考研考博-英語(yǔ)-四川傳媒學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-四川傳媒學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.Whichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesin

Americancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto_______.

4.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’'scompetitionadvantageis_______.

5.WhatisthemainideaofthePassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskill.

B.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees’'ownbusiness.

C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.

D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.

B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologicareintroduced.

C.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.

D.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.workerswhocanoperatenewequipment

B.technologicalandmanagerialstaff

C.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills

D.topexecutives

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.theintroductionofnewtechnologies

B.theimprovementofworkers’'basicskills

C.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

D.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.

C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’'shierarchy.

D.Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題目問(wèn)的是哪一個(gè)符合美國(guó)公司的人力資源管理?？啥ㄎ坏轿恼率锥沃械牡诙洌揪涮岬矫绹?guó)的人力資源管理“isnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates”。第三句說(shuō)到“Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility”，技能獲取被認(rèn)為是一種個(gè)人責(zé)任，與B選項(xiàng)“他們把技能的獲得看作是員工自己的事”符合，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)“他們以最低成本雇傭員工，而不考慮他們的技能”來(lái)自第四句“Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment”，可知?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力與原材料或設(shè)備一樣，只是以盡可能低的成本租用，但本句并未提到忽視員工技能這一點(diǎn)，可排除；C和D選項(xiàng)在原文中未提及，可排除。“Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysmaterialsorequipment.”，這句話的意思是美國(guó)的企業(yè)是以最低的成本去雇傭勞動(dòng)力，就跟購(gòu)置材料和設(shè)備一樣。由此可知，選項(xiàng)C以及選項(xiàng)D的說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，而選項(xiàng)B原文并沒(méi)有提及，為無(wú)關(guān)選項(xiàng)。因此，答案為A。

2.【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題目問(wèn)的是人力資源管理管理負(fù)責(zé)人在美國(guó)的企業(yè)中的地位，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“theheadofhuman-resourcemanagement”定位到原文第一段的“Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.，TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).”可得知，人力資源管理者處理企業(yè)中的邊緣位置，在做重大決策前，從來(lái)沒(méi)有人會(huì)咨詢?nèi)肆Y源管理者。因此，答案為選項(xiàng)D。

3.【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題目問(wèn)的是美國(guó)的企業(yè)用于培訓(xùn)的資金主要在哪個(gè)方面。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞training、money定位到原文第二段的“Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.”，因此答案為選項(xiàng)B。選項(xiàng)A和C,，根據(jù)原文中的“Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.”可得知，美國(guó)企業(yè)在缺乏基本技能以及能操作新設(shè)備的員工培訓(xùn)方面花費(fèi)的資金非常少。選項(xiàng)D原文并沒(méi)有提及，為無(wú)關(guān)選項(xiàng)。因此，答案為B。

4.【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題目問(wèn)的是保持公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力優(yōu)勢(shì)的決定性因素是什么，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞decisivefactor,competitionadvantage定位到文章首句，“Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.”可推斷出員工技能對(duì)于公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力優(yōu)勢(shì)很重要。因此，正確答案為選項(xiàng)B。選項(xiàng)A新工藝的引進(jìn)，文章雖然有提到，但并無(wú)依據(jù)表明它可以保持公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力優(yōu)勢(shì)。選項(xiàng)C文章并沒(méi)有提及，為無(wú)關(guān)選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)D文章末尾雖有提到bottomhalf的群體技能可能會(huì)影響優(yōu)勢(shì)群體的工資，但與公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力優(yōu)勢(shì)并無(wú)關(guān)系。

5.【試題解析】主旨大意題。本文的主題是什么，從文章首段首句可知，如果可持續(xù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)取決于員工的技能，那么美國(guó)企業(yè)是有問(wèn)題的，下文也有提到美國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)于人力資源管理缺乏重視，從而影響了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。由此可知，答案為選項(xiàng)D。選項(xiàng)A說(shuō)的是美國(guó)的人力資源管理和日本、德國(guó)是不同的，這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法都符合原文，但比較片面不足以概括全文。選項(xiàng)B說(shuō)的是廣泛的再培訓(xùn)對(duì)于有效的人力資源管理來(lái)說(shuō)是必不可少的，這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法都符合原文，但比較片面不足以概括全文；選項(xiàng)C說(shuō)的是“人力資源管理的主管必須處于公司級(jí)別的中心位置”，說(shuō)法太過(guò)于絕對(duì)。

2.單選題

Whenwecreditthesuccessfulpeoplewithintelligence,physicalstrengthorgoodluck,wearemakingexcusesforourselvesbecausewefall（

）inallthree.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.rare

B.lacking

C.short

D.scarce

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。rare“稀罕的”；lacking“缺乏的；匱乏的”；short“缺乏的”；scarce“不足的”。句意：當(dāng)我們知曉成功人士擁有智力、體力和好運(yùn)時(shí)，我們?cè)跒樽约赫医杩?，因?yàn)槲覀內(nèi)鄙龠@三樣。fallshort固定搭配，意思是“缺乏”，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.單選題

Itisreportedthatthegovernmentisgoingtoimposeataxonfuelswhich______globalwarming.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.attributeto

B.tributeto

C.contributeto

D.relateto

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。attributeto“把……歸因于”；tributeto“向……致敬”；contributeto“有助于”；relateto“涉及，有關(guān)”。句意：據(jù)報(bào)道，由于全球變暖，政府將征收燃料稅。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.單選題

Facedwiththe______difficulties,theyaredeterminedtocarryontheirprogram.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.satisfactory

B.attributable

C.innocent

D.intangible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)satisfactory“滿意的”；B項(xiàng)attributable“可歸于……的、可歸屬的”；C項(xiàng)innocent“無(wú)辜的、無(wú)罪的”；D項(xiàng)intangible“無(wú)形的、觸摸不到的”；句意：面對(duì)無(wú)形的困難，他們決心把計(jì)劃進(jìn)行下去。因此該題D項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Hisargumentdoesnotsuggestthatmankindcan（）tobewastefulintheutilizationoftheseresources.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.resort

B.grant

C.afford

D.entitle

【答案】C

【解析】句意:他的論據(jù)未標(biāo)明，人類在這些資源的使用上能浪費(fèi)得起。

考查動(dòng)詞辨析。resort常去，求助，訴諸，resortto依靠，求助于；;grant授予，允許，承認(rèn)，grantto同意給予，準(zhǔn)予；afford給予，提供，承擔(dān)得起;affordto（有條件）做，承擔(dān)得起，負(fù)擔(dān)得起；entitle給……稱號(hào)，使……有權(quán)利。因此C符合句意。

6.單選題

Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat_______thespeakersstoppedforrefreshments.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.atlarge

B.atintervals

C.atease

D.atrandom

【答案】B

【解析】介詞詞組辨析。atlarge“整個(gè)地”；atintervals“不時(shí)”；atease“不緊張”；atrandom“隨機(jī)”。句意：討論太長(zhǎng)并且令人筋疲力盡，以至于說(shuō)話的人時(shí)不時(shí)停下來(lái)吃點(diǎn)點(diǎn)心。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

7.單選題

TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourthasnotalwaysresolvedlegalissuesofconcerntoNativeAmericansinamannerthathaspleasedtheIndiannations.ManyoftheCourt’sdecisionshavebeenproductsofpoliticalcompromisethatlookedmoretothetemperofthetimesthantoenduringprinciplesoflaw.ButaccommodationispartofthejudicialsystemintheUnitedStatesandjudicialdecisionsmustbeassessedwiththisfactinmind.

Despitethe“accommodating”natureofthejudicialsystem,itisworthnotingthatthepoweroftheSupremeCourthasbeenexercisedinamannerthathasusuallybeenbeneficialtoNativeAmericans,atleastonminorissues,andhasnotbeenwhollydetrimentalonthelarger,moreimportantissues.Certainlytherehavebeendecisionsthatcastdoubtonthevalidityofthisassertion.SomecriticspointtothepatronizingtoneofmanyCourtopinionsandtheapparentrejectionofNativeAmericanvaluesasimportantpointstoconsiderwhenreviewingacase.However,thevalidityoftheassertioncanbeillustratedbyreferencetotwoimportantcontributionsthathaveresultedfromtheexerciseofjudicialpower.

First,theCourthascreatedrulesofjudicialconstructionthatingeneral,favortherightsofNativeAmericanlitigants.TheCourt’sattitudehasbeenconditionedbyrecognitionofthedistinctdisadvantagesNativeAmericansfacedwhendealingwithsettlersinthepast.TreatieswereinevitablywritteninEnglishforthebenefitoftheirauthors,whereastriballeaderswereaccustomedtomakingtreatieswithoutanywrittenaccount,onthestrengthofmutualpromisessealedbyreligiouscommitmentandindividualintegrity.Thewrittentreatieswereoftenbroken,andNativeAmericanswereconfrontedwithfraudandpoliticalandmilitaryaggression.TheCourtrecognizesthatpastunfairnesstoNativeAmericanscannotbesanctionedbytheforceoflaw.Therefore,ambiguitiesintreatiesaretobeinterpretedinfavoroftheNativeAmericanclaimants,treatiesaretobeinterpretedastheNativeAmericanswouldhaveunderstoodthem,and,underthereservedrightsdoctrine,treatiesreservetoNativeAmericansallrightsthathavenotbeenspecificallygrantedawayinothertreaties.

Asecondachievementofthejudicialsystemistheprotectionthathasbeenprovidedagainstencroachmentbythestalesintotribalaffairs.Federaljudgesarenotinclinedtoviewfavorablyeffortstoextendstatespowersandjurisdictionsbecauseofthedirectthreatthatsuchexpansionposestotheexerciseoffederalpowers.Intheabsenceofafederalstatutedirectlyandclearlyallocatingafunctiontothestates,federaljudgesareinclinedtoreserveforthefederalgovernment—andthetribalgovernmentsunderitscharge—allthosepowersandrightstheycanbesaidtohavepossessedhistorically.

61.Accordingtothepassage,onereasonwhytheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt“hasnotalwaysresolvedlegalissuesofconcerntoNativeAmericansinamannerthathaspleasedtheIndiannations”(lines1-2)isthat______.

62.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt’sresolutionoflegalissuesofconcerntoNativeAmericanscanbestbedescribedasoneof______.

63.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorbelievesthattheextensionofthestates’powersandjurisdictionswithrespecttoNativeAmericanaffairswouldbe______.

64.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeisto______.

65.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorbelievestheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt’streatmentofNativeAmericanstohavebeen______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.NativeAmericanshavebeenpreventedfrompresentingtheirconcernspersuasively

B.theCourthasfailedtorecognizethattheIndiannations’concernsaredifferentfromthoseofothergroupsorfromthoseofthefederalgovernment

C.theCourthasmadepoliticalcompromisesindecidingsomecases

D.theCourthasbeenreluctanttocurtailthepowersofthefederalgovernment

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.wholeheartedendorsement

B.restrainedappreciation

C.detachedobjectivity

D.cautiousopposition

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.possibleonlywiththeconsentoftheIndiannations

B.favorablyviewedbytheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt

C.inthebestinterestsofbothstateandfederalgovernments

D.detrimentaltotheinterestsofNativeAmericans

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.contrastopposingviews

B.reevaluatetraditionalbeliefs

C.reconciledivergentopinions

D.provideevidencetosupportacontention

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.reasonablysupportiveinmostsituations

B.irreproachableonlegalgrounds

C.guidedbyenduringprinciplesoflaw

D.misguidedbutgenerallyharmless

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】61.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這篇文章，美國(guó)最高法院‘并不總是以一種讓印第安人滿意的方式解決印第安人關(guān)心的法律問(wèn)題’的一個(gè)原因是……”。第一段第二句提到ManyoftheCourt’sdecisionshavebeenproductsofpoliticalcompromisethatlookedmoretothetemperofthetimesthantoenduringprinciplesoflaw（最高法院的許多判決都是政治妥協(xié)的產(chǎn)物，這些妥協(xié)看起來(lái)更像是時(shí)代的緩和，而不是持久的法律原則），由此可知法院在案件的判決中做出了政治妥協(xié)，因此，C項(xiàng)“法院在判決一些案件時(shí)做出了政治妥協(xié)”符合題意；A項(xiàng)“美國(guó)原住民被阻止以有說(shuō)服力的方式表達(dá)他們的擔(dān)憂”，根據(jù)第二段第五行SomecriticspointtothepatronizingtoneofmanyCourtopinionsandtheapparentrejectionofNativeAmericanvaluesasimportantpointstoconsiderwhenreviewingacase.（一些批評(píng)人士指出，許多法院意見(jiàn)的庇護(hù)語(yǔ)氣和對(duì)印第安人價(jià)值觀的明顯拒絕，是復(fù)審案件時(shí)需要考慮的重要因素）可知，法院是拒絕美國(guó)原住民的價(jià)值觀，而不是阻止他們以有說(shuō)服力的方式表達(dá)自己的擔(dān)憂，因此該項(xiàng)不正確；B項(xiàng)“法院沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到印第安民族的關(guān)注點(diǎn)不同于其他群體或聯(lián)邦政府的關(guān)注點(diǎn)”，文中沒(méi)有提到印第安人的關(guān)注點(diǎn)是什么；D項(xiàng)“法院一直不愿意削減聯(lián)邦政府的權(quán)力”原文也沒(méi)有提到；故該題選C。

62.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干意思是“作者對(duì)美國(guó)最高法院解決印第安人關(guān)心的法律問(wèn)題的態(tài)度可以很好地描述為……”。第二段第一句提到Despitethe“accommodating”natureofthejudicialsystem,itisworthnotingthatthepoweroftheSupremeCourthasbeenexercisedinamannerthathasusuallybeenbeneficialtoNativeAmericans,atleastonminorissues,andhasnotbeenwhollydetrimentalonthelarger,moreimportantissues.（盡管司法系統(tǒng)具有妥協(xié)性，值得注意的是美國(guó)本土居民在少部分事務(wù)上受惠于最高法院，而在重大問(wèn)題方面，美國(guó)本土居民也并不因此受到損害），由此可知，作者對(duì)利弊都有表述，其態(tài)度是公正的，故C項(xiàng)“公平的客觀”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“全心全意的支持”，第一段作者還提到了最高法院并不總是以一種讓印第安人滿意的方式解決印第安人關(guān)心的法律問(wèn)題，所以全心全意的支持這種說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的；B項(xiàng)“拘謹(jǐn)?shù)母兄x”，作者沒(méi)有表達(dá)感謝，因此該項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“謹(jǐn)慎的反對(duì)”，作者表述了美國(guó)最高法院對(duì)印第安人關(guān)心的法律問(wèn)題上有利有弊的解決方案，說(shuō)作者是客觀的態(tài)度更貼切題意；故該題選C。

63.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“可以推斷出作者相信各州在印第安人事務(wù)上的權(quán)力和管轄權(quán)的擴(kuò)展將會(huì)是……”。文章最后一段提到Federaljudgesarenotinclinedtoviewfavorablyeffortstoextendstatespowersandjurisdictionsbecauseofthedirectthreatthatsuchexpansionposestotheexerciseoffederalpowers.（聯(lián)邦法官不傾向于贊成擴(kuò)大各州權(quán)力和司法管轄權(quán)，因?yàn)檫@種擴(kuò)大會(huì)對(duì)聯(lián)邦權(quán)力的行使構(gòu)成直接威脅），由此可知國(guó)家權(quán)力的擴(kuò)張以及司法觸及美國(guó)本土居民事務(wù)，聯(lián)邦政府將會(huì)面臨危險(xiǎn)；該司法系統(tǒng)是國(guó)家提供的保護(hù)，所以，對(duì)于擴(kuò)展各州在印第安人事務(wù)上的權(quán)力和管轄權(quán)是會(huì)得到美國(guó)最高法院的支持的，A項(xiàng)“只有得到印第安民族的同意才可能”過(guò)于絕對(duì)；B項(xiàng)“受到美國(guó)最高法院的認(rèn)可”符合題意；C項(xiàng)“為了州和聯(lián)邦政府的最大利益”，文章已經(jīng)提到了會(huì)給聯(lián)邦權(quán)力的行使構(gòu)成直接威脅，所以該項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“對(duì)美國(guó)原住民的利益有害”，最后一段第一句提到Asecondachievementofthejudicialsystemistheprotectionthathasbeenprovidedagainstencroachmentbythestalesintotribalaffairs.（司法制度的第二個(gè)成就是保護(hù)部落事務(wù)不受陳腐勢(shì)力的侵犯），由此可知對(duì)美國(guó)原住民并不是有害的，因此該項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；故該題選B。

64.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“作者最主要的目的是……”。最后兩段句首作者用了first和second，可知作者是在舉例論證，因此D項(xiàng)“提供證據(jù)支持論點(diǎn)”正確；A項(xiàng)“對(duì)比相反的觀點(diǎn)”，文章最后兩段的中心句是First,theCourthascreatedrulesofjudicialconstructionthatingeneral,favortherightsofNativeAmericanlitigants.（首先，最高法院制定了一般有利于美國(guó)原住民訴訟當(dāng)事人權(quán)利的司法構(gòu)建規(guī)則）和Asecondachievementofthejudicialsystemistheprotectionthathasbeenprovidedagainstencroachmentbythestalesintotribalaffairs.（司法制度的第二個(gè)成就是保護(hù)部落事務(wù)不受陳腐勢(shì)力的侵犯），由此可知作者并沒(méi)有對(duì)比相反的觀點(diǎn)；B項(xiàng)“重新評(píng)估傳統(tǒng)信仰”和C項(xiàng)“調(diào)和不同的意見(jiàn)”文中沒(méi)有提到；故該題選D。

65.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“可以推斷作者認(rèn)為美國(guó)最高法院對(duì)印第安人的對(duì)待是……”。本文主要講到美國(guó)最高法院對(duì)美國(guó)本土居民的法律問(wèn)題的處理是政治妥協(xié)，而并非遵循著法律原則，但是這種處理也是合情合理的，因?yàn)樗](méi)有造成極大的危害。故A項(xiàng)“在大多數(shù)情況下都給予相當(dāng)?shù)闹С帧北容^符合句意；B項(xiàng)“在法律上無(wú)可指責(zé)”，文章都提到了有時(shí)候法院對(duì)印第安人關(guān)心的法律問(wèn)題沒(méi)有遵循法律原則，所以該項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“受持久的法律原則指導(dǎo)”，文中提到也會(huì)受到政治妥協(xié)，該項(xiàng)也不正確；D項(xiàng)“被誤導(dǎo)但一般無(wú)害”，文中沒(méi)有提到誤導(dǎo)；故該題選A。

8.單選題

WhentheItalianpoetDantewas（）fromhishomeinFlorence,hedecidedtowalkfromItalytosearchfortherealmeaningoflife.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.exiled

B.expired

C.exempted

D.exerted

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)exile“放逐，流放；使背井離鄉(xiāng)”；B選項(xiàng)expire“期滿；終止；死亡；呼氣”；C選項(xiàng)exempt“免除，豁免”；D選項(xiàng)exert“運(yùn)用，發(fā)揮；施以影響”。句意：當(dāng)意大利詩(shī)人但丁被逐出他在佛羅倫薩的家時(shí)，他決定從意大利步行去尋找生命的真正意義。固定搭配“exilefrom使流亡；把……從……流放出去”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Ⅲ.TheCopyrightActof1976isthegoverningfederalcopyrightlawintheUnitedStates.Pursuanttosection102，copyrightprotectionsubsistsuponsatisfactionofthreeconditions:first,aworkmustbean“originalworkofauthorship”;second,theworkmustbe“fixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression”;andthird,theworkmustcomewithinthesubjectmatterofcopyright.Sportstelecastsareoriginalworksofauthorship.Tobeoriginal,aworkmustbeindependentlycreated(asopposedtocopiedfromotherworks)andpossessatleast“someminimaldegreeofcreativity”.Itisobviousthatlivesportstelecastsareindependentcreations,ratherthanreproductionsofearlierworks.Thecreativityelementisjustaseasilysatisfied.Courtslonghaverecognizedthatphotographingandfilminginvolvescreativeendeavors.Inthecontextoffilmingsports,thedecisions“concerningcameraangles,typesofshots,theuseofinstantreplaysandsplitscreens,andshotselectionsimilarlysupplythecreativityrequiredforthecopyrightabilityofthetelecasts”.Sportstelecastsarefixedinatangiblemediumofexpression.Additionally,itisofnoconsequencethattheselivesportstelecastsarefixedsimultaneouswithitstransmission.Section101expresslyprovidesthat“aworkconsistingofsounds,images,orboth,thatarebeingtransmitted,is‘fixed’…ifafixationoftheworkisbeingmadesimultaneouslywithitstransmission”.Sincethetelecastsofthegamesarevideotapedatthesametimethattheyaredisseminated,thetelecastsarefixedintangibleform.

Sportstelecastsarewithinthesubjectmatterofcopyrightasan“audiovisualwork”.TheCopyrightActnotesseveraltypesofsubjectmatterthatiscopyrightable,ofwhich“audiovisualworks”isoneofthecategories.Tobesatisfiedasanaudiovisualwork,theworkinquestionmustconsistofaseriesofrelatedimagesshownbytheuseofmachinesordeviceswithaccompanyingsounds.Fromthisdefinition,thereisnodoubtthatsportstelecastsarewithinthesubjectmatterofcopyright.Sinceitisclearlyestablishedthatsportstelecasts,eventhosetransmittedonalivebasis,arecopyrightedworks,thenextissueisownershipofthecopyright.

ThisissuewasfirstaddressedinPittsburghAthleticCo.v.KQVBroadcastingCo.,albeitadecisionundertheoldcopyrightregime.InasuitforaninjunctionagainstKQVBroadcastingforinterferingwithGeneralMills’exclusivecontracttobroadcastPiratesgamesovertheradio,thecourtruledthatthebaseballteamhadapropertyrighttocontrolthenewsofgamesbybroadcasting.

1.Sportstelecastsareoriginalworksofauthorshipbecause___.

2.SportstelecastsarefixedintangibleformNOTbecause___.

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectaccordingtotheparagraphs?

4.Themostsuitabletitlefortheseparagraphsis___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theypossessatleast“someminimaldegreeofcreativity”

B.theyarereproductionsofearlierworks

C.thecreativityelementiseasilysatisfied

D.thedecisionoffilmingsportsconcernsmanyelements

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.telecastsofthegamesarevideotapedatthesametimethattheyaredisseminated

B.Itisofnoconsequencethatlivesportstelecastsarefixedsimultaneouswithitstransmission

C.Courtshaverecognizedthatphotographingandfilminginvolvescreativeendeavors

D.Section101oftheCopyrightActexpresslyprovidesso

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.TheCopyrightActof1976isthegoverningfederalcopyrightlawintheUS.

B.Oneofthethreeconditionsforcopyrightprotectionisfixation.

C.Telecastsofthegamesarevideotapedatthesametimethattheyaredisseminated.

D.Sportstelecasts,iftransmittedonalivebasis,arenotcopyrightedworks.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.CasesInvolvingSportsTelecastsProtection

B.CopyrightabilityofSportsTelecasts

C.ConditionsforCopyrightProtection

D.SportsTelecastsarenotCopyrightable

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Sportstelecastsareoriginalworksofauthorship.Tobeoriginal,aworkmustbeindependentlycreated(asopposedtocopiedfromotherworks)andpossessatleast“someminimaldegreeofcreativity”.Itisobviousthatlivesportstelecastsareindependentcreations,ratherthanreproductionsofearlierworks.（體育電視節(jié)目是原創(chuàng)作品。原創(chuàng)作品必須是獨(dú)立創(chuàng)作的（而不是從其他作品中復(fù)制），并且至少擁有“最低程度的創(chuàng)造力”。很明顯，體育直播節(jié)目是獨(dú)立的創(chuàng)作，而不是對(duì)早期作品的復(fù)制）可知選A選項(xiàng)“他們至少擁有‘最低程度的創(chuàng)造力’”，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“他們是早期作品的復(fù)制品”錯(cuò)誤；第一段Thecreativityelementisjustaseasilysatisfied.（創(chuàng)造性元素同樣很容易得到滿足）可知C選項(xiàng)“創(chuàng)意元素很容易得到滿足”有在原文提及，但并不是體育電視節(jié)目是原創(chuàng)作品的原因，不符合題意；D選項(xiàng)“拍攝體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的決定涉及到很多因素”不符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Additionally,itisofnoconsequencethattheselivesportstelecastsarefixedsimultaneouswithitstransmission.Section101expresslyprovidesthat“aworkconsistingofsounds,images,orboth,thatarebeingtransmitted,is‘fixed’…ifafixationoftheworkisbeingmadesimultaneouslywithitstransmission”.Sincethetelecastsofthegamesarevideotapedatthesametimethattheyaredisseminated,thetelecastsarefixedintangibleform.（此外，這些直播的體育節(jié)目與它的傳輸同步是固定的，這是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的。第101節(jié)明確規(guī)定，“被傳送的由聲音、圖像或兩者組成的作品，是‘固定的’……如果對(duì)該作品的固定與它的傳送同時(shí)進(jìn)行”。由于比賽的轉(zhuǎn)播是在傳播的同時(shí)錄下的，所以轉(zhuǎn)播以有形的形式固定下來(lái)）可知A選項(xiàng)“奧運(yùn)會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)播是在傳播的同時(shí)錄制的”，B選項(xiàng)“體育實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播與轉(zhuǎn)播同時(shí)固定是沒(méi)有關(guān)系的”以及D選項(xiàng)“版權(quán)法第101節(jié)明確規(guī)定”均是體育節(jié)目是固定的有形形式的原因；C選項(xiàng)“法院已經(jīng)承認(rèn)攝影和拍攝涉及創(chuàng)造性的努力”在第一段有提及Courtslonghaverecognizedthatphotographingandfilminginvolvescreativeendeavors.（法院早就認(rèn)識(shí)到攝影和拍攝涉及創(chuàng)造性的努力），但并不是體育節(jié)目是固定的有形形式的原因。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段最后一句Sinceitisclearlyestablishedthatsportstelecasts,eventhosetransmittedonalivebasis,arecopyrightedworks,thenextissueisownershipofthecopyright.（既然體育節(jié)目，即使是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)播的節(jié)目，都是受版權(quán)保護(hù)的，那么下一個(gè)問(wèn)題就是版權(quán)的歸屬問(wèn)題）可知D選項(xiàng)“體育節(jié)目，如果是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)播，則不屬于版權(quán)作品”和原文相悖；第一段第一句TheCopyrightActof1976isthegoverningfederalcopyrightlawintheUnitedStates.（1976年的版權(quán)法是美國(guó)適用的聯(lián)邦版權(quán)法）可知A選項(xiàng)“1976年的版權(quán)法是美國(guó)適用的聯(lián)邦版權(quán)法”原文有提及；第一段second,theworkmustbe“fixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression”（第二，作品必須“固定在任何有形的表達(dá)媒介中”）可知B選項(xiàng)“版權(quán)保護(hù)的三個(gè)條件之一是固定”原文有提及；第一段最后一句Sincethetelecastsofthegamesarevideotapedatthesametimethattheyaredisseminated,thetelecastsarefixedintangibleform.（由于比賽的轉(zhuǎn)播是在傳播的同時(shí)錄下的，所以轉(zhuǎn)播以有形的形式固定下來(lái)）可知C選項(xiàng)“比賽的轉(zhuǎn)播是在傳播的同時(shí)錄下來(lái)的”原文有提及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。本文圍繞著體育節(jié)目以及版權(quán)能力展開(kāi)，選B選項(xiàng)“體育節(jié)目版權(quán)能力”；A選項(xiàng)“涉及體育節(jié)目保護(hù)的案件”以及C選項(xiàng)“版權(quán)保護(hù)條件”都是文章片面內(nèi)容，不足以概括整篇文章，排除；根據(jù)原文Sinceitisclearlyestablishedthatsportstelecasts,eventhosetransmittedonalivebasis,arecopyrightedworks,thenextissueisownershipofthecopyright.（既然體育節(jié)目，即使是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)播的節(jié)目，都是受版權(quán)保護(hù)的，那么下一個(gè)問(wèn)題就是版權(quán)的歸屬問(wèn)題）可知D選項(xiàng)“體育節(jié)目不受版權(quán)保護(hù)”明顯錯(cuò)誤，排除。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Takeataxi,（）you’llmissyourtrain.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.and

B.if

C.otherwise

D.so

【答案】C

【解析】句意:搭出租車過(guò)去，不然你會(huì)趕不上火車。

考查連詞辨析。Otherwise表示選擇和轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系,意為“如果不…，會(huì)…”,符合句意。

11.翻譯題

我們不能肯定什么是“智力”,也不能肯定智力表達(dá)什么。但這一事實(shí)并不妨礙我們認(rèn)為智力是一種非常有用的概念,也不妨礙我們對(duì)智力測(cè)驗(yàn)給予相當(dāng)程度的信賴。在一次智力測(cè)驗(yàn)中,我們?nèi)訙y(cè)驗(yàn)一個(gè)人解決各種各樣難題和問(wèn)題的能力。如果我們?nèi)×舜硇詷颖?就可以成功地預(yù)測(cè)此人在各種職業(yè)中將獲得何種程度的成就。

英國(guó)議會(huì)1944年通過(guò)的教育法案使普及中等教育成為法律條文。除少數(shù)獨(dú)立基金學(xué)校以外,中等學(xué)校將對(duì)全民開(kāi)放。由于全國(guó)中等學(xué)校的數(shù)目最多能容納11歲以上兒童總數(shù)的25%左右,所以只好做某種選拔。嚴(yán)格的學(xué)術(shù)性考試和測(cè)驗(yàn)被認(rèn)為對(duì)那些在高質(zhì)量小學(xué)就讀和家庭學(xué)術(shù)氣氛濃厚的兒童很有利。因此,智力測(cè)驗(yàn)被設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái),以抵消這種狹隘的專業(yè)化教學(xué)內(nèi)容,其方法是引入一些并非以書(shū)本知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的問(wèn)題。換言之,智力測(cè)驗(yàn)主要通過(guò)給兒童提供一些在其能力與理解力范圍內(nèi)的不同真實(shí)情景,嘗試評(píng)價(jià)兒童思考、推理、判斷、分析和綜合的總體能力。

Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.

【答案】Thefactthatwearenotsurewhat"intelligence"is,norwhatispassedon,doesnotpreventusfromfindingitaveryusefulworkingconcept,andplacingacertainamountofrelianceontestswhichmeasureit.Inanintelligencetestwetakeasampleofanindividual'sabilitytosolvepuzzlesandproblemsofvariouskinds,andifwehavetakenarepresentativesample,itwillallowustopredictsuccessfullythelevelofperformancehewillreachinawidevarietyofoccupations.

Thisbecameofparticularimportancewhen,asaresultofthe1944EducationAct,secondaryschoolingforallbecamelaw,andgrammarschools,withtheexceptionofasmallnumberofindependentfoundationschools,becameavailabletothewholepopulation.Sincethenumberofgrammarschoolsinthecountrycouldaccommodateatmostapproximately25percentofthetotalchildpopulationofeleven-plus,somekindofselectionhadtobemade.Narrowlyacademicexaminationsandtestswerefelt,quiterightly,tobeheavilyweightedinfavourofchildrenwhohadhadtheadvantageofhighly-academicprimaryschoolsandacademicallybiasedhomes.Intelligencetestsweredevisedtocounteractthisnarrowspecialization,byintroducingproblemswhichwerenotbasedonspecificallyscholastically-acquiredknowledge.Theintelligencetestisanattempttoassessthegeneralabilityofanychildtothink,reason,judge,analyzeandsynthesizebypresentinghimwithsituations,bothverbalandpractical,whicharewithinhisrangeofcompetenceandunderstanding.

12.單選題

Iamafraidtosleep.Ihavebeenafraidtosleepforthelastfewweeks.Iamsotiredthat,finally,Idosleep,butonlyforafewminutes.Itisnotabaddreamthatwakesme;itistherealityItookwithmeintosleep.Itrytothinkofsomethingelse.

Immediatelythewomaninthemarketplacecomesintomymind.

IwasonmywaytodinnerlastnightwhenIsawher.Shewassellingskirts.ShemovedwiththesameeaseandlovelinessIoftensawinthewomenofLaos.Herlongblackhairwasasshinyastheblacksilkoftheskirtsshewasselling.Inherhair,sheworethreesilkribbons,blue,green,andwhite.TheyremindedmeofmychildhoodandhowmygirlfriendsandIusedtospendhoursbraidingribbonsintoourhair.

Idon’tknowthewordfor“ribbons”,soIputmyhandtomyownhairand,withthreefingersagainstmyhead,Ilookedatherribbonsandsaid“beautiful”.Sheloweredhereyesandsaidnothing.Iwasn’tsureifsheunderstoodme(Idon’tspeakLaotianverywell).

Ilookedbackdownattheskirts.Theyhaddesignsinthem:squaresandtrianglesandcirclesofpinkandgreensilk.Theywereverypretty.Idecidedtobuyoneofthoseskirts,andIbegantobargainwithherovertheprice.ItisthecustomtobargaininAsia.InLaosbargainingisdoneinsoftvoicesandeasymoveswiththesortofquietpeacefulness.

Shesmiled,morewithhereyesthanwithherlips.ShewaspleasedbythefewwordsIwasabletosayinherlanguage,althoughtheyweremostlynumbers,andshesawthatIunderstoodsomethingaboutthesoftplayfulnessofbargaining.Weshookourheadsindisagreementovertheprice;then,immediately,wemadeanotherofferandthenanothershakeofthehead.Shewassopleasedthatunexpectedly,sheacceptedthelastotterImade.Butitwastoosoon.Thepricewastoolow.Shewasbeingtoogenerousandwouldn’tmakeenoughmoney.Imovedquicklyandpickeduptwomoreskirtsandpaidforallthreetimesasmuchbeforeshehadachancetolowerthepriceforthelargerpurchase.Shesmiledopenlythen,and,forthefirsttimeinmonths,myspiritlifted.Ialmostfelthappy.

Thefeelingstayedwithmewhiles