《高級英語讀寫譯教程》Unit 12 Stem-Cell Rebels

Unit12Stem-CellRebelsPassageTranslationSkills教學建議：本章重點：掌握干細胞發(fā)展的趨勢和與之相關的爭議。本章難點：干細胞研究背景和相關詞匯和術語課時安排：精讀4學時。

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Pre-readingActivities

☆PassageExploration

☆Post-readingActivitiesUnit12

Stem-cellRebelsPre-readingQuestions

1. Whatdoyouknowaboutstemcells?Whatbenefitscanstemcellsbringtopatients?2. Doyouthinkstem-cellresearch,whichsacrificesembryosforstemcells,violateshumanrights?3. WhydoyouthinkBush’spolicyischallengedthatmostfederalresearchfundsarechokedofftostem-cellresearch?BackgroundInformation☆

Whatarehumanembryonicstemcells?☆

Whatclassesofstemcellsarethere?☆

Wheredostemcellscomefrom?☆

Whynotuseadultstemcellsinsteadofusinghumanembryonicstemcellsinresearch?☆

Regulationsconcerningstem-cellresearchvaryaroundtheworld

Whatarehumanembryonicstemcells?

Stemcellsarecellsthathavetheremarkablepotentialtodevelopintomanydifferentcelltypesinthebody.Servingasasortofrepairsystemforthebody,theycantheoreticallydividewithoutlimittoreplenish（補充）othercellsforaslongasthepersonoranimalisstillalive.Whenastemcelldivides,each"daughter"cellhasthepotentialtoeitherremainastemcellorbecomeanothertypeofcellwithamorespecializedfunction,suchasamusclecell,aredbloodcell,orabraincell.Whatclassesofstemcellsarethere?Afertilizedeggisconsideredtotipotent,meaningthatitspotentialistotal;itgivesrisetoallthedifferenttypesofcellsinthebody.Stemcellsthatcangiverisetoasmallnumberofdifferentcelltypesaregenerallycalledmultipotent.Pluripotentstemcellscangiverisetoanytypeofcellinthebodyexceptthoseneededtodevelopafetus.Wheredostemcellscome?

Pluripotentstemcellsareisolatedfromhumanembryosthatareafewdaysold.Cellsfromtheseembryoscanbeusedtocreatepluripotentstemcell"lines"—cellculturesthatcanbegrownindefinitelyinthelaboratory.Pluripotentstemcelllineshavealsobeendevelopedfromfetaltissueobtainedfromfetaltissue(olderthan8weeksofdevelopment).Whynotuseadultstemcellsinsteadofusinghumanembryonicstemcellsinresearch?

Humanembryonicstemcellsarethoughttohavemuchgreaterdevelopmentalpotentialthanadultstemcells.Therearecurrentlyseverallimitationstousingadultstemcells.Althoughmanydifferentkindsofmultipotentstemcellshavebeenidentified,adultstemcellsthatcouldgiverisetoallcellandtissuetypeshavenotyetbeenfound.Adultstemcellsareoftenpresentinonly

minutequantitiesandcanthereforebeWhynotuseadultstemcellsinsteadofusinghumanembryonicstemcellsinresearch?

difficulttoisolateandpurify.Thereisalsoevidencethattheymaynothavethesamecapacitytomultiplyasembryonicstemcellsdo.Finally,adultstemcellsmaycontainmoreDNAabnormalities—causedbysunlight,toxins（毒素）,anderrorsinmakingmoreDNAcopiesduringthecourseofalifetime.Thesepotentialweaknessesmightlimittheusefulnessofadultstemcells.Regulationsconcerningstem-cellresearchvaryaroundtheworld

Regulationsoncloningandstemcellresearchvaryaroundtheworld.BritainistheonlyEuropeancountrythatlicensescloningforstemcellresearchandthreeyearsagowasthefirstintheworldtodosowhenParliamentvotedtoallowregulatorstolicensethemethodforstemcellresearch.SouthKoreafollowedinDecember.CountriessuchasSwedenandJapanareexpectedtopasssimilarlegislationsoon. Regulationsconcerningstem-cellresearchvaryaroundtheworld

IntheUnitedStates,wheremuchofthepioneeringworkonstemcellstookplace,theissueisembroiled(使卷入，牽連)inpoliticalcontroversy.TheBushadministrationforbidsfederalfundingforresearchonembryonicstemcelllinescreatedafterAug.9,2001.Italsoforbidsfederalfundingofallcloningresearch.TextStudying☆Structureofthetext☆Languagepoints

StructureAnalysisI.Para.1-2introduceBush’spolicyonstem-cellresearchunderpressurefrombothsidesPara.1introducesKatieZucker’stragicstoryandelaboratesonpotentialcurefordebilitatingdiabetesbroughtbystem-cellresearchPara.2showsreligiousgroups’oppositiontostem-cellresearchII.Para.4-10depictnationwiderebellionagainstBush’spolicyonstem-cellresearch.Para.4ChallengetoBush’spolicyisspreadingacrossnation.Para.5Severalstates,especiallyCaliforniahavestartedstartlingrebellionagainstBush’spolicy.Para.6prospectivestem-cellresearchinCaliforniaifthe

StructureAnalysis

thebondinitiativepassesPara.6Diabeticpatients’familieshavelaunchedcampaignagainstBush’spolicyPara.7picturescelebrity-studdedmovementforstem-cellresearchPara.8describesthemeasurestakenbyopponentstostranglestem-cellresearch.Para.9tellstheplanlaidoutbythebondinitiative’sbackerstoencouragestem-cellinquiry.Para.10predictspotentialimpactontheU.SexertedbywhathappensinCalifornia.ⅢPara.11highlightsKatieZucker’sunshakablehopeinfindingacurefordebilitatingdiabetesStructureAnalysisIII.Para.6-8dealwithcombinationofsurgeriesPara.6Whyorwhethertheliposuction-tummy-tuckcombinationisdangerousinadoctor’sofficePara.7ThecaseofJamesMcCormickshowsthatacombinationofsurgeriesisfatal.Para.8Therealshow“ExtremeMakeover”raisedunrealisticexpectations.IV.Para.9theending.ThedeathofGoldsmithshowsevenifeverythingisdoneright,therearestillgreatrisksinvolved,whichisignoredbythepublic.LanguagePoints

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WordsandExpressions☆

ExplanationofdifficultsentencesWordsandExpressions

beattachedto:befastenedExamples★

Heattachedhishorsetothetreewhilehewenttothepubforadrink.★

Greatimportancehasbeenattachedtochildreneducation.WordsandExpressions

scary adj. causingfrightoralarm.

Examples★

Walkingindarknessaloneis

scary.

★

Ineverunderstandwhywatchingscary

terrorfilmsisoneofhisfavorites.WordsandExpressions

debilitate vt. tolessenordepletethenerve,energy,orstrengthofExamples★

Aseriousinjurycandebilitateanathlete'sperformance.★

Hugedebtshavedebilitatedthecompany’seconomy.WordsandExpressions

sacrificevt.toforfeit(onething)foranotherthingconsideredtobeofgreatervalueExamples★Manypeoplearewillingtosacrificehighsalary

fortheprivilegeofbeingawhitecollar★Hesacrificedhislifetosavethedrowningchild.WordsandExpressions

transfer vt. toconveyorcausetopassfromoneplace,person,orthingtoanotherExamples★HehasbeentransferredfromBeijingtoShanghai.★TheheadofficehasbeentransferredfromLondontoParis.WordsandExpressions

endup: resultin,finishExamples★Hethoughthe’denduplivinginthecountryside.★Iftheparentinflictstheirwillontheirchild,thechildwilljustendupactingoutagainstauthority.WordsandExpressions

fuel vt.tosupportorstimulatetheactivityorexistenceofExamples★Hisagitatingspeechfueled

thecrowd’sdissents.★Inflationisfueled

bybigwageincreases.WordsandExpressions

ally vt. toplaceinafriendlyassociation,asbytreatyExamples★ ItalyallieditselfwithGermanyduringWorldWarII.★ Thecompanyhasallieditselfwithotherwesterncompaniesfortrade..WordsandExpressions

spare adj. beinginexcessofwhatisneeded;extraExamples★Everydrivershouldcarryasparetireinhiscar.★Thisshopsellssparepartsofmotorcars.WordsandExpressions

discard vt. tothrowawayExamples★Weshoulddiscardoldbeliefsandembracesnewones.★Insteadofdiscardingold-fashionedclothes,shedonatesthemtothepoorpeople.WordsandExpressions

authorize vt. togivepermissionforExamples★Thegovernmentauthorizedthreenewconstructionprojects.★HisvisittoAmericahasbeen

authorized.WordsandExpressions

inaugurate vt. toopenorbeginuseofformallywithaceremonyExamples★TheExportCommoditiesFairwasinauguratedyesterday.★Themayorinauguratedanewcommunitycentertobefundedbythegovernment.WordsandExpressions

dwarf vt. tocausetoappearsmallbycomparisonExamples★Ourapartmentisdwarfedbythehigh-rise.★Togetherthesetwobigmendwarfedmytinyoffice.WordsandExpressions

stall vt. tocometoastandstillExamples★Thenegotiationstalledwhentwopartiescouldn’treachagreementonenergyissue.★Thefundtotheresearchinstitutestalledbecauseofthecontroversyovertheresearch.WordsandExpressions

pavethewayfor:makeprogressordevelopmenteasier

Examples★Herfindingspavedthewayfordevelopinganewvaccine.★Herparentsmakegreateffortstopavethewayforherfuturedevelopment.WordsandExpressions

boast

vt. topossessorown

Examples★Thisareaboasts

bountifulcoal.★Thecompanyboastsmostadvancedmachinesinminingfield.WordsandExpressions

accrue v. toincrease,accumulate,orcomeaboutasaresultofgrowth Examples★Commonsenseaccrueswithexperience.★Knowledgewillaccruetoyoufromreading.WordsandExpressions

substantial adj. considerableinimportance,value,degree,amount,orextentExamples★TheDemocraticPartywontheelectionbysubstantialmargin.★Therearesubstantial

changesinhiminthepastfiveyears.WordsandExpressions

distraught adj. verytroubledinmindwithgrieforworryExamples★Distraughtwithgrief,Isighedawaymyporperty.★Distraughtwithfrustrationfromwork,hebegantosmoketoreducehispressure.WordsandExpressions

endorse vt. toplace(one'ssignature),asonacontract,toindicateapprovalofitscontentsortermsExamples★Theyendorsed

thebilltoshowtheirsupportforthestrike.★Thecompanyshowsadocumentendorsed

bytenexpertstoconvincethepublicofitsproducts.WordsandExpressions

tribute n. action,statementorgiftthatismeanttoshowone’srespectoradmirationExamples★Tributestothedeadleaderhavebeenreceivedfromallaroundtheworld.★Hereceivesahightributetohisability.WordsandExpressions

inpart: tosomeextent;partlyExamples★Hefailedtheexam,inpartbecausehewastoonervous.★Hissuccessisinpartduetohisluck.WordsandExpressions

affliction n. theconditionofbeingsick;conditionofpain,suffering,ordistressExamples★Tobearotherpeople'safflictions,everyonehascourageandenoughtospare.★Manypeoplesufferfromincurableafflictionssuchasdiabetesandcancer.WordsandExpressions

reverberate v. tohaveaprolongedorcontinuingeffectExamples★Thosetalkswithhisteacherreverberated

throughouthislife.★Shockwavesreverberatedroundthedepartmentfromthemanager’sresignation.WordsandExpressions

lobby v. totrytoinfluencethethinkingoflegislatorsorotherpublicofficialsfororagainstaspecificcauseExamples★Theylobbyagainstproliferationofnucleararms.★Theylobbyforstrongenvironmentalmeasurestoslowdownglobalwarming.Explanationofdifficultsentences

P14.

Butinastartlingrebellionagainstthefederalbiomedicalestablishment,severalstatesaremovingforcefullyintothevacuum.ExplanationInthisstartlingnationwidechallengetoBush’sstem-cellpolicy,severalstatesrevoltagainstitbyauthorizingstem-cellresearchfortherapeuticeffect.Explanationofdifficultsentences

P5. Billionsofdollarsareatstakeintheraceformedicalcures.ExplanationInthecourseoffiercecompetitionforstemcells’medicalpotential,moneyisakeyanddecisivefactor.Explanationofdifficultsentences

P10. Already,breakthroughsinstem-cellscience,publishedalmostweeklyinmedicaljournals,areratchetingupthestakes.Explanation

Breakthroughsinstem-cellsciencewhicharepublishedalmostweeklyinmedicaljournalsareopeninguppossibilitiesthatanation-widerebellionagainstBush’sstem-cellpolicycanbesetinmotion.Unit12

Stem-cellRebelsDiscussion Sciencecanbeadouble-edgedsword.Likemanyothernewtechnologies,cloningmaydousgood,orharm.Whatconsequencesinyouropinionunrestrictedcloningcanhave?Shouldthegovernmentbanreproductiveandtherapeuticcloningthoroughly?Why?

Unit12

Stem-cellRebelsAnswersKeyReadingcomprehension★

1.C2.D3.C4.C5.C6.A7.D8.B9.C10.BVocabulary★

A.1.B2.B3.A4.B5.A6.B7.C8.B9.D10.C★B.1.B2.C3.C4.C5.B6.A7.C8.B9.A10.DCloze

1.headlines 2.regenerated3.byaccident4.retain

5.pickout 6.cedureUnit12

Stem-cellRebelsAnswersKey

Translation

A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglsih.

Thegoalofcloningearly-stageembryostoproducestemcellsforuseinresearch,andeventuallytotreatdiseases,islikelytoremaincontroversial.Someseethisresearchasdestroyinghumanlifebutothersdonotregardembryosintheirveryearlystagesashumanlife.Thebattleisbetween“thosewhoseethisasthefirststeptoaBraveNewWorldandthoseofuswhoviewthisasalegitimatesteptowardregenerativemedicineandallthebenefitsthatcanaccrue.”Unit12

Stem-cellRebelsAnswersKey

Translation

B.Translatethefollowingsentencesusingtheexpressionsinthebrackets.

★1.Thedeadlineforapplicationsisbeingextended,inpartbecauseofpressurefromtheemployer.★2.Manypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbecomingwhite-collarworkers.★3. Ifglobalwarmingkeepsatthesamerate,bigUnit12

Stem-cellRebelsAnswersKeyTranslationB.Translatethefollowingsentencesusingtheexpressionsinthebrackets.

citiessuchasTokyoandLondonaretentimesaslikelytodisappearfromtheearthastwentyyearsago.★4.Alongwiththelettersthereareanswerswrittenbypeoplewhoaresupposedtoknowhowtosolvesuchproblems.★5.Therealissueatstakeisnothowmuchthepaintingshouldbesoldfor,butwhetheritshouldbesoldatall.Fastreading

★1.C2.B3.A 4.B 5.B

Unit12

Stem-cellRebelsResourcesformoreinformation

★/units/stemcells/scissues/★/res_stem.htm★/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy

★/view.asp?id=18927

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/id/6384390/MainMenuTranslationSkills定語從句的翻譯分譯法合并法常見的定語從句翻譯方法有兩種：合譯法和分譯法

合譯法把定語從句譯成漢語的“的”字結構，放在被修飾詞的前面，從而把英語的主句和定語從句合譯成一個漢語單句。1) ThisisthescientistwhojustreturnedfromtheNorthPole.這是剛從北極歸來的科學家。2) Thesun,whichhadhiddeninthecloudallday,nowcameoutinitsentiresplendor.整天躲在云層里的太陽，現在又光芒四射地露面了。3)Withoutrubbertherewouldbenosuchautomobilesaswehavetoday.如果沒有橡膠，就不會有今天這樣的汽車。要點1將定語從句與主句分開，譯成并列分句。1). IknewthatMarywouldtellthestorytohermother,whowouldprobablytellittoJohn.我知道瑪麗準會把這件事告訴她的媽媽，她媽媽多半又會把這事說給約翰聽。2)Theyworkedoutanewmethodbywhichproductionhasnowbeenrapidlyincreased.

他們找到了一種新方法，采用該方法之后產量已迅速提高。3)Machinetoolshavevarioususes,oneofwhichistomakeholesinmetal.

機床有各種用途，其中之一是給金屬鉆孔。要點2ExampleWeopenedthewindowtoletthefreshairin.

我們打開窗戶放進新鮮空氣。副（英）動（漢）ExampleTheguardskeptonfightinginspiteofalldifficultiesandsetbacks.

衛(wèi)兵們不顧一切困難和挫折，堅持戰(zhàn)斗。介詞短語（英）動（漢）1. Anelementisasubstancethatcannotbebrokendownintosimplersubstancesbyordinarychemicalmeans.

2. ThereporterofEveningPaperwishestowriteanarticlethatwillattractpublicattentiontothematter.

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.元素是一種物質，這種物質不能用一般化學方法再分裂成更簡單的物質。

晚報記者想寫一篇文章，以便能引起公眾對這件事的注意。

3. Theteacherwasangry,andaskedJohntocleantheclassroom,whoaskedMary,whoaskedLinda,whopretendednottohear.

4. IthinkIshouldparticularlythankmyparents,withoutwhosehelpIcouldn’thavesucceeded.

老師十分生氣，要約翰打掃教室衛(wèi)生，約翰叫瑪麗做，瑪麗又叫琳達做，而琳達裝著沒聽見。

我認為我應該特別感謝我的父母，沒有他們的幫助，我不可能成功。

5. Tomlikedhissister,whowaswarmandpleasant,buthedidnotlikehisbrother