考研考博-英語-天津商務(wù)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-天津商務(wù)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

（

）isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.

問題1選項

A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It

【答案】D

【解析】考查形式主語的用法。本句缺少主語。that引導(dǎo)了一個完整的句子，由此可知句首只需要一個形式主語。四個選項中只有D選項it可充當(dāng)形式主語。句意：英語正在被接受為一種國際語言，這是一個事實。

2.單選題

Before1965manyscientistspicturedthecirculationoftheocean’swatermassasconsistingoflarge,slow-movingcurrents,suchastheGulfStream.Thatview,basedon100yearsofobservationsmadearoundtheglobe,producedonlyaroughapproximationofthetruecirculation.Butinthe1950’sandthe1960’s,researchersbegantoemploynewlydevelopedtechniquesandequipment,includingsubsurfacefloatsthatmovewithoceancurrentsandemitidentificationsignals,andocean-currentmetersthatrecorddataformonthsatfixedlocationsintheocean.Theseinstrumentsdisclosedanunexpectedlevelofvariabilityinthedeepocean.Ratherthanbeingcharacterizedbysmooth,large-scalecurrentsthatchangeseasonally(ifatall),theseasaredominatedbywhatoceanographerscallmesoscalefields;fluctuating,energeticflowswhosevelocitycanreachtentimesthemeanvelocityofthemajorcurrents.

Mesoscalephenomena—theoceanicanalogueofweathersystems-oftenextendtodistancesof100kilometersandpersistfor100days(weathersystemsgenerallyextendabout1,000kilometersandlast3to5daysinanygivenarea).Morethan90percentofthekineticenergyoftheentireoceanmaybeaccountedformesoscalevariabilityratherthanbylarge-scalecurrents.Mesoscalephenomenamay,infact,playasignificantroleinoceanicmixing,air-seainteractions,andoccasionalbutfar-reachingclimaticeventssuchasEINino,theatmospheric-oceanicdisturbanceintheequatorialPacificthataffectsglobalweatherpatterns.

Unfortunately,itisnotfeasibletouseconventionaltechniquestomeasuremesoscalefields.Tomeasurethemproperly,monitoringequipmentwouldhavetobelaidoutonagridatintervalsofatmost50kilometers,withsensorsateachgridpointlowereddeepintheoceanandkeptthereformanymonths.Becauseusingthesetechniqueswouldbeprohibitivelyexpensiveandtime-consuming,itwasproposedin1979thattomographybeadoptedtomeasurethephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.InmedicaltomographyX-raysmapthehumanbody’sdensityvariations(andhenceinternalorgans);theinformationfromtheX-rays,transmittedthroughthebodyalongmanydifferentpaths,isrecombinedtoformthree-dimensionalimagesofthebody’sinterior.Itisprimarilythismultiplicativeincreaseindataobtainedfromthemultipathtransmissionofsignalsthataccountsforoceanographer’sattractiontotomography;itallowsthemeasurementofvastareaswithrelativelyfewinstruments.Researchersreasonedthatlow-frequencysoundwaves,becausetheyaresowelldescribedmathematicallyandbecauseevensmallperturbationsinemittedsoundwavescanbedetected,couldbetransmittedthroughtheoceanovermany,differentpathsandthatthepropertiesoftheocean’sinterior—itstemperature,salinity,density,andspeedofcurrents—couldbededucedonthebasisofhowtheoceanalteredthesignals.Theirinitialtrialswerehighlysuccessful,andoceanacoustictomographywasborn.

26.Accordingtothepassage,scientistareabletouseoceanacoustictomographytodeducethepropertiesoftheocean’sinteriorinpartbecause______.

27.Whichofthefollowingismostsimilartomedicaltomographyasitisdescribedinthepassage?

28.TheauthormentionsEINinoprimarilyinordertoemphasizewhichofthefollowingpoints?

29.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthethirdparagraphofthepassage?

30.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldbetrueiftheocean’scirculationconsistedprimarilyoflarge,slow-movingcurrents?

問題1選項

A.low-frequencysoundwavesarewelldescribedmathematically

B.mesoscalephenomenaaresolargeastobeeasilydetectable

C.informationfromsoundwavescanberecombinedmoreeasilythaninformationfromX-rays

D.densityvariationsintheoceanaremathematicallypredictable

問題2選項

A.Theuseofocean-currentmeterstodeterminethedirectionandvelocityoftheocean’smesoscalefields.

B.Theuseofearthquakeshock-wavedatacollectedatseveraldifferentlocationsandcombinedtocreateathree-dimensionalimageoftheEarth’sinterior.

C.Theuseofagrid-pointsensorysystemtomapglobalweatherpatterns.

D.Theuseofsubsurfacefloatstomaplarge-scalecirculationintheocean.

問題3選項

A.Thebriefdurationofweatherpatterns.

B.Thedifficultyofmeasuringtheocean’slarge-scalecurrents.

C.Theeffectivenessoflow-frequencysoundwavesinmappingtheocean.

D.Thepossibleimpactofmesoscalefieldsonweatherconditions.

問題4選項

A.Opposingviewsarepresented,elaborated,andthenreconciled.

B.Aproblemisdescribed,andthenasolutionisdiscussedanditseffectivenessisaffirmed.

C.Anargumentisadvanced,thenrefuted,andanalternativeissuggested.

D.Ahypothesisispresented,qualified,andthenreaffirmed.

問題5選項

A.Conventionalmeasuringtechniqueswouldbeafeasiblemethodofstudyingthephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.

B.Theinfluenceofmesoscalefieldsonglobalweatherpatternswouldremainthesame.

C.Themajorityoftheocean’skineticenergywouldbederivedfrommesoscalefields.

D.Atmospheric-oceanicdisturbancessuchasEINinowouldoccurmoreoften.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】26.【選項釋義】

26.Accordingtothepassage,scientistareabletouseoceanacoustictomographytodeducethepropertiesoftheocean’sinteriorinpartbecause______.26.根據(jù)這篇文章，科學(xué)家能夠使用海洋聲學(xué)層析成像來推斷海洋內(nèi)部的特性，部分原因是______。

A.low-frequencysoundwavesarewelldescribedmathematicallyA.低頻聲波在數(shù)學(xué)上描述得很好

B.mesoscalephenomenaaresolargeastobeeasilydetectableB.中尺度現(xiàn)象很大，很容易探測到

C.informationfromsoundwavescanberecombinedmoreeasilythaninformationfromX-raysC.聲波的信息比X射線的信息更容易重組

D.densityvariationsintheoceanaremathematicallypredictableD.海洋的密度變化在數(shù)學(xué)上是可以預(yù)測的

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位到文章倒數(shù)第二句“研究人員推斷，因為它們（low-frequencysoundwaves）在數(shù)學(xué)上得到了很好的描述（sowelldescribedmathematically），而且即使是發(fā)出的聲波中的微小擾動也能被探測到，所以低頻聲波可以通過許多不同的路徑在海洋中傳播，海洋內(nèi)部的特性（thepropertiesoftheocean’sinterior），如溫度、鹽度、密度和流速等，可以根據(jù)海洋如何改變信號來推斷”可知，科學(xué)家能夠使用海洋聲學(xué)層析成像來推斷海洋內(nèi)部的特性的原因是低頻聲波在數(shù)學(xué)上得到了很好的描述，且能探測到發(fā)出的聲波中的微小擾動，所以A項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B選項定位第三段第一句“不幸的是，使用傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)測量中尺度場是不可行的”可知，easilydetectable并不符合原文，而且與題干無關(guān)，該項屬于出處錯位；

C選項沒有提到聲波信息和X射線信息的比較，屬于無中生有；

D選項在文中提到的是“海洋內(nèi)部的特性，如溫度、鹽度、密度和流速等，可以根據(jù)海洋如何改變信號來推斷”，所以海洋的密度是根據(jù)海洋改變的信號來預(yù)測的，該項曲解原文。

27.【選項釋義】

27.Whichofthefollowingismostsimilartomedicaltomographyasitisdescribedinthepassage?27.下面哪項與文章中描述的醫(yī)學(xué)斷層掃描最相似？

A.Theuseofocean-currentmeterstodeterminethedirectionandvelocityoftheocean’smesoscalefields.A.利用洋流計來確定海洋中尺度場的方向和速度。

B.Theuseofearthquakeshock-wavedatacollectedatseveraldifferentlocationsandcombinedtocreateathree-dimensionalimageoftheEarth’sinterior.B.利用在幾個不同地點收集的地震沖擊波數(shù)據(jù)，并結(jié)合起來創(chuàng)建一個地球內(nèi)部的三維圖像。

C.Theuseofagrid-pointsensorysystemtomapglobalweatherpatterns.C.使用網(wǎng)格點感知系統(tǒng)來繪制全球天氣模式。

D.Theuseofsubsurfacefloatstomaplarge-scalecirculationintheocean.D.利用地下漂浮物繪制大規(guī)模海洋環(huán)流圖。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位到第三段第四句“在醫(yī)學(xué)斷層掃描中，X射線可以繪制出人體密度的變化（以及內(nèi)部器官），來自X射線的信息，通過身體的許多不同路徑傳輸，被重新組合（recombined），形成身體內(nèi)部的三維圖像（three-dimensionalimages）”，從中可知，醫(yī)學(xué)斷層掃描中，其使用的原理就是通過X射線的掃描，收集身體內(nèi)部不同器官傳輸?shù)男畔?，然后重組形成身體的三維圖像，從而來進行醫(yī)學(xué)判斷；四個選項中與此原理相似的是B項，因此，該題選擇B項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A、C、D選項都不屬于層析技術(shù)，屬于出處錯位。

28.【選項釋義】

28.TheauthormentionsEINinoprimarilyinordertoemphasizewhichofthefollowingpoints?28.作者提到厄爾尼諾主要是為了強調(diào)以下哪一點？

A.Thebriefdurationofweatherpatterns.A.氣候模式的短暫持續(xù)時間。

B.Thedifficultyofmeasuringtheocean’slarge-scalecurrents.B.測量海洋大尺度洋流的難度。

C.Theeffectivenessoflow-frequencysoundwavesinmappingtheocean.C.低頻聲波在海洋測繪中的有效性。

D.Thepossibleimpactofmesoscalefieldsonweatherconditions.D.中尺度場對氣候狀況可能產(chǎn)生的影響。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位第二段最后一句“事實上，中尺度現(xiàn)象可能在海洋混合、海氣相互作用和偶爾但影響深遠的氣候事件中，如在影響全球氣候模式的赤道太平洋大氣-海洋擾動的厄爾尼諾氣候事件中，發(fā)揮著重要作用”，從中可知，中尺度現(xiàn)象對厄爾尼諾這樣的氣候事件可以發(fā)揮重要的作用，所以推斷，作者在這里提到厄爾尼諾是為了強調(diào)中尺度現(xiàn)象對氣候的影響，D項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A、C選項與題干無關(guān)，屬于出處錯位；

B選項在文中沒有提及測量海洋大尺度洋流，該項屬于無中生有。

29.【選項釋義】

29.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthethirdparagraphofthepassage?29.下面哪個選項最好地描述了文章第三段的結(jié)構(gòu)？

A.Opposingviewsarepresented,elaborated,andthenreconciled.A.相反的觀點被提出，闡述，然后調(diào)和。

B.Aproblemisdescribed,andthenasolutionisdiscussedanditseffectivenessisaffirmed.B.首先描述了一個問題，然后討論了解決方案，并肯定了其有效性。

C.Anargumentisadvanced,thenrefuted,andanalternativeissuggested.C.先提出一個論點，然后反駁，然后提出另一種選擇。

D.Ahypothesisispresented,qualified,andthenreaffirmed.D.假設(shè)被提出，被確認，然后被重新確認。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】定位文章第三段，第一句先指出測量中尺度場所存在的問題，即“使用傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)測量中尺度場是不可行的”，然后在第三句提出了用層析成像技術(shù)來測量的方法，然后通過對醫(yī)學(xué)斷層掃描舉例來做類比，最后得出結(jié)論：“他們最初的試驗非常成功，海洋聲學(xué)斷層攝影術(shù)誕生了”；綜上所述，我們可以推斷，文章第三段的結(jié)構(gòu)是：提出問題—討論問題和提出解決辦法—證明解決辦法的有效性，所以B項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、C、D選項都不符合第三段的結(jié)構(gòu)，屬于曲解原文。

30.【選項釋義】

30.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldbetrueiftheocean’scirculationconsistedprimarilyoflarge,slow-movingcurrents?30.這篇文章表明，如果海洋環(huán)流主要是由大的、移動緩慢的洋流組成，下面哪個選項是正確的？

A.Conventionalmeasuringtechniqueswouldbeafeasiblemethodofstudyingthephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.A.傳統(tǒng)的測量技術(shù)將是研究海洋物理特性的可行方法。

B.Theinfluenceofmesoscalefieldsonglobalweatherpatternswouldremainthesame.B.中尺度場對全球氣候模式的影響將保持不變。

C.Themajorityoftheocean’skineticenergywouldbederivedfrommesoscalefields.C.海洋的大部分動能將來自中尺度場。

D.Atmospheric-oceanicdisturbancessuchasEINinowouldoccurmoreoften.D.像厄爾尼諾這樣的大氣-海洋擾動將更頻繁地發(fā)生。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】文章第一段開頭就指出“1965年以前，許多科學(xué)家把海洋水團的循環(huán)描繪成由大型、緩慢移動的洋流組成的，例如墨西哥灣流”，但是新技術(shù)的采用（newlydevelopedtechniquesandequipment），發(fā)現(xiàn)深海中的變化并不是開頭所說的那樣，如第四句說的“這些儀器（Theseinstruments）揭示了深海中出乎意料的變化水平”；然后隨即對中尺度場的測量展開的論述，在第三段第一句提到“使用傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)測量中尺度場是不可行的”，然后就提出了層析技術(shù)。綜合推斷，我們可以知道，如果海洋環(huán)流主要是由大的、移動緩慢的洋流組成，那么使用傳統(tǒng)的技術(shù)測量海洋物理特性是可行的，所以A項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B、C選項，如果海洋環(huán)流是由洋流組成，那么中尺度場就不會被研究，該兩項屬于曲解原文；

D選項在文中沒有表明，中尺度場能阻止厄爾尼諾這樣的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生，所以屬于無中生有。

3.翻譯題

世界上最幸福的十種工作很多職場新人都曾夢想找到一份理想工作，做喜歡的事，享受那份喜悅。而現(xiàn)實往往不盡人意，人們總是抱怨著自己的工作。本文為你盤點了十種最幸福的工作。

神職人員：最不諳世事的工作據(jù)說是最幸福的工作。

消防員：消防員的工作能給人們提供幫助，而80%的消防員都表示對自己的工作“非常滿意”。

理療師:社會互動和幫助他人明顯使得這份工作是最幸福的工作之一。

作家：對于大多數(shù)作家來說，他們的報酬少得可憐，或者根本沒有，但是寫下自己心中所想顯然會帶來快樂。

特殊教育老師：如果你不在乎金錢，特殊教育老師這個工作或許是個幸福的職業(yè)。

教師：盡管當(dāng)前存在著教育經(jīng)費和教室條件的問題，一般來說教師們還是感到自己的工作很幸福的。

這一職業(yè)繼續(xù)吸引著年輕的理想主義者，盡管有50%的新教師都在5年以內(nèi)選擇轉(zhuǎn)行了。

藝術(shù)家：雕刻家和畫家據(jù)稱是工作滿意度最高的職業(yè)，盡管在這一職業(yè)上謀生有著相當(dāng)大的困難。

心理學(xué)家：心理學(xué)家不一定能解決其他人的問題，但是似乎他們已經(jīng)解決了自己的問題。

金融理財銷售代理:據(jù)報道65%的金融理財銷售代理認為自己的工作很幸福。這大概是因為他們中的一些人在舒服的辦公環(huán)境中工作，每周工作40個小時，平均每年掙9萬多美元。

施工工程師：擺弄那些大型玩具可能是很有趣的，比如推土機、前載車、反鏟挖土機、刮土機、平地機、裝載機、起重機、大型水泵以及空氣壓縮機。同時施工工程師的工作供不應(yīng)求，這使他們感覺很幸福。

【答案】Formostauthors,thepayisridiculouslylowornon-existent,buttheautonomyofwritingdownthecontentsofyourownmindapparentlyleadstohappiness.

Despitethecurrentissueswitheducationfundingandclassroomconditions,teachersingeneralreportbeinghappywiththeirjobs.

Thecareercontinuestoattractyoungidealists,although50percentofnewteacherswillswitchtoanotherjobwithinfiveyears.

Sculptorsandpaintersaresaidtobethemostsatisfiedjob,despitethegreatdifficultyinmakingalivingfromit.

Thatcouldhavethereasonthatsomeofthemareclearingmorethan$90,000dollarsayearonaveragefora40-hourworkweekinacomfortableofficeenvironment.

4.單選題

Traditionally,thewomanhasheldalowpositioninmarriagepartnerships.Whileherhusbandwenthisway,shehadtowash,stitchandsew.Todaythemoveistoliberatethewoman,whichmayintheendstrengthenthemarriageunion.

Perhapsthegreatestobstacletofriendshipinmarriageistheamountacoupleusuallyseeofeachother.Friendshipinitsusualsenseisnottestedbythestrainofdaily,year-longcohabitation.Couplesneedtotakeupseparateinterests(andfriendship)aswellasmutuallysharedones,iftheyarenottogetusedtothemoreattractiveelementsofeachother’spersonalities.

Marriedcouplesarelikelytoexertthemselvesforguests—beingamusing,discussingwithpassionandpoint—andthentofallintodullexhaustedsilencewhentheguestshavegone.

Asinallfriendship,ahusbandandwifemusttrytointeresteachother,andtospendsufficienttimesharingabsorbingactivitiestogivethemcontinuingcommoninterests.Butatthesametimetheymustspendenoughtimeonseparateinterestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparatepersonalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh.

Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingwomen,homerepresentschoreobligations,becausethehusbandonlytoleratesherworkanddoesnotparticipateinhouseholdchores.Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingmen,homerepresentsdullnessandcomplaints—fromanover-dependentwifewhowillnotgathercouragetomakeherownlife.

Insuchanatmosphere,thepartnersgrowfurtherandfurtherapart,bothloveandlikingdisappearing.Fortoomanycoupleswithchildren,thechildrenareallowedtocommandalltimeandattention,allowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingandfriendship,aswellaslove,allottingthemexclusiveparentalroles.

41.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?

42.Thepassagesuggeststhatmarriedcouplesbecome（）.

43.Thepassageseemstoindicateattheendthatchildren（）.

問題1選項

A.Friendshipinmarriagemeansdaily,year-longcohabitation.

B.Friendshipcanbekeptfreshbybothseparateandsharedinterests.

C.Friendshipinmarriageisbasedondevelopingsimilarinterests.

D.Friendshipinmarriageisbasedondevelopingseparateinterests.

問題2選項

A.unfriendlywithguests

B.uninterestedinguests

C.hostilewhenguestshaveleft

D.quietwhenguesthaveleft

問題3選項

A.helpcouplesreinforcetheirfriendship

B.makenoimpactonthequalityoffriendship

C.mayposeobstaclesinmaritalfriendship

D.commandlesstimeandcarethanexpected

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

【解析】41.判斷推理題。根據(jù)選項定位到第四段Asinallfriendship,ahusbandandwifemusttrytointeresteachother,erestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparatepersonalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh.（就像所有的友誼一樣，丈夫和妻子必須努力使對方感興趣，并花足夠的時間分享有趣的活動，以使他們保持共同的興趣。但同時，他們必須花足夠的時間和不同的人在不同的興趣上，以保持和發(fā)展他們不同的個性，保持他們的關(guān)系新鮮。）而B選項“無論是單獨的還是共同的興趣愛好都能使友誼保持新鮮感”與文段最相符，因此B選項正確。A選項“婚姻中的友誼意味著每天、一年的同居生活”，與原文并不符；C選項“婚姻中的友誼是建立在發(fā)展相似的興趣上的”；D選項“婚姻中的友誼是建立在發(fā)展各自的興趣上的”，文章認為應(yīng)該是要兩者結(jié)合才是最好。

42.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段Marriedcouplesarelikelytoexertthemselvesforguests—beingamusing,discussingwithpassionandpoint—andthentofallintodullexhaustedsilencewhentheguestshavegone.（已婚夫婦很可能會為客人竭盡全力——逗樂，激情而有意義地討論——然后當(dāng)客人走后陷入沉悶而疲憊的沉默。）也就是說客人在的時候他們會盡力去交談，而客人走后卻無話可說，因此D選項“客人走后他們會保持安靜”正確。A選項“對待客人并不友好”，與原文不符；B選項“對客人不感興趣”，原文完全沒有提到；C選項“在客人離開后，雙方變得敵對”，無關(guān)項。

43.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到最后一段Insuchanatmosphere,thepartnersgrowfurtherandfurtherapart,bothlove...allowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingandfriendship,aswellaslove,allottingthemexclusiveparentalroles.（在這樣的氛圍中，伴侶之間的距離越來越遠，愛和喜歡都消失了。對于太多有孩子的夫婦來說，孩子被允許支配所有的時間和注意力，讓夫婦沒有時間去發(fā)展喜歡、友誼和愛，給他們分配了唯一的父母角色。）通過這句話可以得出，孩子占用了夫婦大部分的時間，成了婚姻關(guān)系中的障礙，因此C信息“可能對婚姻友誼造成障礙”正確；A選項“幫助夫婦鞏固他們的友誼”；B選項“不影響夫妻關(guān)系”；D選項“比預(yù)期要求更少的時間和照顧”都與文章不符。

5.單選題

Igotupsolatethismorning1hadtocookupsomeexcuseaboutmycarbreakingdown.

問題1選項

A.initiate

B.challenge

C.invent

D.appreciate

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.initiate開始；發(fā)起B(yǎng).challenge挑戰(zhàn)

C.invent發(fā)明；編造D.appreciate欣賞；賞識

【考查點】動詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞someexcuse（一些借口）可知，cookup表示“編造”的意思，C項詞義與之相近，故該題選擇C項。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D項不符合劃線單詞詞義。

【句意】我今天早上起得這么晚，我不得不編造一些借口，說我的車壞了。

6.單選題

Thepressisconstantlyremindingusthatthedramaticincreaseintheageofourpopulationoverthenext30orsoyearswillcausenationalhealthcaresystemstocollapse,economiestocrumpleunderthestrainofpensiondemandsanddisintegratingfamiliestobuckleunderincreasingcarecommitments.YetresearchatOxfordisbeginningtoexposesomeofthewidespreadmythsthatunderliethisrhetoric.Demographicagingisundoubtedlyareality.Lifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieshasrisencontinuouslyoverthepastcentury,increasingthepercentageofthoseovertheageof60relativetothoseundertheageof15.By2030halfthepopulationofWesternEuropewillbeovertheageof50,withapredictedaveragelifeexpectancyofafurther40years.Bythen,aquarterofthepopulationwillbeover65andby2050theUK’scurrentnumbersof10,000centenariansarepredictedtohavereachedaquarterofamillion.SomedemographershaveevensuggestedthathalfofallbabygirlsbomintheWesttodaywilllivetoseethenextcentury.

（1）

Indeed,ifthiscouldbeachievedthroughouttheworld,itwouldsurelycountasthesuccessofcivilization,forthenwewouldalsohaveconqueredthekillersofpoverty,disease,famineandwar.

Decreasingmortalityratesincreasinglongevityanddecliningfertilitymeansmallerpercentagesofyoungpeoplewithinpopulations.Overthepast20yearslifeexpectancyatbirthintheUKhasrisenbyfouryearsformen(to75)andthreeyearsforwomen(to80).MeanwhilefertilityratesacrossEuropehavedeclinedmoreorlesscontinuouslyoverthepast40yearsandremainwellbelowthelevelsrequiredforEuropeanpopulationstobeabletoreplacethemselveswithoutsubstantiveimmigration.Butagain,ratherthanseeingthisasadoomandgloomscenario,weneedtoexplorethepositiveaspectsofthesedemographics.Thenext50yearsshouldprovideuswithallopportunitytoenjoythemanyadvantagesofasocietywithamaturepopulationstructure.

（2）

ThefirstoftheseisthecurrentpoliticalrhetoricwhichclaimsthathealthservicesacrosstheWesternWorldarecollapsingunderthestrainofdemographicageing.

（3）

Thesecondmythistheviewthattheratioofworkerstonon-workerswillbecomesoacutethatWesterneconomieswillcollapse,compoundedbyamassivegrowthinpensiondebt,Whilethereareundoubtedconcernsovercurrentpensionshortfalls,itisalsoclearthatworkingliveswillthemselveschangeoverthenextfewdecades,withapredictedincreaseinflexibleandpart.Timeworkandtheprobableextensionofworkinglifeuntiltheageof70.Indeed,wehavetorecognizethatwecannotexpecttoretireattheageof50andthenbeabletosupportourselvesforanother40orsoyear.Neitherasolidpensionschemenorsavingscancarrypeoplethatlong.

（4）

Afurthermythisthatwewillallliveinloose,multigenerationalfamilies,experiencingincreasedemotionaldistancingfromourkin.Evidencefromavarietyofstudiesacrossthedevelopedworldsuggeststhat,ifanything,themodernfamilyisactuallybecomingmoreclose-knit.WorkcarriedoutbytheOxfordInstituteinScandinaviaandinaPan-EuropeanFamilyCareStudy,forexample,showsthatdespitetheinfluenceofthewelfarestate,overthepast10years,peoplehavecometovaluefamilyrelationshipsmorethanpreviously.

（5）

Inthedevelopedworldtherefore,wecanseeactualbenefitsfrompopulationaging:abetterbalancebetweenagegroups,matureandlessvolatilesocieties,withanemphasisonageintegration.Theissueswillbeverydifferentinotherpartsoftheworld.

Hereinlaysanothermyth:thatthelessdevelopedworldwillescapeformdemographicaging.Instead,themassiveincreaseintheageofpopulationsfacingthesecountries-predictedtobeuptoonebillionolderpeoplewithin30years-ispotentiallydevastating.TheproblemisnotonlythatdemographicagingisoccurringatafargreaterpacethanwehaveseeninWesternnations,butalsothatfewifanydevelopingcountrieshavetheeconomicdevelopmentandinfrastructurenecessarytoprovidewidespreadpublicpensionsandhealthcaretothesegrowingelderlypopulations.

Asaresult,olderpeopleareamongthepoorestineverydevelopingcountry.Theyhavethelowestlevelsofincome,educationandliteracy,theylacksavingsandassets,haveonlylimitedaccesstowork,andevenintimesofcrisisareusuallythelasttobecaredforunderemergencyaidprograms.Perhapsofmostconcernishealthcare,forasweconqueracutediseases,wearegoingtoseearapidincreaseinlevelsofchronicillnessanddisability,butnolong-termcareprogrammesorfacilitiestotacklethis.

問題1選項

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichyoungandoldalikewillbenefit

B.In2001.Inrecognitionofthesignificanceofthesedemographicchangesandtheglobalchallengesandopportunitiesthatwillaccompanythem,theOxfordInstituteofAgingwasestablishedattheUniversity.Itismadeupofresearchersindemography,sociology,economics,socialanthropology,philosophyandpsychology,withlinkstootherspecialistsinmedicine,biology,lawandpolicyinresearchunitsacrosstheUniversity.Thiscross-disciplinaryapproachhasmadeitpossibletochallengesomeofthemostpervasivemythsaboutagingsocieties.

C.AsInstitutehealthcareethicistKennethHoweepointsout,familyobligationstowardsolderrelativesmaychangeoverthenext20years.Butcurrentindicationsarethatfamiliesareretainingastrongresponsibilitytocare.Furthermore,associety’sage,thecontributoryroleofolderpeopleasgrandparentsbecomesmoreimportant.WorkbyInstituteresearchersonanotherEuropeanUnionstudyonmulti-generationalfamilieshashighlightedtherolethatgrandparentsplaybyfreeinguptheresponsibilitiesofdieyoungerreproductivepopulation.

D.Itisclearthatthechangingdemographiclandscapeposeschallengesforthefuture.Thenecessitynowistodevelopappropriateeconomic,socialandpoliticalstructurestotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatmaturesocietieswillbring,whileensuringthatthereareappropriatesafetynetsforthoseleftvulnerablewithinthesepopulations-whichwillincludebothyoungandoldalike.

E.Ratherthanfearingsuchafuture,however,weshouldseethistrendasagreatsuccess.Itmustundoubtedlybeamajorachievementofcivilizationthatmostindividualswithinasocietycanexpecttoenjoyalongandhealthylifespan

F.GeorgeLeeson,ademographerattheInstitute,pointsoutthatwhileanumberofcrossnationalstudieshaveconsideredthedeterminantsofspiralinghealthcarecosts,onlyonehasfoundtheexplanatoryfactortobetheproportionofthepopulationaged65andoverRather,itisgrowthinincome,lifestylecharacteristicsandenvironmentalfactorssuchastechnologyanddrugsthataredrivinguphealthcarecosts.Inaddition,thecostsareshiftingbetweenpopulationgroups.Thekeyhere,headds,istodevelopsufficientlyflexiblehealthservicestructurestoshiftnotonlyeconomicresourcesbutalsopersonnel.

問題2選項

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichyoungandoldalikewillbenefit

B.In2001.Inrecognitionofthesignificanceofthesedemographicchangesandtheglobalchallengesandopportunitiesthatwillaccompanythem,theOxfordInstituteofAgingwasestablishedattheUniversity.Itismadeupofresearchersindemography,sociology,economics,socialanthropology,philosophyandpsychology,withlinkstootherspecialistsinmedicine,biology,lawandpolicyinresearchunitsacrosstheUniversity.Thiscross-disciplinaryapproachhasmadeitpossibletochallengesomeofthemostpervasivemythsaboutagingsocieties.

C.AsInstitutehealthcareethicistKennethHoweepointsout,familyobligationstowardsolderrelativesmaychangeoverthenext20years.Butcurrentindicationsarethatfamiliesareretainingastrongresponsibilitytocare.Furthermore,associety’sage,thecontributoryroleofolderpeopleasgrandparentsbecomesmoreimportant.WorkbyInstituteresearchersonanotherEuropeanUnionstudyonmulti-generationalfamilieshashighlightedtherolethatgrandparentsplaybyfreeinguptheresponsibilitiesofdieyoungerreproductivepopulation.

D.Itisclearthatthechangingdemographiclandscapeposeschallengesforthefuture.Thenecessitynowistodevelopappropriateeconomic,socialandpoliticalstructurestotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatmaturesocietieswillbring,whileensuringthatthereareappropriatesafetynetsforthoseleftvulnerablewithinthesepopulations-whichwillincludebothyoungandoldalike.

E.Ratherthanfearingsuchafuture,however,weshouldseethistrendasagreatsuccess.Itmustundoubtedlybeamajorachievementofcivilizationthatmostindividualswithinasocietycanexpecttoenjoyalongandhealthylifespan

F.GeorgeLeeson,ademographerattheInstitute,pointsoutthatwhileanumberofcrossnationalstudieshaveconsideredthedeterminantsofspiralinghealthcarecosts,onlyonehasfoundtheexplanatoryfactortobetheproportionofthepopulationaged65andoverRather,itisgrowthinincome,lifestylecharacteristicsandenvironmentalfactorssuchastechnologyanddrugsthataredrivinguphealthcarecosts.Inaddition,thecostsareshiftingbetweenpopulationgroups.Thekeyhere,headds,istodevelopsufficientlyflexiblehealthservicestructurestoshiftnotonlyeconomicresourcesbutalsopersonnel.

問題3選項

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoun