularcourseinadifferentuniversitytoliveathomeanddrivetoclassestogettwodegreesfromtwodifferentuniversitiesAmericanuniversitystudentsareusuaIlyunderpressure3ecau

theiracademicperformaneewillaffecttheirfutureaffairstheyareheavi1yinvoIvedinstudentaffairstheyhavetoobserveuniversitydisciplineLheywanttorunforpositionsofauIhoritySomestudentsareenthusiaSticforpositionsinstudentorganizationsprobablybecause.A)theyhatetheconstantpressureandstrainoftheirstudyA)theyhatetheconsB)theywi1Ithenbeab1etostay1ongerinuniversityC)suchpositionsheIpthemtogetbetterjobsB)theywi1Ithenbeab1etostay1ongerinuniversityC)suchpositionsheIpthemtogetbetterjobsD)suchposiLionsareusuallywe11paidD)suchposiLionsareusuallywe11paid140.Thedentorganizationsseemtoeeffeetive140.Thedentorganizationsseemtoeeffeetivein dea1ingwiththeacademicaffairsoftheuniversityensuringthatthestudentsobserveuniversityregulationsbybringingthembeforeaeva1uatingstudentsperformancebybringingthembeforeacourtD)keepingupthestudentsenthusiasmforsociaIactivitiesD)keepingupthestudentsenthusiasmforsociaIactivitiesTask2Direc11ons:ThistaskisthesameasTask1.Thc5qucstionsorunfinishetatementsarenumbered51to55.(5poInts)Direc11ons:ThistaskisthesameasTask1.Thc5qucstionsorunfinishetatementsarenumbered51to55.(5poInts)TheEnglishlanguageistheIinguafranca(通用語(yǔ)言)ofbusinesstoanextentnotimaginableevenadecadeago.Three-quartersofthewor1

d'smail,faxesande-mai1areinEng1ish.Andeachofthosefiguresisgrowing.EnglishisnowtheofficialIanguageofanumberofinternationaIcompanies.TheEFTAorganizationhasEnglishasitsofficialIanguagedespitethefactsthatnoneofitssixmembercountriesuseitasanativeIanguage.TheEuropeanCommonity(EC),bycontrast,socomplicatesitsaffairsbyusingallnineofficia1languagesthat60%ofitsadministrationbudgetgoesontranslationandinterpretation,despitethefactthatmostofitsstaffspeakEnglishorFrench.ThefirstforeignIanguagetheJapaneselearnisEnglish.EveryJapanesechildwhofinishessecondaryschooIwillhavehadanaverageofeightyearsofEnglishIanguageinstruetion.oratotalof1000hours.Thereareover700EnglishlanguagetrainingschoolsinTokyoaIone,asmanyasthereareinal1ofEngland.Afurther13000Japanesestudentsundertakecourses,manyofwhichemphasizelanguageaswellastechnicalskiI1s,inAmerica.TheshortageofJapanesemanagerswhoareab1etospeakotherEuropeanlanguagesisfargreater,thatisamajorfactorinattractingJapanesefirmstoBritainratherthananywhd'smail,faxesande-mai1areinEng1ish.Andeachofthosefiguresisgrowing.EnglishisnowtheofficialIanguageofanumberofinternationaIcompanies.TheEFTAorganizationhasEnglishasitsofficialIanguagedespitethefactsthatnoneofitssixmembercountriesuseitasanativeIanguage.TheEuropeanCommonity(EC),bycontrast,socomplicatesitsaffairsbyusingallnineofficia1languagesthat60%ofitsadministrationbudgetgoesontranslationandinterpretation,despitethefactthatmostofitsstaffspeakEnglishorFrench.ThefirstforeignIanguagetheJapaneselearnisEnglish.EveryJapanesechildwhofinishessecondaryschooIwillhavehadanaverageofeightyearsofEnglishIanguageinstruetion.oratotalof1000hours.Thereareover700EnglishlanguagetrainingschoolsinTokyoaIone,asmanyasthereareinal1ofEngland.Afurther13000Japanesestudentsundertakecourses,manyofwhichemphasiz