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版權所有翻印必究目錄Ⅰ序言 4Ⅱ沖刺復習方略 5Ⅲ考試答題策略 8一、時間安排 8二、答題策略 8Ⅳ歷年考題風格與解法剖析 10一、歷年考題風格分析 10二、考試題型特點與解法剖析 10Ⅴ已考知識點匯總 16Ⅵ必會重點題分析與預測 34Ⅶ考前注意事項 152一、心態(tài)篇 152二、飲食篇 152三、考場篇 153Ⅷ專業(yè)課教輔 156
Ⅳ歷年考題風格與解法剖析一、歷年考題風格分析中山大學831語言學概論C(用英文考試,英語專業(yè)的考生)科目的命題有自己的規(guī)律,具體表現(xiàn)在:題目難度大;題型保持不變;題目考查全面。中大外國語學院以系統(tǒng)功能語言學聞名,所以韓禮德的系統(tǒng)功能語法的重要性非同一般。通過研讀中山大學近年的語言學真題可以發(fā)現(xiàn),2007年是考查語言學中文版,簡稱語言學概論B(用中文考試,日法德專業(yè))科目。2008年以后是語言學概論C(用英文考試,英語專業(yè)的考生)科目,用英文考試。中大831語言學概論C(用英文考試,英語專業(yè)的考生)科目題目難度很大,重基礎,題型保持固定,每年沒有變化,試題比較靈活,不容易得高分。中山大學831語言學概論C(用英文考試,英語專業(yè)的考生)科目有以下幾個特點:①整張試卷題型多樣。第一題為注音題,考查考生的語音知識。第二部分為填空題,考查考生的課本熟悉度,以填空形式出現(xiàn),課本每一部分都可能出題。第三大題為術語解釋,解釋的術語比較常規(guī),也比較重要。第四大題為解釋句子,以列舉題形式出現(xiàn)。第五部分為問答題,以論述形式出現(xiàn)。②整張試卷考查知識點非常全面。從第一章語言學簡介到第十二章都會出題。語言的任意性在2009年考到。2013年考到了語言的規(guī)約性。俗詞源近五年考到了三次,形式有簡答題,填空題和問答題。③整份試卷難度較大,設置知識點比較靈活。2008年至2014年的單詞題都出的比較生僻,不容易得分。2011年術語解釋考查了邏輯主語,交際民族學模式。2013年問答題考查了PPT在英語教學中的作用。④重點知識重點考查。中山大學831語言學概論C不避諱重點知識。例如,2007年考到了元語言功能。2008年又考到了元語言功能。俗詞源在2010年考到了填空題,2011年考到了問答題。二、考試題型特點與解法剖析中山大學831語言學概論C(用英文考試,英語專業(yè)的考生)科目有以下題型:1.注音題共10題,總分值為10分,該部分題目出題靈活,難度較大,考生不易得分,因此考生對此要高度重視?!窘忸}方法】解答此題主要方法:(2)考試時判斷題目出題章節(jié),仔細審題之后,回扣課本,然后寫出答案。(3)注意細節(jié),音標中是長音短音,重音符號應該標在那個位置。(4)做完題之后,至少檢查兩遍,重點檢查拼寫是否正確。舉例:2011年第一大題第1小題:①corpora【考查重點】主要考查特殊單詞corpora的讀音及音標知識?!敬鸢附馕觥縖'k?:p?r?]2.填空題共15小題,中大831語言學概論C科目的試卷填空部分總分值為15分,分值雖小,但是能拉開差距?!窘忸}方法】填空題主要考查基本知識,涉及面較廣。解答時可采取以下四步:(1)平時注意積累,建議背誦課本時認真仔細背誦全書,不要遺漏小的知識點。(2)考試時先判斷題目出題章節(jié),仔細審題之后,回扣課本,然后寫出答案。(3)填空題目要看清楚題目劃線位置,解答指定位置。(4)做完題之后,仔細檢查和回憶,重點看看還能否回憶起新的知識點。例如2011年填空第二大題第7小題和第8小題:⑦AndtheFirthiantraditioninthisrespectwasfurtherdevelopedbythefounderofsystemicfunctionallinguistics,M.A.K.Halliday,whosecontributionstosociolinguisticscouldbebetterseenfromhisunderstandingoflanguagefromasocially___________orinteractionalperspective,hisfunctionalinterpretationofgrammarasaresourceformeaningpotential,andhislinguisticmodelinthestudyofliterature.【考查重點】這一題是語言學第七章語言與社會的考點。主要考查韓禮德的功能語法的評價問題,韓禮德的功能語法應該是社會符號學和交流角度考慮的?!敬鸢附馕觥縮emiotic⑧Forsomereasons,muchoftheresearchonwritinghasconcentratedonthepreparationandrevisionprocessesratherthanonthesentencegenerationandlexicalaccessesthathavebeenthefocusof__________languageproduction.【考查重點】這一題主要考查語言學第六章心理語言學的語言輸出中,口語輸出和寫作生成的不同點。在課本第6章語言輸出一節(jié)?!敬鸢附馕觥縎poken3.術語解釋部分共10題,每題5分??偡种禐?0分,在整個考試中占約33%的比重,分值較大,考查知識點都是比較重要的概念?!窘忸}方法】名詞解釋解答時我們建議采取以下四步:(1)平時注意加強課本概念的背誦,課本上的重點概念,一定要全部仔細背誦。(3)回答名詞解釋題答案要簡潔,條目化,序號標清楚。在回答本題目時,要分條目作答。要分為主題句、論述部分和舉例論證三個部分。首句開篇點題,指出考查的知識點。敘述部分要充實,聯(lián)系相關理論。最后要舉例證明題目的理論。(4)做完題之后,仔細檢查和回憶,對答案進行補充修正。例如,2010年的名詞解釋第5小題和第6小題。⑤Conceptualmeaning(5points)【考查重點】這一題主要考查語言學教程第五章語義學概念意義的內容。概念意義是對客觀對象本質特征的反映,一般在詞典中固定下來。這種意義是辯論交際過程中首先必須把握的基本涵義?!敬鸢附馕觥浚ˋ)Conceptualmeaning(alsoknownasdenotativemeaning)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.(2points)(B)Beingconstantandrelativelystable,conceptualmeaningformsthebasisforcommunicationasthesamewordhasthesameconceptualmeaningtoallthespeakersofthesamelanguage.Take'Thesunrisesintheeast'forexample.Thewordsunheremeans'aheavenlybodywhichgivesofflight,heat,andenergy',aconceptwhichisunderstoodbyanyonewhospeaksEnglish.(3points)⑥Categorization(5points)【考查重點】這一題主要考查語言學教程第六章心理語言學??键c為范疇化。范疇化是一種思維方式,是人之為人去把握世界的方式,其本身有一套運作規(guī)律,如二元性,非此即彼性,層次性等。相對于范疇化而言,范疇是這一思維運作的結果。所以,一個是過程,一個是結果,一個是動態(tài)的,一個是靜態(tài)的?!敬鸢附馕觥緾ategorization:thementalprocessofclassificationiscalledcategorization,whichisoneoftheimportantcapabilitiesofthehumanmind.(5points)4.列舉題共3題,每題10分,總分值為30分,在831語言學概論C科目的考試中占20%的比重。分值較大,考查課本中的重點章節(jié)的重點段落,如,第1章的語言的定義特征?!窘忸}方法】在回答列舉題我們建議采取以下步驟:(1)首先認真審題,審出問題涉及的章節(jié)。(2)作答時,依據(jù)課本原文作答,答案用書中的原話。(3)答題時要求規(guī)范化,書寫清楚。答案標好序號。例如2011年列舉題第1題:①Phonemeisthesmallestunitofsoundandmorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitingrammar.(10points)【考查重點】本題考查語言學第一章語言的的音素和詞素。音節(jié)只是最自然的語音單位,而音素是最小的語音單位。漢語包括10個元音,22個輔音,總共有32個。一個音節(jié),至少有一個音素,至多有四個音素。如“普通話”,由三個音節(jié)組成,可以分析成“p,u,t,o,ng,h,u,a”八個音素。詞素是最小的音義結合體,其最大的特點是不能再被分割為更小的音義結合體。【答案解析】(1)A“phoneme”isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Asanabstractunit,aphonemeisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.Forexample,thephoneme[p]isrepresenteddifferentlyin[pit],[tip]and[spit].(5points)(2)The“morpheme”isthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Theword“boxes”,forexample,hastwomorphemes:“box”and“-es”,neitherofwhichpermitsfurtherdivisionoranalysisifwedon’twishtosacrificemeaning.Thereforeamorphemeisconsideredtheminimalunitofmeaning.(5points)5.問答題共3題,每題15分,總分值為45分,占總分值的三分之一。要求列出問題的要點,并且要適當展開闡述分析,或舉例說明,尤其是要點較少的內容,更要求有一定的展開。除了可以綜合出題外,每一個要點都可以單獨出題,因此,我們建議廣大考生要掌握有關的要點,要求都能分別闡述,展開分析。【解題方法】回答問答題可以采取以下三步:(1)審題回答問答題,關鍵在于審題。審清材料和題目的設問,首先理解題意,從材料中提取有效信息,看清題目的設問,弄清題目要求回答的中心問題究竟是什么(題目究竟考查課本中的什么基本概念、基本原理、基本觀點),以免走題,造成答非所問的失誤。(2)構思找準答題的切入點,找到課本所在的章節(jié)。然后在全書中找相關的知識點,組織答案要全面。(3)作答把該回答的問題理清思路以后,就可以動筆作答了。作答時要注意把它們分成幾個自然段,以要點化的方式,正確運用學科術語,認真工整地書寫,將答案準確完整地表達出來。舉例,2011年第5大題問答題第1小題和第2小題。①Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenaphraseandclause?(15points)【考查重點】本題考查語言學第三章短語和小句的區(qū)別。小句是句子,主謂短語是短語,小句和主謂短語的區(qū)別歸根到底是句子和短語的區(qū)別。小句是動態(tài)的語法單位,主謂短語是靜態(tài)的語法單位,二者有著質的區(qū)別?!敬鸢附馕觥浚ˋ)Aphraseisagroupofwords.Itmighthaveanounoraverborbeanadjectivephrase,butitdoesn'thaveanoun*and*averb.Phrases:alightbrownjacket(nounphrase)mightbehaving(verbphrase)sittingoverthere(adjectivephrase)withmyfriends(prepositionalphrase).(5points)(B)Agroupofwordswithanounandaverbisaclause.Allsentencesareclauses,butnotallclausesaresentences.Sentencesareindependentclauses.Herearesomeindependentclauses/sentences:Birdslearntoflywhentheyareyoung.Ms.Jonesistheprincipalofourschool.Wherehelivesisnoneofyourbusiness.(5points)(C)Clausescanbedependent(orsubordinate)also.Iftheyaredependent,theyarenotsentences."Wherehelives"aboveisaclause,butitdependsontherestofthesentencetomakesense."Whentheyareyoung"isalsoadependentclause.These,likeallclauses,haveasubjectandaverbbutarenotcompletebythemselves.(5points)②WhatarethecharacteristicsofGrice'sconversationalimplicature?(15points)【考查重點】本題目主要考查第八章語言的言外之意。人們在實際言語交際中,并非總是遵守“合作原則”,出于需要,人們會故意違反合作原則。格賴斯把這種通過表面上故意違反“合作原則”而產(chǎn)生的言外之意稱為“特殊會話含義”?!疤厥鈺捄x”解釋了聽話人是如何透過說話人話語的表面含義而理解其言外之意的,由此來表達另外一種意思?!敬鸢附馕觥浚ˋ)CalculabilityCalculabilityreferstothefactthatspeakerstrytoconveyconversationalimplicaturesandhearersareabletounderstandthemsuggeststhatimplicaturesarecalculable.Theycanbeworkedoutonthebasisofsomepreviousinformation.(3points)(B)CancellabilityCancellabilityisalsoknownasDEFEASIBILITY.Itissaidthatthepresenceofaconversationalimplicaturereliesonanumberoffactors:theconventionalmeaningofwordsused,theCooperativeprinciple,thelinguisticandthesituationalcontext,etc.(4points)(C)Non-detachabilityItmeansthataconversationalimplicatureisattachedtothesemanticcontentofwhatissaid,nottothelinguisticform.Thereforeitispossibletouseasynonymandkeeptheimplicatureintact.Inotherwords,animplicaturewillnotbedetached,separatedfromtheutteranceasawhole,eventhoughthespecificwordsmaybechanged.(4points)(D)Non-conventionalityConversationalimplicatureisbydefinitiondifferentfromtheconventionalmeaningofwords.Toshowthedifferencesmoreclearly,wecanhavealookatsomeexamplesofentailment.Implicaturesarenotpartoftheconventionalmeaningoflinguisticexpressions.(4points)
Ⅴ已考知識點匯總一、注音題(1)advantageous2010(3)phonetics2011(4)ideational2012(5)langue2008(6)parole2009(7)hierarchy2009(8)textual2009(9)wives2008(10)anesthesia2008(11)odor2008(12)writhe2008(13)sigh2008(14)cupboard2008(15)chef2011(16)debris2011(17)contour2012(18)prefix2010(19)immobile2010(20)synonymy2010(21)kernel2010(22)tagmemics2010(23)resolution2012(24)pyrrhic2012(25)embedding2011(26)antonymy2011(27)nasal2011(28)facial2011(29)allophone2008(30)mink2012(31)calque2012(32)uvular2012(33)cohesion2010(34)cushions2010(35)propagate2010(36)pedagogical2012(37)iamb2009(38)functional2009(39)ballad2009(40)schema2009(41)plurality2009(42)syntactic2009(43)paradigm2010(44)sememe2012(45)plurality2009(46)corpora2011(47)sociologist2011(48)tautology2012(49)annotated2011(50)empirical2013(51)plagiarize2013(52)compound2013(53)finite2013(54)clause2013(55)phonemics2013(56)threatened2013(57)epiphenomenon2013(58)beta2013(59)generic2013(60)mattresses2014(61)experiential2014(62)smiley2014(63)lexis2014(64)causation2014(65)recursiveness2014(66)schwa2014(67)prosodic2014(68)systemic2014(69)hermeneutics2014(70)heptameter2015(71)salience2015(72)monophthong2015(73)allophone2015(74)deviation2015(75)verbiage2015(76)locution2015(77)appraisal2015(78)linguist2015(79)Wikipedia2015(80)parole2016(81)allophonic2016(82)epenthesis2016(83)molecular2016(84)analytical2016(85)inorganic2016(86)proposition2016(87)rheme2016(88)semantics2016(89)vocative2016二、填空題(1)Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem,asystemof___________andasystemofsemantics.(2012)(2)Bycreativitywemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityand________.(2012)(3)“By_________ismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.”(2010)(4)Jacobsonestablishedawell-knownframeworkoflanguagefunctionsbasedonthesixkeyelementsofcommunication,namely:referential,poetic,emotive,conative,phaticand_________function.(2009)(5)Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehas____________,interpersonal,andtextualfunctions.(2008)(6)Lyonspredictedintheseventiesbypointingoutthatlinguisticsis_______________,ratherthanspeculativeorintuitive:itoperateswithpubliclyvariabledataobtainedbymeansofobservationorexperiment.(2011)(7)Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances)as__________.(2009)(8)TheIPAcharthasbeenrevisedandcorrectedseveraltimesandiswidelyusedindictionariesandtextbooksthroughtheworld.Thelatestversionwasrevisedin1993andupdatedintwicein1996and_________________.(2010)(9)Thepresentsystemofthe____________derivesmainlyfromonedevelopedinthe1920sbytheBritishphonetician,DanielJones(1881-1967),andhiscolleaguesatUniversityofLondon.(2008)(10)Phoneticsimilaritymeansthatthe__________ofaphonememustbearsomemorphologicalresemblance.(2011)(11)Theidea______________ofwasfirstdevelopedbyRomanJacobson(1896-1982)inthe1940sasameansofworkingoutasetofphonologicalcontrastsoroppositionstocaptureparticularaspectsoflanguagesounds.(2011)(12)Tonereferstothepitchonasyllableofaword.Whenpitchisrelatedtoasentence,itiscalled______________________.(2011)(13)Wordscanbeclassifiedintovariablewordsandinvariablewords,Asforvariablewords,theymayhave_____________changes.Thatis,thesamewordmayhavedifferentgrammaticalformsbutpartofthewordremainsrelativelyconstant.(2011)(14)Asthelexicalwordscarrythemaincontentofalanguagewhilethegrammaticalonesservetolinkdifferentpartstogether,thelexicalwordsarealsoknownascontentwordsandgrammaticalones_______________.(2008)(15)____________isdefinedas“thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.(2009)(16)__________________referstoachangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnotionoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous.(2010)(17)“Positionalrelation”,or“____________”,referstothesequentialarrangementtowordsinalanguage.(2009)(18)Inlinguistics,______referstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.(2008)(19)Thedevelopmentofmodernlinguisticsciencehashelpedpushthestudyofsyntaxbeyondthetraditionalsentenceboundary.Morelinguistsarenowexploringthesyntacticrelationbetweensentencesinaparagraphorchapterorthewholetext,whichleadstotheemergenceoftextlinguisticsand___________.(2010)(20)Intheirbook___________________writtenin1923,C.K.OgdenandI.A.Richardspresenteda"representativelistofthemaindefinitionswhichreputablestudentsofmeaninghavefavored"(p.186).Thereare16majorcategoriesofthem,withsub-categoriesalltogether,numbering22.(2011)(21)Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthe_____________theory.(2008)(22)Antonymyisthenameforoppositenessrelation.Therearethreemainsub-types;gradableantonymy,complementaryantonymy,and_______antonymy.(2012)(23)Hyponymyisamatterofclassmembership.Theupperterminthissenserelation,i.e.theclassname,iscalled___________,andthelowerterms,themembersarehyponyms.(2011)(24)In1963,KatsandFodorwrotethearticle"TheStructureofaSemanticTheory”,arguingforciblythatsemanticsshouldbeanintegralpartof________.(2012)(25)Predicatelogic,alsocalledpredicatecalculus,studiestheinternalstructureofsimplepropositions.Inthislogicalsystem,propositionslikeSocratesisamanwillbeanalyzedintotwoparts:_________andapredicate.(2010)(26)___________seekstoascertaintheglobalintegratedsystemofconceptualstructuringinlanguage.(2010)(27)CharlesDarwin,thefounderofEvolutionTheory,wasoneofthefirstkeepingthediaryofhisson’s________________.(2011)(28)__________involvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.Itisoftendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.(2009)(29)Atwhatpointismeaningextractedfromthewordsinatext?Thereaderissupposedtocarryouttheprogressesrequiredtounderstandeachwordanditsrelationshiptopreviouswordsinthesentenceassoonasthatwordinencountered;thisisknownas___________________.(2008)(30)AndtheFirthiantraditioninthisrespectsystemicfunctionallinguistics,M.A.K.Halliday,whosecontributionstosociolinguisticscouldbebetterseenfromhisunderstandingoflanguagefromasociallyorinteractionalperspective,hisfunctionalinterpretationofgrammarasaresourceformeaningpotential,andhislinguisticmodelinthestudyofliterature.(2011)(31)Inthemiddleof1960s,WilliamLabov,afamoussociolinguist,conductedaofthisinvestigationwerereportedinthe____________ofEnglishinNewYorkCity(1966),whichhasnowbecomeaclassicalworkinsociolinguistics.(2012)(32)Therehasbeenamaximin_____whichclaimsthat“Youarewhatyousay”.(2008)(33)_____________isthefirstmajortheoryinthestudyoflanguageinuse,whichoriginatedwiththeOxfordphilosopherJohnLangshawAustin.(2012)(34)Ourtalkexchangesdonotnormallyconsistofasuccessionofdisconnectedremarks,andwouldnotberationaliftheydid.Theyarecharacteristically,tosomedegreeatleast,cooperativeefforts;andeachparticipantrecognizesinthem,tosomeextent,acommonpurposeorsetofpurposes,oratleastamutuallyaccepteddirection.Inotherwords,weseemtofollowsomeprincipleinourconversation.Thisprincipleisknownas_________________.(2009)(35)Thetheoryofconversationalimplicaturewasproposedby________________.(2008)(36)AsCarterandSimpson(1989)observed,“atriskofovergeneralization,wemightsaythatifthe1960swasadecadeofformalisminstylistics,the1970sadecadeoffunctionalismandthe1980sadecadeof__________________.(2011)(37)Poetrycanexploitthewayweusestresswhenwespeaktocreaterhythms.Whenstressisorganizedtoformregularrhythms,thetermusedforitis________.(2012)(38)_______________consistsoflinesiniambicpentameterwhichdonotrhyme.AnexampleisfromRobertBrowning’spoem“AndreaDelSarto(1855)”.(2009)(39)Atdifferenttimes,differentpatternsofmeterandsoundhavedevelopedandbecomeacceptedaswaysofstructuringpoems.Amongthem,___________consistsoflinesiniambicpentameterwhichdonotrhyme.(2008)(40)AccordingtoMickshort(1996),weneedatleastthreelevelsof________________toaccountforthelanguageoffictionalprocess(i.e.anovelorshortstory),becausethereisanarrator-narrateelevelinterveningbetweenthecharacter-characterlevelandtheauthor-readerlevel.(2012)(41)Computationallinguistics,dealingwithcomputerprocessingofhumanlanguage,includesprogrammedinstruction,speechsynthesisandrecognition,automatictranslationand________________________.(2010)(42)____________referstoacollectionoflinguisticdata,eithercompiledaswrittentextsorasatranscriptionofrecordedspeech.(2008)(43)Asacompromisebetweenthe“purelyform-focusedapproaches”andthe“purelymeaningfocused”approaches,arecentmovementcalled_________seemstotakeamorebalancedviewontheroleofgrammarinlanguagelearning.(2011)(44)Thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguageisoftenreferredtoas___________.(2008)(45)Inresearchintotherelationbetweenstructureandfunction,J.Firbasdevelopedthenotionof_________________.Thenotionisbasedonthefactthatlinguisticcommunicationisnotastaticphenomenon,butadynamicone.(2008)(46)WhenHyme’stheoryof___________________wasintroducedintothefieldasanantagonismtothetraditionalphilosophyinlanguageteaching,languageteachersbegantopaymoreattentiontothequestionofhowtotraintheirstudentsasactiveandsuccessfulusersinareallanguagecontext.(2010)(47)Kreshenbroughtforwardtheconceptof___________principle,i,e,thelanguagethatlearnersareexposedtoshouldbejustfarenoughbeyondtheircurrentcompetencesothattheycanunderstandmostofitbutstillbechallengedtomakeprogress.(2009)(48)Nunan(1983:3)suggeststhatacurriculumisconcernedwithmakinggeneralstatementsaboutlanguagelearning,learningpurpose,andexperience,andtherelationshipbetweenteachersandlearners,whereasa____ismorelocalizedandisbasedontheaccountsandrecordsofwhatactuallyhappensattheclassroomlevelasteachersandstudentsapplyacurriculumtotheirsituation.(2010)(49)Erroristhegrammaticallyincorrectform;_________ariseswhenthelanguageisgrammaticallycorrectbutimproperinacommunicationalcontext.(2008)(50)Ageneral______________isacollectionofmaterialwhichisbroadlyhomogeneous,butwhichisgatheredfromavarietyofsources,sothattheindividualityofasourceisobscured,unlesstheresearcherisolatesaparticulartext.(2009).(2010)(52)ThePragueSchoolisbestknownforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetween_____________andphonology.ThenameofthemostinfluentialscholarisTrubetzkoy,whosemostcompleteandauthorativestatementsofprincipleareformulatedinhisPrinciplesofPhonologypublishedin1939.(2012)(53)ThePragueschoolpracticedaspecialstyleofsynchroniclinguistics,anditsmostimportantcontributiontolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof____________.(2010)(54)Malinowskibelievedthatutterancesandsituationareboundupinextricablywitheachotherandthe______________ofsituationisindispensablefortheunderstandingofthewords.(2012)(55)WhileFirthinheritedthetraditionbytakingupsomeof____________sandMalinowski’sviews,hedevelopedtheirtheoriesandputforwardhisownoriginalpointsofview.(2011)(56)Halliday’sSystemic-FunctionalGrammarisasociologicallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproach,havinggreateffectonvariousdisciplinesrelatedtolanguage,suchaslanguageteaching,sociolinguistics,discourseanalysis,stylistic,and_________________.(2012)(57)SystemicFunctionalGrammar,unliketraditionalgrammarwhichtakessentenceasalargeunit,takes__________asabasicunit.(2008)(58)InSFGMentalprocessesexpresssuchmentalphenomenaas“perception”,“____________”and“cognition”.(2010)(59)InSystemicFunctionalLinguistics,___________processesarethoseinwhichsomethingisdone.Thoseprocessesareexpressedbyanactionverb,anActorandtheGoalof
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