科技英語翻譯第五六章

5.1數(shù)詞的譯法第1節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)1Liquidbromineboilsat58°Catwhichtemperatureitchangesintoareddish-browngas.Movetothenextoperationafterthevoltagereaches150V.Testshaveshownthattheenergysavingcanriseabout40percent.液態(tài)溴在58攝氏度時(shí)沸騰，在這個(gè)溫度它變成紅褐色的氣體。等電壓到了150伏時(shí)，進(jìn)行下一個(gè)操作。試驗(yàn)證明，能量節(jié)約可增加40%左右。第1節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)2Ofmanythousandssparepartsdoesnotcomeuptothestandardbutone.Alotofcountieshavesetuppowerstations,chemicalfertilizerplantsandahundredandoneotherfactories.Theperiodictablecontainsmorethanonehundredchemicalelementsbelongingtoeightfamilies.在幾千個(gè)備件中，只有一個(gè)不合格。許多縣已建立了發(fā)電站、化肥廠以及許多別的工廠。元素周期表由屬于8個(gè)族的100多個(gè)化學(xué)元素組成。Thesematerialsbecomequitesoftandflexiblebelow150°C.Anincreaseintheoxygencontentofcoalby1%reducesthatcalorificvaluebysome1.7%.Nearly25neurotransmittershavebeenfoundsofar.這些材料在150攝氏度以下變得十分柔軟、易于彎曲。煤的含氧量每增加1%，其熱值就下降約1.7%。迄今為止，已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了大約25種神經(jīng)傳遞素。第1節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)3Withtheresultofautomation,productivityhasincreasedby5timesinthatfactory.Thesalesofindustrialelectronicproductshaveincreasedtosixtimes.Theoutputofthemachinetoolshasmultipliedfourtimes.Thecurrenthasincreasedbyafactorofthree.由于自動(dòng)化的結(jié)果，那個(gè)工廠的生產(chǎn)率提高到5倍。工業(yè)電子產(chǎn)品的銷售額增加了5倍。機(jī)床產(chǎn)量增加了3倍。電流增加了2倍。第1節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)4Thistypeoffurnaceuses4timesmoreelectricitythanthattypedoes.Thisrodis4timeslongerthanthatone.Theoxygenatomisnearly16timesasheavyasthehydrogenatom.這種爐的耗電量是那種爐耗電量的4倍。這根桿比那根長(zhǎng)3倍。氧原子的原子量幾乎是氫原子量的16倍。Theatomicweightofheliumisfourtimesheavierthanthatofhydrogen.Inrollingbearingthestartingfrictionisabouttwicetherunningfriction.氦原子量比氫原子量重3倍。滾動(dòng)軸承的啟動(dòng)摩擦大概是轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)摩擦的2倍。第1節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)5Theleadsofthenewcondenserareshortenedbysixtimes.Theoperationofcostdecreasedbyfivetimes.Thelossofelectricitywasreducedbyafactoroffour.Thepipeisfourtimeslighterthanthatone.新型電容器的引線縮短了5/6。成本運(yùn)行降至1/5。這根管子重量是那根的1/4。電損減少了3/4。第1節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)6Weldstrengthcanbeincreasedby45percent.Testshaveshownthattheenergyconsumingcanbereducedby30percent.Thelossofenergyhasbeenreducedtolessthan10percent.焊接強(qiáng)度可增加45%。試驗(yàn)證明，能量消耗可減低30%。能量損耗可減至不足10%。Itsgrainoutputwas18percenthigherthanthatin1998.Thesteeloutputis30percenthigherthanthatoflastyear.其糧食產(chǎn)量比1998年高出18%。鋼產(chǎn)比去年增加了30%。第1節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)7Tentoone,theexperimentisunlikelytoproducegoodresults.Thesefiguresshowthattheimprovementofmolecularrefractioniswithinafactoroften.十有八九，這項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)不可能得出好的結(jié)果。這些數(shù)字表明分子折射度的改進(jìn)值為一個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)。5.2形容詞的譯法第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)1Suitabletreatmentshallbegivenassoonaspossibletoavoidhydrogenembrittlement.Complexcomputersystemsarepronetosoftwarehitches.Thepartsmustbeverystrongsothattheymaynotbreakinuse.Thiskindofsteelbecomesveryhardandverybrittlewhenhardened.盡快予以適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚?，以免氫蝕脆化。復(fù)雜的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)容易出現(xiàn)軟件故障。零件必須十分堅(jiān)固，才不會(huì)在使用中破損。這種鋼淬火后就變得很硬很脆。第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)2Hydrogenisaboutone-fourteenthasdenseasair.Heliumisaverylightgas,onlytwiceasheavyashydrogen.Icefloatsbecauseitisnotasdenseaswater.氫的密度大約是空氣密度的1/14。氦氣是一種很輕的氣體，重量?jī)H為氫氣的2倍。冰浮起是因?yàn)樗拿芏缺人拿芏刃?。?節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)3Inthethermosciencesarea,themechanicalengineerisconcernedwiththermodynamics,fluidmechanics,andheattransfer.Thisinalargemeasureisresponsibleforthehighaccuracyobtainablefromsuchsystems.Thetransmissionratioisdependentupontheratioofthenumberofteethofthemeshinggearwheels.在熱學(xué)領(lǐng)域，機(jī)械工程師關(guān)心的是熱力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)和傳熱學(xué)。在很大程度上，這是從這類系統(tǒng)中獲得高精度的原因。傳動(dòng)比取決于兩個(gè)嚙合齒輪的齒數(shù)比。Oncetheengineisunderway,theseauxiliariesareturnedoff.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一旦啟動(dòng)，這些輔助設(shè)備就關(guān)閉了。第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)4Recentdiscoverieshavebeenmadeconcerningthepeculiarpropertiesofcertainsemiconductors.Researchanddevelopmentisofparticularimportancetoaerospaceindustry.Incopperandmostpuremetalsthereisanappreciableincreaseinresistancewithanincreaseintemperature.最近，對(duì)于某些半導(dǎo)體的奇怪特性有一些發(fā)現(xiàn)。研究和發(fā)展對(duì)航空航天工業(yè)非常重要。在銅和大部分純金屬中，隨著溫度的升高，電阻也會(huì)明顯增大。Oneofthedrawbacksoftheearlylaserswastheirinabilityofcontinuousoperation.Thesemetalionsinterferewithelectronflowandcauseagreatdecreaseinelectronmotion.Lubricatingoilsareusedtoensurethesmoothrunningofthemachine.早期激光器的缺點(diǎn)之一是它不能連續(xù)工作。這些金屬離子阻礙電子流動(dòng)，引起電子運(yùn)動(dòng)大幅減弱。使用潤(rùn)滑油是為了確保機(jī)器正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)5Themostcommonapplicationforbearingisthesupportofarotatingshaftthatistransmittingpowerfromonelocationtoanother.TheWorldWideWebisauniquemediumforcommunicationandforpublishing.軸承最常見的應(yīng)用是支撐旋轉(zhuǎn)軸將功率從一處傳至另一處。萬維網(wǎng)是一個(gè)獨(dú)特的通訊和出版媒體。第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)6Apracticalmeansoftransferringgeothermalenergyistoconvertittoelectricpower.Anelectron,ifmoving,producesamagneticfield.將地?zé)崮苻D(zhuǎn)變成電能是輸送這種能量的一種切實(shí)可行的辦法。電子如果運(yùn)動(dòng)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生磁場(chǎng)。第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)7Needlebearingshaveahighloadcapacity.Considerableeffortmustbeexpendedtoensureconsistentblastvolume,humidityandtemperature.滾針軸承的承載能力大。還要在確保風(fēng)量、濕度和溫度穩(wěn)定方面做出相當(dāng)大的努力。第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)8Thegearteethshouldhavethestrengthsufficienttooperate.We’lldoeverythingpossibletoimprovethesupplyofelectricity.Wehopeeverythingreadyfortheoperation.Scientistshavefoundamethodofmeasurementsuitableformostislandwatersandcoastalareas.齒輪的齒必須具備足夠的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度。我們將盡一切努力來改善電力供應(yīng)。我們希望一切在開工之前就緒?？茖W(xué)家們已經(jīng)找到了一種適合大多數(shù)島嶼的近海和沿海地區(qū)的測(cè)量方法。Coalisakindoffuelsuitableforpowergeneration.TheonlytransformeravailableisproducedinShanghai.煤是一種適合發(fā)電的燃料。唯一可用的變壓器是上海產(chǎn)的。第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)9Theresistanceoftheloadistoohighfortheamplifier.Forthisreasontheswitchingsignalshouldbenosteeperorlargerthannecessary.Thecapacitytostorewaterintheirleavesistypicalofdesertplant.Heisquitefamiliarwithstatefunction.負(fù)載的電阻對(duì)于放大器來說太高。因此激勵(lì)信號(hào)的斜率及寬度不應(yīng)超過所要求的數(shù)值。在葉子中儲(chǔ)存水的能力是沙漠植物的特性。他非常熟悉狀態(tài)函數(shù)。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)1Desertedsoilsaresparselycoveredwithshrubsandgrass.Therelationshipsusedarebrieflyoutlined.荒漠上稀疏地覆蓋著灌木叢和雜草。這些用到了的關(guān)系已簡(jiǎn)要地概括出來了。5.3副詞的譯法第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)2Theresultingfluxisconfinedessentiallytothering.Actually,andmetaloralloycanbecastbyprecisioncasting.Normallythewholemassoftheatomisconcentratedinthenucleus.所產(chǎn)生的磁通基本上被限制在環(huán)內(nèi)。實(shí)際上，任何金屬或合金都可以進(jìn)行精密鑄造。在正常情況下，原子的整個(gè)質(zhì)量都集中在原子核里。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)3Admittedly,thetermtemporalcoherenceseemstoimplyaneffectwhichisexclusivelytemporal.Themostimportantadvantagesofrollingbearingsoverslidingbearingsisthemostcompleteeliminationoffriction.不可否認(rèn)，時(shí)間相干性這個(gè)術(shù)語似乎意味著一種只屬于時(shí)間的效應(yīng)。滾動(dòng)軸承優(yōu)于滑動(dòng)軸承的最重要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于幾乎完全消除了摩擦。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)4Wearecertainthatneutronsactdifferentlyfromprotons.Todetectgases,asampleofaircanbeanalyzedchemically.Slopesorientateddifferentlyreceivedirectsolarradiationindifferentamounts.我們確信中子的作用和質(zhì)子的是不同的。為了檢測(cè)各種氣體，可以對(duì)空氣試樣進(jìn)行化學(xué)分析。朝向不相同的山坡，直接接收到的太陽輻射量是不同的。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)5Thesaltsshouldbeheatedelectrically,ifpossible.Themethodsofcontrollingpestschemicallyoftenhaveundesirablesideeffects;forthisreasonitislikelythatthemethodsofcontrollingbiologicallywillbeappliedincreasinglyinthefuture.Evaporationtakesplaceonlyatthesurfaceofaliquid;boilingtakesplacethroughouttheliquid.如果可能的話，這些鹽應(yīng)該用電來加熱。用化學(xué)品控制害蟲的方法常有不良的副作用，因此將來會(huì)越來越多地采用生物學(xué)方法。蒸發(fā)只是發(fā)生在液體表面，沸騰發(fā)生在液體各處。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)6TheCPUalsocontrolstheflowofdatatoandfromtheperipheraldevices.Itisalsopossibletocheckthetemperaturedistributionatthetopoftheburden,althoughtheburdenatthetopofthefurnaceisnotevenlydistributed.Thereisalsoanincreasedexcretionofnitrogen,inorganicphosphorus,andsodiumchloride(salt).CPU還控制著流向和來自外部設(shè)備的數(shù)據(jù)流。盡管爐頂爐料的分布方式是不均勻的，但爐頂爐料的溫度分布也還是可以檢測(cè)的。推拿還促進(jìn)氮、無機(jī)磷和氯化鈉（鹽）的排放。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)7Arelativelysmallexplosionwouldbeenoughtosendashipoffataveryfastrate.Whenthecoreofthiscloudbecamedenseenough,gravitytriggeredthecollapseofitsinnerlayers.Satellites---somelargeenoughtobeplanetsintheirownright---eitherformedalongwiththegiantsorwerecapturedlater.一次較小的爆炸就足以將飛船以極快的速度發(fā)射出去。當(dāng)這個(gè)分子團(tuán)的核心變得十分稠密時(shí)，重力引起分子團(tuán)的內(nèi)層崩潰。至于衛(wèi)星，有些大的足以稱得上行星，它們或是與這些巨大的行星同時(shí)形成，或是后來被獵獲的。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)8Thewattisasmallunitofpower,soweusethekilowattinstead.Insteadofworkingwiththespacevariableforelectricfieldintensitywecanworkdirectlywithvoltage.瓦特是一個(gè)很小的功率單位，因此我們就改用千瓦代之。我們可以直接用電壓來代替電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度這個(gè)空間變量。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)9TheexperimentalresultwasjusttheoppositeofwhatIhadexpected.Theintroductionoflaserintoindustryhasonlyjustbegun.實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與我預(yù)料的剛好相反。激光用于工業(yè)還僅僅剛開始。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)10Neverlaytoolsorworkpiecesonthewaysofalathe.Manhasnevermadeamachinethat,ofitself,willcontinueinastateofuniformmotion.Uptonow,atomicenergyhasneverbeenusedforaircraftpropulsion.絕不要把工具或工件放在車床的導(dǎo)軌上。人類從未制成過一臺(tái)能自行永久保持勻速運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的機(jī)器。到目前為止，原子能從來沒有被用于飛機(jī)的推進(jìn)。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)11Anelectriccurrentisonlyashiftingofelectricity.Whatwecallmassisonlyanothermanifestationofenergy.Onlywhenanobjectmoves,isworkdone.電流僅僅是電的移動(dòng)。我們所說的質(zhì)量只是能的另一種表現(xiàn)形式。物體只有移動(dòng)時(shí)才做功。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)12Gravitykeepsthesatelliteinorbit.Otherwise,itwoulddriftoffintospace.Hisinspectionofthetransmissionlinesrevealedsomepossiblefaultsthatmightotherwisehavebeenoverlooked.引力使衛(wèi)星保持在軌道上，否則衛(wèi)星就會(huì)偏離而進(jìn)入太空。他對(duì)輸電線路進(jìn)行檢查，查出了一些故障，否則這些潛在的故障就會(huì)被忽視。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)13Inamathematicalsensetheimpulseresponseisarathersophisticatedconcept.Processdependsonidentifyingradiostarswithsomekindofobjectemittingvisiblelight---butradioastronomerscangivetheiropticalcolleaguesonlyratherimprecisedirectionsastowheretolook.Theoperationofourgeneratingunitwasnobetterbutratherworse.從數(shù)學(xué)意義上講，沖量反應(yīng)是個(gè)相當(dāng)微妙的概念。進(jìn)一步的進(jìn)展取決于能否確定射電星是一種能發(fā)射可見光的天體，然而射電天文學(xué)家只能給光學(xué)天文學(xué)家提供很不精確的觀測(cè)方向。我們機(jī)組運(yùn)行的情況沒有見好，相反更糟了。Thetemperaturedidnotgoup,asonehadexpected,butratherwentdown.Theyareencouragedindesigningaturbineratherthanrepairingit.Indecidingwhereanairplaneactuallyisinthesky,webelieveoureyesratherthanourears.溫度沒有像人們預(yù)料的那樣上升，反而下降了。他們從事渦輪機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)工作，而不是修理渦輪機(jī)。要判斷飛機(jī)在空中的確切位置，我們與其相信自己的耳朵不如相信自己的眼睛。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)14Justasthefeed-watersupplysystemcanbecontrolled,sothecoalhandlingequipmentcanalsobecomputer-controlled.Itisforthisreasonthatsomuchcarehastobegiventotheburdenpreparationbysinteringandbytheblendingoffluxesandcoke.Somanydeviceshaveutilizedtheseprocesses.正如給水系統(tǒng)可由計(jì)算機(jī)控制那樣，輸煤設(shè)備也可以這樣做。正因?yàn)槿绱?，必須通過優(yōu)良燒結(jié)以及助熔劑和焦炭來精心準(zhǔn)備高爐的爐料。如此之多的裝置現(xiàn)已采用了這些工藝。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)15Attentionisgiventothetransformer,too.Toomanywomenignoretheamountofirontheytakein.Suchparticlesarefartootinytobeseenwiththestrongestmicroscope.Hardenedsteelistoohardandtoobrittleformanytools.同時(shí)也注意變壓器。太多的女性忽視了自己攝入的鐵離子含量。這種粒子太小，即使用最高倍的顯微鏡也看不見。硬化鋼太硬、太脆，對(duì)許多工具的制作都不適宜。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)16Manynaturalphenomenayetremaintobeinvestigated.Thecauseofthiswearhavenotyetbeenestablished.Ifthetemperatureishigh,theresistanceofawirebecomesyetgreater.尚有許多自然現(xiàn)象有待研究。這種磨損的原因尚未查明。如果溫度升高，導(dǎo)線的電阻會(huì)更大。Thiscouldturnouttobeourbiggestmistakeyet.Thisisthebiggestundergroundlakeyetdiscovered.這是我們到目前為止所犯的最大錯(cuò)誤。這是迄今已發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大的底下湖。5.4形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的譯法第4節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)1Theroadsinourpowerplantarewithanewkindofmaterial,thestrengthofwhichisasgreatasthatofconcrete.Metalsdonotchangetheirformaseasilyasplasticbodiesdo.我們電廠的道路是一種新材料鋪設(shè)的，這種新材料的強(qiáng)度與水泥的強(qiáng)度一樣高。金屬不像塑料物體那樣容易變形。第4節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)2Thismaterialcanwithstandhigherstressesunderrepeatedloading.Givenahighercapitalcostforelectricbuses,thecashgrantpayablewouldbehigherforaconventionalvehicle.Ifonehasanattitudeofrespectfortheequipment,theendproductwillbemoresatisfactory.這種材料在交變載荷下可以承受較高的應(yīng)力。即使電瓶巴士投資成本高于傳統(tǒng)車輛，傳統(tǒng)車輛應(yīng)支付的現(xiàn)金補(bǔ)貼也會(huì)更高。如果人們對(duì)生產(chǎn)設(shè)備持尊重態(tài)度，那么其生產(chǎn)出的成品也會(huì)更加令人滿意。第4節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)3Therightgeneticmaterial,weightforweight,canbemorevaluablethanpreciousmetalsandjewels.Threeofthegiantplanetsradiatemoreheatbackintospacethantheyabsorbfromthesun.恰當(dāng)?shù)倪z傳物質(zhì)，就其重要性來說，要比貴金屬和珠寶更有價(jià)值。巨大的外層行星中有三顆射向太空的熱量超過它們從太陽那里吸收的能量。第4節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)4Evenquitesmallamountsofsomeimpuritiescanmakecopperamuchpoorerconductorofelectricity.Aluminumandcopperarefarmorecorrosion-resistantthanordinarysteel.甚至很少量的雜質(zhì)都可能會(huì)使銅成為性能差得多的導(dǎo)電體。鋁和銅的抗腐蝕能力比普通鋼高得多。第4節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)5Nuclearenergyisbeingusedmoreandmorewidely.Moreandmorenuclearpowerstationsarebuiltup.核能用得越來越廣泛了。建設(shè)了越來越多的核電站。第4節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)6Thegreaterthebearingload,theshorterwillbethelifeofthebearinginrevolutions.Thefartheroutthelineofthemomentumextends,thegreatertheangularmomentum.Thegreaterthecross-sectionalarea,thegreaterthestrengthwillbe.軸承的載荷越大，其以轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)為單位的壽命就越短。動(dòng)量作用線伸展得越遠(yuǎn)，角動(dòng)量就越大。截面越大，強(qiáng)度越大。5.5形容詞和副詞最高級(jí)的譯法第5節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)1:Polyacetyleneisthesimplestpossibleconjugatedpolymer.Painisthemostprominentsymptomofsurgicaldisease.聚乙炔可能是最簡(jiǎn)單的共軛聚合物。疼痛是外科疾病最突出的癥狀。第5章總復(fù)習(xí)題Thisseemstoindicatethatfurtherresearchwouldbenecessary.Ana.c.motorissimilarinconstructiontoad.c.motor.Naturalenvironmentcanbeeasilyruinedbyinappropriateexploration.Negativechargesaremovingcounterclockwise.這似乎表明進(jìn)一步研究的必要性。交流電動(dòng)機(jī)與直流電動(dòng)機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)相似。開發(fā)不當(dāng)容易毀壞自然資源。負(fù)電荷按逆時(shí)針方向流動(dòng)。Theaveragevalueofvoltagecanbemeasuredpointbypoint.Theproblemofmaterialsiseasedbythelowerboilingpoint.Asaresult,althoughthereisminimalfrictionpresent,alubricantisstillabsolutelyessential.Removalprocedureforleft-handandright-handcycliccylindersisessentiallythesame.因此，雖然有很小的摩擦，但潤(rùn)滑劑仍舊是非常必要的。電壓的平均值可以逐點(diǎn)測(cè)量。由于沸點(diǎn)較低，材料問題容易解決。左右兩邊循環(huán)氣缸的拆卸步驟基本上相同。Substantially,anthecyanin,thepigmentthatturnsleaves---andapples---red,isproducedbysugarsthatremainafterthenutrientsarechokedoff.Massagewillaffectmusclesthroughoutthebody.Inthistestthemajorpartisbackedoffelectrically.Itisalsogoodforshockandimpactloads.Thetermminimumlifeisalsousedtomeanratinglife.在此項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，主要部分被電補(bǔ)償。本質(zhì)上，使樹葉和蘋果變紅的色素——花色素苷是營養(yǎng)去除后剩余的糖分產(chǎn)生的。它還適用于振動(dòng)和沖擊載荷。推拿將會(huì)對(duì)全身的肌肉組織產(chǎn)生影響。最小壽命這個(gè)術(shù)語也指額定壽命。Usually,a2cmadjustmentofthemachineisenoughtobringthepressurebacktonormal.Statisticsisarathermodernbranchofmathematics.Computersprovidethemeansforgreaterspeedandaccuracyinworkingwithideasthanhadpreviouslybeenpossible.Lessthanaquarteroftheenergyofahumanengineisconvertedintomechanicalenergy.Hydrogenisthelightestgas,itsdensitybeing0.0894g/l.統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)是一門相當(dāng)新的數(shù)學(xué)分支。人體發(fā)出的不到1/4的能量轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C(jī)械能。計(jì)算機(jī)處理意念時(shí)所提供方法的速度和精確度都超過了以往所能達(dá)到的水平。氫是最輕的氣體，其密度為0.0894克/升。通常，把機(jī)器調(diào)整2厘米就足以使壓力恢復(fù)正常。6.1介詞的一般譯法第1節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)1Ingeneral,manservesasthesourceofinfectionwhileanimalsactassuchonlyoccasionally.Anindustrialrobotsharesmanyattributesincommonwithanumericalcontrolmachinetool.一般來說，人可作為感染源，而動(dòng)物只是偶然如此。工業(yè)用機(jī)器人與數(shù)控機(jī)床有許多共同的特性。第1節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)2Withnon-changeovercontrolboththeboilerplantandthechillerplantoperatetoprovidesimultaneousheatingandcoolingthroughouttheyear.Theonlineservicedeliverssubstantiallymorevaluetoourglobalaudienceofe-businessprofessionalsinthechemical,plasticsandalliedindustries.Thisdevicecanmimicphotosynthesistoproduceusableenergyfromsunlight.采用非轉(zhuǎn)換控制，鍋爐設(shè)備和制冷裝置都在運(yùn)行，全年可同時(shí)供暖和制冷。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)主要向全球從事化學(xué)、塑料及相關(guān)工業(yè)的專業(yè)電子商務(wù)用戶提供更有價(jià)值的服務(wù)。這種裝置能夠模擬光合作用，利用陽光產(chǎn)生可用的能源。第1節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)3Thelongitudinalaxisoftheturbinegeneratorisperpendiculartotheaxisofthesteamgenerator.Intherightconditions,membranesareself-assembling.Windingofthespringinducesresidualstressesthroughbending.汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)的縱軸與鍋爐軸線垂直。當(dāng)條件適宜時(shí)，細(xì)胞膜會(huì)自行聚集。卷繞彈簧時(shí)因?yàn)閺澢鹆藲堄鄳?yīng)力。第1節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)4Ifleakageoccursaroundoutputshaft,replacesealandpacking.Sotheygiveoffastrongersignaltosensitiveradiationdetectorsmountedoverthesubject’shead.如輸出軸周圍漏油，應(yīng)更換密封件及填料。因而它向安裝在受試者頭部上方的靈敏的輻射探測(cè)器發(fā)出的信號(hào)比較強(qiáng)。第1節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)5Itiscustomarytouseelectromagnetsratherthanpermanentmagnetsforthefield.Thisflatscreentechnologyeliminatescurvatureonthescreensurface.Allthechargeonaconductorliesonitssurface.通常磁場(chǎng)用的都是電磁鐵而不是永久磁鐵。這種純平面技術(shù)可以消除屏幕表面的彎曲。導(dǎo)體的全部電荷都在其表面。6.2介詞短語的譯法第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)1Foreaseofassemblyandremovalofthewheels,theouterracesarepress-fittedinthewheelhubs.Withthelengthmuchgreaterthanitswidth,thecoiliscalledsolenoid.Withonlyabouthalfasmanymovingpartsasaconventionalengine,aWankelisonlyhalfthesizeandweight,andalmostcompletelyvibrationless.為了便于車輪安裝和拆卸，把外套圈壓入配合到輪轂里。如果長(zhǎng)度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了寬度，這種線圈就稱為螺線管。由于其運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)件數(shù)幾乎僅為一般發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的一半，汪克爾發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)只有一般發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的一半大、一半重，而且?guī)缀跬耆珱]有振動(dòng)。Withoutanelectricfieldapplied,adielectricatomissymmetrical.Despitechangesintheload,thevoltageappliedtoitremainsfairlyconstant.Formoreinformationontheimprovementswe’vemade,scrolldowntoNewFeatures&Functionality.如果沒有外加電場(chǎng)，電介質(zhì)原子是對(duì)稱的。不管負(fù)載如何變化，加在負(fù)載上的電壓都仍然相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定。要想對(duì)我們的改進(jìn)有更多的了解，請(qǐng)往下看“新特點(diǎn)與新功能”。第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)2Singularityfunctionsdonotoccurinphysicalsystems.Afairamountoftheoreticalandexperimentalworkhasbeendevotedatthisagencytoabetterunderstandingofnon-stationaryaerodynmics.物理系統(tǒng)不存在奇異函數(shù)。該機(jī)構(gòu)為更好地了解非定常氣體動(dòng)力學(xué)作了大量的理論研究和試驗(yàn)工作。第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)3Animalsarealwayslosingcarbonbyrespirationasagainstplantsalwaysgainingcarbon.Themosteffectivemethodofreducingfrictionistouserollingfrictioninsteadofslidingfriction.動(dòng)物通過呼吸排除碳，而植物卻吸收碳。減少摩擦力的最有效的方法是采用滾動(dòng)摩擦，而不是采用滑動(dòng)摩擦。第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)4Theshapeoftheelectronspectruminbetadecayisnotdominatedbypropertiesofthematrixelement.Pressureinaliquidisatrightanglestothewallsofcontainer.β衰變的電子譜的形狀不取決于矩陣元的性質(zhì)。液體的壓力與容器壁垂直。第2節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)5Hysteresisenergyisausefulbasisfortheestablishmentoffailurecriteriainfatigue.Physicalchemistryappliesthemethodsofphysicstothestudyofchemicalsystems.在建立疲勞破壞準(zhǔn)則時(shí)，遲滯能量是一個(gè)有用的依據(jù)。物理化學(xué)是應(yīng)用物理學(xué)的方法研究化學(xué)體系。6.3常用介詞的譯法第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)1Littleinformationisgivenabouttheoriginoflife.Abasicchangeinthinkingaboutforceandmassisrequired.Fluoridedamageisgenerallyrestrictedtoareasaboutmanufacturingplants.Thevacuumwascreatedabouttheexit.關(guān)于生命起源方面的資料極少。對(duì)于力和質(zhì)量的看法需要做根本的改變。氟化物的危害一般僅限于制造廠附近。在出口附近產(chǎn)生真空。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)2Allofitscircuitelementsarebondedtogetherafterbeingmanufactured.Linereamsnewbushingsafterinstallation.Afteralllogiceventshavebeencompleted,theautomaticcontrolunitinitiatesthemachineaftertheinstruction.將所有的電路元件在制成之后都連結(jié)在一起。安裝后對(duì)新軸套絞同心孔。在所有的邏輯事件完成之后，自動(dòng)控制器按照指令再次啟動(dòng)該機(jī)器。Thosemachinesaremadeafterthemodel.Afterallitschangeableforms,energycanneverbedestroyed.那些機(jī)器是按該模型制成的。盡管能的形式是可以改變的，但絕不會(huì)消失。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)3Workinginstrumentsareverifiedforcalibrationagainstreferenceinstruments.Thecurrentinatransmittingantennawhenplottedagainsttimeisusuallyasinewave.Theprocesswasagainstanybasiclawsofphysics.Forceisnecessarytodriveanelectriccurrentagainstaresistance.工業(yè)用的儀表要根據(jù)基準(zhǔn)儀表來校驗(yàn)其刻度。將發(fā)射天線中的電流相對(duì)于時(shí)間來描述出來，常是一正弦波。該過程違背了物理學(xué)的基本原理。驅(qū)動(dòng)電流克服電阻需要有電動(dòng)勢(shì)。Oneofthechiefusesofzincistoprotectthesurfaceofironagainstrust.Lighteningrodsareusedtoprotectelectricaldevicesagainstlightening.Itisnecessarytopreventinductionmotorsagainstoverloadandundervoltage.Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachalgorithmhavetobeweightedagainsteachotherinthelightoftheparticularapplication.鋅的主要用途之一是防止鐵表面生銹。避雷針用來保護(hù)電器設(shè)備不受雷擊。必須保護(hù)感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)，防止過載及欠壓。每一種算法都必須根據(jù)具體應(yīng)用相互對(duì)比才能權(quán)衡其優(yōu)劣。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)4Thesecondphaseoftherestorationprojectwillbetolaydownastabilizationringaroundthetower’sfoundation.Theseparatingforceonthemillwascalculatedtobearound10million1b.Thearchdamiseconomicalinnarrowcanyonswherethetopchordlengthisaroundtwotothreetimestheheightofthedam.修復(fù)工程的第二階段是在塔基周圍建造一環(huán)形穩(wěn)固基。此軋機(jī)的軋制力量估計(jì)大約一千萬磅左右。截面越大，強(qiáng)度越大。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)5Eachobservationcouldbeweightedinverselyasthedistanceorasthesquarerootofthefrequency.Iftheelectriclinesareparalleltotheearth,thewaveisreferredtoashorizontallypolarized.每次觀測(cè)可以倒過來加權(quán)，作為距離或頻率的平方根。如果電力線與地面平行，其電波就稱為水平極化電波。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)6Atthebeginningofitsoperation,thisturbineisonlyabout50percentefficient.Itisusualtoprovideaflowmeteratthecolumnoutlet.Asmallholeisprovidedatthelockringgroovetofacilitateremovalofthelockring.在開始運(yùn)行的時(shí)候，這臺(tái)渦輪機(jī)的效率只有50%。在柱子出口處常常要安裝一個(gè)流量器。為使鎖定環(huán)拆卸方便，可在其溝槽內(nèi)開一小孔。Theshuntmotoroperatesnearlyatconstantspeed.Womenofchild-bearingageareatgreatestrisk,sincetheirmonthlybleedingisamajorsourceofironloss.并勵(lì)電動(dòng)機(jī)差不多恒速運(yùn)行。育齡女性危險(xiǎn)最大，因?yàn)樵陆?jīng)是鐵流失重要原因之一。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)7Andoffshoredrillingismadepossiblebyusinghugequantitiesofgaseousnitrogenandoxygentoprovidealivableatmospheredeepunderwater.Everymetalpossessescertainproperties,orcharacteristicsorqualitieswhichwecanfindbyexperiment.Allmaterialsaredeformedtosomeextentbytheapplicationofanexternalforce.用大量的氮?dú)夂脱鯕庑纬稍谏钏心軌蛏畹沫h(huán)境，才有可能進(jìn)行海底石油鉆探。每一種金屬都具有某些性能，或特性、性質(zhì)，而這些我們可以通過實(shí)驗(yàn)檢驗(yàn)出來。所有材料多少都會(huì)由于外力而變形。（練習(xí)8用法）NdBytheLawofUniversalGravitation,allbodiesattracteachother.Bythistheorywecanexplainthephenomenonforwhichtheoldviewofmatterdidnotaccount.按照萬有引力定律，一切物體都相互吸引。根據(jù)這一學(xué)說，我們就能解釋舊的物質(zhì)觀沒有說明的現(xiàn)象。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)8Themachinetoolisdirectlydrivenbythemaindrivemotor.Thepituitaryglandisconstitutedbytwolobes.Theenergypossessedbyanobjectbyvirtueofitsmotioniscalledkineticenergy,orenergyofmotion.Theproductioncapacityhasgreatlyincreasedbythedevelopmentofthecontrolofmanufacturingprocessesbycomputers.機(jī)床由主電機(jī)直接啟動(dòng)。物體由于運(yùn)動(dòng)而獲得的能量稱為動(dòng)能，或稱為運(yùn)動(dòng)能量。由于采用了計(jì)算機(jī)控制制造過程，因而生產(chǎn)能力大大提高。垂腺體由兩個(gè)葉組成。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)9Wemaynothaveeliminatedcigarettesmokingcompletelybytheendofthiscentury.Thefacultylinemustberepairedbythetimeofthesummerharvest.Thecurrentinaninductorlagsthevoltageby90°or,whatisthesamething,thevoltageleadsthecurrentby90°.Theexpertscalculatethatthiswillstraightenupthetowerbyseveralcentimeters.到本世紀(jì)末我們或許還不能完全消除吸煙現(xiàn)象。夏收之前，故障線路必須修好。根據(jù)專家們的計(jì)算，這將使斜塔取直幾厘米。電感器中的電流落后于電壓90°，或者說，電壓超前于電流90°。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)10ByhPawemeananinternationalstandardizedpressureunit.Byconductivitywemeantheabilitytoconductanelectriccurrent.所謂百帕，是國際上通用的表示氣壓的單位。所謂導(dǎo)電率，是指?jìng)鲗?dǎo)電流的能力。Nd第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)11Theelectricdrivesystemismadedetachableforeaseoftransportationandinstallation.CFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalswerefirstmass-producedinthe1950sforuseasrefrigerants,industrialsolvents,cleaningfluidsandagentsinmakingfoamproducts.Thesedataarethebasisforimportantdecisions.Theywillbuildtwopowerplantshere,whichcanmeetthedemandsforpowersupply.為了便于運(yùn)輸和安裝，電力驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)做成可拆式。20世紀(jì)50年代，氟里昂和其他消耗臭氧的化工產(chǎn)品首次批量生產(chǎn)，它們主要用作制冷劑、工業(yè)溶劑、清洗液以及制造泡沫產(chǎn)品的制劑。這些數(shù)據(jù)上做出重要決策的依據(jù)。他們將在這里建兩座電廠，這樣便可以滿足對(duì)電力的需求。Nd第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)12Thetemperaturewastoohighfortheboilertowithstand.Avisualinspectionmustbedonecarefullyforthematerials,especiallyforthosetobeusedinfabricationofpressurevessels.Forthisreason,beverycarefulwhenyoutakeantibiotics.Thefirstpassengerscametoground,nonetheworsefortheirexperience,3,000metersfromtheirstandingpoint.溫度提高，致使鍋爐承受不了。必須對(duì)材料仔細(xì)進(jìn)行外觀檢查，對(duì)制造壓力容器所用材料尤需如此。由于這個(gè)原因，當(dāng)你用抗生素時(shí)務(wù)必非常小心。第一批乘客在離出發(fā)點(diǎn)3000米處著陸，并沒有因這一遭遇而發(fā)生不良反應(yīng)。Nd第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)13Makewaterdodutyforalcoholasasolvent.Theysucceededinsubstitutingasyntheticrubberforthenaturalrubber.Electricitycompensatesforbarometricpressureaswellassystempressurevariations.用水代替酒精當(dāng)溶劑用。他們?cè)谟煤铣上鹉z代替天然橡膠方面取得了成功。用電補(bǔ)償大氣壓力和系統(tǒng)壓力的變化。NdThediseaseragedthroughthecityformonths.Themixturewascuredatroomtemperaturefor8-14days.這種疾病在這座城市猖獗了幾個(gè)月?；旌衔镌谑覝叵滦枋旎?-14天。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)14Foralltheirgreatstablenessunderordinarycircumstances,insulatingmaterialsmaychangeradicallyincharacteristicsunderextremeconditionsofvoltagestressortemperatureorundertheactionofcertainchemicals.Forallitsinvisibleshield,theozonelayercanbemeasuredinanumberofways.Forallouradvice,heinsistsoncarryingoutignitionexperiment.盡管在正常的情形下絕緣材料的性能很穩(wěn)定，但在極端情況下，比如電壓過高、高溫或在某種化學(xué)物質(zhì)作用下，絕緣材料的性能會(huì)遭到完全破壞。盡管臭氧層是一種不可見的保護(hù)層，但還是有多種測(cè)量它的方法。盡管我們勸阻他，他仍然堅(jiān)持要進(jìn)行點(diǎn)火實(shí)驗(yàn)。Nd第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)15Thisreducestheresistancetocurrentflowingfromthewirethroughtherubbertocopperstripsbelowthetubes.Ausermayjumpfromonedocumenttoanotherinanonlinear,associativeway.Fromtheinformationinthistable,wecaneasilycomputeanestimateofthevalueofthemeanofthisgroupeddata.Havingnocompass,hegothisbearingsfromthesun.軸承的載荷越大，其以轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)為單位的壽命就越短。動(dòng)量作用線伸展得越遠(yuǎn)，角動(dòng)量就越大。截面越大，強(qiáng)度越大。Nd第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)16Fabricateashieldfrom12cmaluminumalloytothedimensionsshownonFigure11.Theelectronicdeviceismadefromsemiconductor.Deadtimeisthetimeaworkerlossesfromlackofmaterialsorequipmentbreakdown.Asimilarerrorarisesfromneglectofmultiplecauses.按圖11所示，用12厘米厚的鋁合金制造防護(hù)罩。這只電子器件是用半導(dǎo)體做的。無效時(shí)間是指工人因無原料或設(shè)備故障而失去的時(shí)間。類似的錯(cuò)誤可能由于忽視了多種原因而產(chǎn)生。Nd第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)17Thehardenedwashershallbepreventedfromturningduringlocknuttightening.Washersshallbefromburrsandsharpedges.Thetriggeringcircuitisimmunefromnoise.Themixturearedistinctfromcompounds.Dataisoftendistinguishedfrominformationandfromprograms.當(dāng)自鎖螺母擰緊時(shí)應(yīng)防止淬火墊圈轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。這個(gè)觸發(fā)電路不受雜音影響?；旌衔锊煌诨衔?。墊圈不應(yīng)帶有毛刺和尖角。數(shù)據(jù)通常有別于信息和程序。Nd第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)18Highlypoisonousinsecticidesshouldbekeptfromordinaryinsecticides.Electrolysisistheliberationoffreeelementsfromaliquidbypassinganelectriccurrentthroughit.Placethesepartsinaplasticbag,andkeepseparatefromotherbearingassemblies.劇毒農(nóng)藥和普通農(nóng)藥要嚴(yán)格分開置放。電解就是讓電流通過液體，從而使游離元素從液體中分離出來的過程。將這些零件裝進(jìn)塑料袋中，和其他軸承部件分開置放。Nd第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)19CanadianscientistslookedforozonethinningintheArctic.InCanada,governmentsarealsostartingprogramstorecycleandrecoverCFCs.Theusesofindustrialgasesinourhigh-techworldarenumerousandvaried.加拿大科學(xué)家在北極區(qū)尋找臭氧層變薄的跡象。在加拿大，政府正在開展工作回收和循環(huán)使用氟里昂。在我們這個(gè)技術(shù)高度發(fā)達(dá)的社會(huì)中工業(yè)氣體的用途是多種多樣的。NdThehummingbirdhasthehighestmetabolicrateperunitofbodyweightintheavianworld.Althoughinrecentyearstheliquidstatehasbeenthesubjectofintensestudy,theseveralbookstreatmainlythephysicsofthisstate.Inthe1970s,thefocusofdesigninghardwarewasthecreationofcircuitry.在鳥類世界中，單位體重的新陳代謝以蜂鳥為最高。雖然近年來液態(tài)已成為努力研究的課題，但是這些書主要是談?wù)撘簯B(tài)的物理特征。在20世紀(jì)70年代，硬件設(shè)計(jì)的焦點(diǎn)是生成電路。第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)20Thedecisiontorepairisnoteasy,especiallyinborderlinecases.Allmoleculesareinconstantmotion.Inthestudyoflubricationandjournalbearings,additionalfundamentalknowledgemustbeutilized.Inordertopreventanydamageorinjurytohumaneyesintraining,alaserenergyattenuatormaybemountedonthelaserexitwindow.做出返修的決定不是容易的，在可修可不修的情況下尤其如此。在研究潤(rùn)滑和滑動(dòng)軸承時(shí)，尚需用到另外的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。在訓(xùn)練時(shí)，為防止誤傷人眼，可在激光輸出窗口上裝上激光能量衰減器。一切分子都處在永恒的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)之中。Nd第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)21Theelectricpowerwhichisconsumedinanelectriccircuitismeasuredinwattsorkilowatts.Energyandworkarebothmeasuredinjoules.Power,beingtheamountofworkdonepersecond,ismeasuredinwatts(joules/sec).電路中消耗的電力是以瓦或千瓦計(jì)量的。能和功都用焦耳計(jì)量。功率是每秒鐘所做的功，所以用瓦特（焦耳/秒）計(jì)量。Nd第3節(jié)翻譯練習(xí)22Objectssinkdownintofluidsuntiltheupthrustequalstheweightoftheobject.Ifapermanentmagnetsisplungedintothecoilthemeterregistersamomentarycurrent.Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.物體沉入流體，直到向上的推力與物體的重量相等。如果把永久磁鐵插入線圈，電表會(huì)記錄到一次瞬間電流。只是在最近，天文學(xué)家才開始對(duì)黑洞進(jìn)行具體的研究。NdPhysicsgivesuspowertoadventureintotheunknown.Heattransformsiceintowaterandwaterint