考研英語(yǔ)一及答案復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容

2022年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)真題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEETI.(10points)①I(mǎi)n1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.②Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowshop-floorlighting]workers'productivity.?Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangessubjects'behavior.@Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.?Accordingto5_oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.@Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.④A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9_toalterworkers'behavior10itself.?Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricanalysis.②TheHawthorneexperimentshadanothersurpriseinstore.(3)12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.?Itturnsoutthatthepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationsofwhathappened.②15,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.③WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.④18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondays.?Workers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.⑥Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffectz，ishardtopindown.(285words)1.AaffectedBachievedCextractedDrestored2.AatBupCwithDoff3.AtruthBsightCactDproof4.AcontroversialBperplexingCmischievousDambiguous5.ArequirementsBexplanationsCaccountsDassessments6.AconcludeBmatterCindicateDwork7.AasfarasBfbrfearthatCincasethatDsolongas8.AawarenessBexpectationCsentimentDillusion9.AsuitableBexcessiveCenough□abundant10.AaboutBforConDby11.AcomparedBshownCsubjectedDconveyed12.AContrarytoBConsistentwithCParallelwith□Peculiarto13.AevidenceBguidance CimplicationDsource14.AdisputableBenlightening CreliableDmisleading15.AincontrastBForexample CInconsequenceDAsusual16.AdulyBaccidentally Cunpredictably Dsuddenly17.AfailedBceased CstartedDcontinued18.AThereforeBFurthermore CHoweverDMeanwhile19.AattemptedBtended CchoseDintended20.AbreakingBclimbing Csurpassing DhittingSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.@Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.②Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.③Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.@WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.②Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.③Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.?Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.⑤“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,“Newmanwrote,uthatIamtemptedtodefine'journalism'as€atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare'?Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.?NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.③Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.④Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.⑤Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.①I(mǎi)sthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival②Theprospectseemsremote.?Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.?Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.(428words)ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that.Aartscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapersBEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviewsChigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreadersDyoungreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailiesNewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby.AfreethemesBcasualstyleCelaboratelayoutDradicalviewpointsWhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeonAltiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.Bitiscontemptiblefbrwriterstobejournalists.CWritersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.DNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphsAHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.BHisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.CHisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.DHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.WhatwouldbethebesttitleforthetextANewspapersoftheGoodOldDaysBTheLostHorizoninNewspapersCMournfulDeclineofJournalism□ProminentCriticsinMemoryText2①Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedfbrwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.?Amazonreceivedoneforitsuone-click，,onlinepaymentsystem.?MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.④Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.①Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.②Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.?InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdealz，,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.④It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.*?Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.②Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.③Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.@In2022,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.?Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.①TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.②TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider“itsStateStreetBankruling.①TheFederalCircuifsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsfbrpatentholders.②LastApril,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfbr“inventions“thatareobvious.(3)ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt”,saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.(430words)Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof.AtheirlimitedvaluetobusinessesBtheirconnectionwithassetallocationCthepossiblerestrictionontheirgrantingDthecontroversyovertheirauthorizationWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicaseAltsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.Bitinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction.CIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit.DItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.Theword"about-face(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans.Alossofgoodwill BincreaseofhostilityCchangeofattitude DenhancementofdignityWelearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents.AareimmunetolegalchallengesBareoftenunnecessarilyissuedClowertheesteemforpatentholdersDincreasetheincidenceofrisksWhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetextAAloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents.BProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.CAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.DAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents.Text3①I(mǎi)nhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthat“socialepidemics”aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwellconnected.②Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.①Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe44two-stepflowofcommunication:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.?Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkfbrthem.③Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.@Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.?Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.?Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.②Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredatall.①Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.②Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.③Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.④Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,fbrexample,thecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.?Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.②Theyfoundthattheprincipalrequirementfbrwhatiscalled“globalcascadesz/-thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.(442words)BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto.AanalyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemicsBdiscussinfluentials,functioninspreadingideasCexemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemicsDdescribetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentialsTheauthorsuggeststhatthe"two-step-flowtheory".AservesasasolutiontomarketingproblemsBhashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrendsChaswonsupportfrominfluentialsDrequiressolidevidenceforitsvalidityWhattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat.AthepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractionsBinterpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemediaCinfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublicDmostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattentionTheunderlinedphrase“thesepeople"inparagraph4referstotheoneswho.AstayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluenceBhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluenceCareinfluencedandtheninfluenceothersDareinfluencedbytheinitialinfluentialWhatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluenceATheeagernesstobeaccepted.BTheimpulsetoinfluenceothers.CThereadinesstobeinfluenced.DTheinclinationtorelyonothers.Text4?Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfbrtheirtroublesinpublic.?Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.③Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.?Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.?Unfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.②Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.@And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.?AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.②Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatements.③BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives."④Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.?EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.②TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.③CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum'but“intherealworldz/andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.①I(mǎi)lwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.②Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.③Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.④Butbanks'sharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.⑤Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.?Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.?America'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.?Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.④TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.⑤Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.(430words)Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto.AfollowunfavorableassetevaluationrulesBcollectpaymentsfromthirdpartiesCcooperatewiththepricemanagersDreevaluatesomeoftheirassetsAccordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin.AthediminishingroleofmanagementBtherevivalofthebankingsystemCthebanks'long-termassetlossesDtheweakeningofitsindependenceAccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'sattemptto.AkeepawayfrompoliticalinfluencesBevadethepressurefromtheirpeersCactontheirowninrule-settingDtakegradualmeasuresinreformTheauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet，zinthatthey.AmisinterpretedmarketpriceindicatorsBexaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassetsCneglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebtsDdeniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassetsTheauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof.AsatisfactionBskepticismCobjectivenessDsympathyPartBDirections:ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.(10points)AThefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout:theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2022andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2022.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.BRetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.CWillsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarketDefinitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.DA11inall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirgiganticscale,existinginfrastructure,andprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketingintelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompeXs.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.EDespitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain—aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretoosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon'teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”:hotels,restaurants,andcaKs.Overall,Europe'swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.FForexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescameto$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2022—morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.GHowever,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensomelargefoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains.|41.| P|42」Hb.| 三邛5.1 |PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldhewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit,weinventexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,(47)butwehavealleastdrawnnearerIhepoinlofadmiltingihalbirdsshouldcontinueasamailerofinlrinsicright、regardless〈f(hepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagelous.Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon-worthless“species.Hereagain,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehearthemorehonestargumentthatpredatorsaremembersofthecommunity,andthatnospecialinteresthastherighttoexterminatethemforthesakeofabenefit,realorfancied,toitself.Somespeciesoftreehavebeen“readoutoftheparty，zbyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaluetopayastimbercrops.(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecological、moreadvanced,thenoncommercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,lobepreservedassuch,withinreason.Moreover,somehavebeenfoundtohaveavaluablefunctioninbuildingupsoilfertility.Theinterdependenceoftheforestanditsconstituenttreespecies,groundflora,andfaunaistakenforgranted.Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittends)oignore,andthuseventuallyloeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.SectionIIIWritingPartADirections:YouaresupposedtowriteforthePostgraduates,Associationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization.Thenoticeshouldincludethebasicqualificationsforapplicantsandtheotherinformationwhichyouthinkisrelevant.Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseaPostgraduates9AssociationMinstead.(10points)PartBDirections:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshoulddescribethedrawingbriefly,explainitsintendedmeaning,andthengiveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)答案速查表UseofEnglish(10points)A2.B3.C 4.B5.C 6.B7.D8.A9.C10.DC12.A13.A14.D15.B16.A17.D18.C19.B20.DReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.B 22.A23.D 24.A25.B 26.C27.D 28.C29.B 30.A31.B 32.D33.A 34.C35.C