高二英語(yǔ)上學(xué)期階段測(cè)試題

高二英語(yǔ)上學(xué)期階段測(cè)試題高二英語(yǔ)上學(xué)期階段測(cè)試題高二英語(yǔ)上學(xué)期階段測(cè)試題V:1.0精細(xì)整理，僅供參考高二英語(yǔ)上學(xué)期階段測(cè)試題日期：20xx年X月高二英語(yǔ)上學(xué)期階段測(cè)試題英語(yǔ)試卷第一卷一：聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分，每小題分。）做題時(shí)，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時(shí)間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題分，滿分分）聽下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。WhydoesthemanvisitthewomanTomakeanapology.Tohelpcookdinner.Toborrowsomeoil.WheredoesthisconversationmostprobablytakeplaceInadoctor’soffice.Inanoperatingroom.Inanexaminationroom.WhatdoesthewomansuggestthemandoWaitatthecorner.Correctthemistake.Telephonethehotel.WhatarethetwospeakersdoingBuyingsomefurniture.Movingintoanewhouse.Lookingforabiggerroom.WhatarethetwospeakerstalkingaboutAweekendplan.Afootballgame.Anewfilm.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每題分，滿分分）聽下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，每小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，回答第6-7題。WhatistherelationshipbetweenthetwospeakersBossandsecretary.Fellow-travellers.Workmates.WhatdoesthemanhavetodonowDothewoman’swork.Dealwithmuche-mail.Workovertimewithoutpay.聽第7段材料，回答第8-10題。WhatarethetwospeakersmostlikelytobeSchoolteachers.PlaywritersPopsingers.WhatarethespeakersselectingapersontodoLearnart.Performapart.Organiseanactivity.WhoisthefittestforthejobNancy.Janet.Katie.聽第8段材料，回答第11-13題。WhatisthemaninterestedinLightmusic.Lovestories.Americansongs.WhatdoesthemanthinkofmostplaysA,Theyarebadlywritten.B.Theyaretooexpensive.C.Theyarehardtounderstand.WheredothetwospeakersfinallydecidetogoToaconcert.Tothelibrary.Tothetheatre.聽第9段材料，回答第14-17題。WhyisthemanworriedHegotanexpensivephonebill.Hecan’taffordatelephonebill.Heforgottopayforaphonebill.WhomadeallthelongdistancecallsAnne.JackThemanWhosemoneyisthewomangoingtousetopayforthebillJack’s.Theman’sHerfather’sWhatistherelationshipbetweenthetwospeakersFatheranddaughter.Husbandandwife.Uncleandniece.聽第10段材料，回答第18-20題。Whatisthespeaker’spurposeingivingthistalkTomakeafarmknowntothepublic.Toaskpeopletomovetoafarm.Topoolmoneytoopenafarm.Howmuchdoesafamilyticketcost$4$6$15WhatdoweknowaboutthefarmItisverydifficulttofind.Itissituatedneartheriver.Itisopenonlyattheweekend.二單項(xiàng)選擇（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）21.Theheavyrain_____usfromfinishingthework.A.protected B.prevented C.moved D.made22.ItwasonOctober1st_____newChinawasfounded.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.as23.TheCanadianfriendsfromourschoolhavegivenusalotofbooks,fewof______abitdifficultforusChinesestudents.A.themareB.thatisC.whichareD.whichis24.NewZealandisanislandthatliestheeasterncoastofA.of B.off C.in D.to25.Theinventionthem3monthsofhardwork.A.used B.cost C.spent D.needed26.Whenweplanourvacation,motheroftenofferssuggestions.A.careful B.practical C.effective D.acceptable27.Howbeautifullyshesings!Ihaveneverheard________.A.thebettervoiceB.agoodvoiceC.thebestvoiceD.abettervoice28.Fromhis_____voice,Ihavetosaythatyouarereally__________.A.disappointing;disappointingB.disappointed;disappointedC.disappointing;disappointedD.disappointed;disappointing29.There_________manypeoplesmokingintheoffice.Butnownobodyisallowedtodoso.A.usedtobeB.wouldbeC.areD.areusedtobe30.I’dappreciate______ifyouwouldliketoteachmehowtousethecomputer.A.thatB.itC.thisD.you31.NooneinthedepartmentbutTomandI______thatthedirectorisgoingtoresign.A.knowsB.knowC.haveknownD.amtoknow32.------Catharine,Ihavecleanedtheroomforyou.-----Thanks.You________it.Icouldmanageitmyself.A.needn’tdoB.needn’thavedoneC.mustn’tdoD.shouldn’thavedone33.Thispicturewastakenalongtimeago.Iwonderifyoucan_____myfatherA.findoutB.pickoutC.lookoutD.speakout34.Itissaidthatshe_______aman______alotofmoney.A.married;withB.marriedwith;withC.wasmarried;withD.married;/35.Startoutrightaway,______youwillmissthefirsttrain.A.andB.butC.orD.while三：完形填空（共20小題；每小題分，滿分30分）Mostmornings,MarcusJacksonisupby6:15.Afourteen-yearoldinHarryPotter-styleglasses,hewasteslittle36beforerushingdownthestairsofhishome.AsMom37breakfast,heheadsstraightforakitchendrawerand38outaPingpongpaddleandball.Forthenextfiveminutes,Marcuspracticesservesofftherefrigerator.“Icanhittheballreally39sothattheotherpersonhardlyevenseesitfly40thetable,”hesays.He’ssogoodathisgamethatheholdsthenumber-onerankingintabletennisforboysunder15in41.He42hissuccesstoasetofpracticethatgoesbeyondmorningcontestswithhisparents’Kenmorerefrigerator.Sincehewassix-and-a-halfyearsold,Marcushas43twohoursaday,sixdaysaweek,44withhisdad,Morris,whowonthenationaltable-tennis45in1988.HealsoreceiveslessonsfromChengYinghuaandJackHuang,twoformerChineseNationalTeammWhenMarcuswaseight,he46himselftobeaforceinthesportbywinningtheUnitedStatesTableTennisAssociationNationalChampionships(Under-ten).Sincethen,histalenthasledhimalloverthecountryforcompetitions.Alongtheway,hehaslearnedhowto47pressureaswell.“IknowwhentostepbackifIget48,”Marcussays.He’salso49abitofthetruespiritofsports.Duringamatchlastyear,whenhewasup8to0,hisdadflashedhima50----aquickmoveofhisthumbovertheshoulder----toletMarcusknowhe51allowhisrival(對(duì)手)toscore52once.At10to0,Marcusfinallygave53Apartfromtabletennis,MarcusenjoysGameBoy,basketballandswimming.Thestraight----AstudenthopestostudyelectricalengineeringatanIvyLeaguecollegeswhenhegets54.Inthemeanwhilehehastwoathleticgoals:“55inthe2008OlympicsinChinaandbeatingmydad36.A.energyB.strengthC.timeD.ability37.A.eatsB.makesC.hasD.orders38.A.pullsB.pushesC.turnsD.reaches39.A.directlyB.gentlyC.stronglyD.hard40.A.onB.acrossC.fromD.through41.A.theworldB.ChinaC.AmericaD.Europe42.A.owesB.regardsC.comparesD.treats43.A.spentB.costC.tookD.paid44.A.fightingB.trainingC.challengingD.advancing45.A.praiseB.admirerC.titleD.pride46.A.gotB.turnedC.changedD.proved47.A.dowithB.dealwithC.careforD.careabout48.A.puzzledB.sadC.nervousD.excited49.A.madeupB.turnedupC.keptupD.pickedup50.A.signalB.wordC.pictureD.pace51.A.couldB.needC.shouldD.would52.A.almostB.atleastC.atmostD.already53.A.inB.awayC.outD.up54.A.tallerB.heavierC.smarterD.older55.A.competingB.winningC.expectingD.attending四：閱讀理解（共20小題，每小題2分，滿分40分）AIreallylovemyjobbecauseIenjoyworkingwithsmallchildrenandlikethechallengesandawardsfromthejob.Ialsothinkmyworkisimportant.TherewasatimewhenIthoughtthatIwouldneverhavethatsortofcareer.Iwasn’tanexcellentstudentbecauseIdidn’tdomuchschoolwork.InmyfinaltermIstartedthinkingwhatImightdoandfoundIdidn’thavemuchtooffer.IjustacceptedthatIwasn’tthetypetohaveacareer.Ithenfoundmyselfajob,lookingaftertwolittlegirls.Itwasn’ttoohardatfirst.ButtheproblemsbeganwhenIagreedtolivein,sothatIwouldbethereifmybosshadtogooutforbusinessintheevening.WeagreedthatifIhadtoworkextrahoursoneweek,she’dgivemetimeoffthenext.Butunfortunately,itdidn’toftenworkout.IwasgettingextremelytiredandfedupbecauseIhadtoomanylatenightsandearlymorningswiththechildren.OneSunday,IwasintheparkwiththechildrenandmetMeganwhousedtogotoschoolwithme.Itoldheraboutmysituation.ShesuggestedthatIshoulddoacourseandgetaqualificationifIwantedtoworkwithchildren.Ididn’tthinkIwouldbeacceptedbecauseIdidn’ttakemanyexamsinschool.Shepersuadedmetophonethelocalcollegeandtheywerereallyhelpful.MyexperiencecountedforalotandIgotapart-timecourse.Ihadtoleavemyjobwiththefamilyandgotworkhelpingoutatakindergarten.NowIhavegotafull-timejobthere.IshallalwaysbethankfultoMegan.IwishIhadknownearlierthatyoucouldhaveacareerevenifyouaren’ttopoftheclassatschool.56.Whatistheauthor’spresentjobA.Workingpart-timeinacollege. B.Takingcareofchildreninafamily.C.Helpingchildrenwiththeirschoolwork. D.Lookingafterchildrenatakindergarten.57.Whenstayingwiththetwogirls’family,theauthor_______.A.waspaidforextrawork B.oftenworkedlonghoursC.gotmuchhelpfromherboss D.tookadayoffeveryotherweek58.WhathastheauthorlearnedfromherownexperiencesA.Lesssuccessfulstudentscanstillhaveacareer.B.Qualificationsarenecessaryforacareer.C.Hardworkmakesanexcellentstudent.D.Onemustchosethejobshelikes.59.WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceprobablymeanA.Thebossdidn’tgoouttoworkveryoften.B.Thebossoftenfailedtokeephisagreementwiththewriter.C.Thewritercouldn’tgoouttofindanotherjob.D.Thewriterseldomhadanychancetoworkoutside.BSaygoodbyetoPavarotti:TheFarewellWorldTouroftheworld’smostpopulartenor(男高音歌手)LucaianoPavarottiwillincludeChinaandtheBeijingconcertwillbeonattheCapitalGymnasiumonDecember8-10.ItwillgiveChineseaudiencesachancetojoinfansaroundtheworldinsayingafinalgoodbyetooneofthegreatesttenorsofalltime.Time:7:30pm-9:00pm,December8-10Place:CapitalGymnasium,BaishiqiaoLuTel:8421-6765,6585-2727Price:100,120,150yuanKoreanartist:World-famousSouthKoreanartistLeeYongDeokisstaginghissoloexhibitionattheNationalArtMuseumofChinaindowntownBeijing.Lee,aprofessoratthecollegeofFineArts,SeoulTime:9am-5pm,untilDecember14Place:1WusiDajieTel:8403-3500Price:30yuan(50%children)Oilpaintings:Agrandexhibitionnamed“AlongtheRoaringRiver”isunderwayattheNationalArtMuseumofChina.Theexhibitionshowsabout250oilmasterpieces(代表作)thathavebeencreatedinthepast30yearsbysomeofthebest-knownoilartistsofChina.Time:7:30pm-9:30pm,untilDecember8Place:1WusiDajieTel:8403-3500Price:30yuanStorylines:ChenLianfu’ssculptureworksareonshow.AgraduateofLuxunFineArtsInstitute,Chendepicts（描繪）themildlinesofthehumanbody.Withcasualandeasygesture,eachworktellsastoryoftheartistandsubject.Time:10:30am-6:30pm,untilDecember14Place:BeijingTel:6435-8922Price:25yuan60.Supposeyouaregoingtoattendanactivityat7:30pmonDec10,whichonecanyouchooseA.Koreanartist. B.Oilpaintings.C.SaygoodbyetoPavarotti. D.Storylines.61.InhowmanyplacescanyouenjoysculptureworksA.1. B.2. C.3. D.4.62.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassageA.LeeYongDeokbecamefamousinthelate1990s.B.ChenLianfutellshisownstoriesbymeansofhisworks.C.AtOilpaintings,youwillseetheoilmasterpiecescreatedinthelastcentury.D.ChinaistheonlycountrywherePavarottiholdshisfarewellperformances.63.Acoupleandtheir8-year-oldsonwillvisitKoreanartistandOilpaintings.HowmuchmoneywilltheyspendA.150yuan. B.100yuan.C.165yuan. D.120yuan.CMyhouseismadeoutofwood,glassandstone.Itisalsomadeoutofsoftware.Ifyoucometovisit,you’llprobablybesurprisedwhenyoucomein.SomeonewillgiveyouanelectronicPIN（個(gè)人身份號(hào)碼）towear.ThisPINtellsthehousewhoandwhereyouare.Thehouseusesthisinformationtogiveyouwhatyouneed.Whenit’sdarkoutside,thePINturnsonthelightsnearestyou,andthenturnsthemoffasyouwalkawayfromthem.Musicmoveswithyoutoo.Ifthehouseknowsyourfavoritemusic,itplaysit.Themusicseemstobeeverywhere,butinfactotherpeopleinthehouseheardifferentmusicornomusic.Ifyougetatelephonecall,onlythenearesttelephonerings.Ofcourse,youarealsoabletotellthehouseifyouwantsomething.Thereisahomecontrolconsole(控制臺(tái)),asmallmachinethatturnsthingsonandoffaroundyou.ThePINandtheconsolearenewideas,buttheyareinfactlikemanythingswehavetoday.Ifyouwanttogotoamovie,youneedaticket.IfIgiveyoumycarkeys,youcanusemycar.Thecarworksforyoubecauseyouhavethekeys.MyhouseworksforyoubecauseyouwearthePINorholdtheconsole.Ibelievethattenyearsfromnow,mostnewhomeswillhavethesystemsthatI’veputinmyhouse.ThesystemswillprobablybeevenbiggerandbetterthantheonesI’veputintoday.Iliketotrynewideas.Iknowthatsomeofmyideaswillworkbetterthanothers.ButIhopethatonedayIwillstopthinkingofthesesystemsasnew,andaskmyselfinstead,“HowwillIlivewithoutthem”64.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss A.Howtodevelopanewsystem. B.ThefunctionofthePIN. C.Ahomeforthefuture. D.Easylifeinthefuture.65.What’sthepurposewhenthewriterwrotethefourthparagraph A.Toletreadersknowwhyhisideasarenew. B.Toletreadersknowhowspecialhishouseis. C.ToexplaintheimportanceofthePINandtheconsole. D.ToexplainmoreeasilywhatthefunctionsofthePINandtheconsoleare.66.Thewriter’snewhouseisdifferentfromordinaryonesmainlybecause________. A.ithasbeencontrolledbycomputers B.youcanmakeatelephonecallanywhere C.ithasyourfavoritemusicfollowingyou D.thewriterisabletochangehisnewideaintopractice67.Whatisthewritermostlikelytobeaccordingtothepassage A.AnITexpert.B.Afamousdoctor.C.AnidealistD.Anexperiencedteacher.DCanapersonmakeitrainManypeoplebelievedthatCharlesHatfieldcould.Intheearly1900s,Mr.HatfieldtraveledthroughtheUnitedStates,Canada,andMexicobringingraintofarmsandcitiesthatsufferedfromdrought.For30years,peopleconsideredhimthegreatestrainmakerinNorthAmerica.Inordertomakeitrain,heusedasecretmixtureofchemicalsthatheplacedhighonwoodentowersinspecialtrays(盤).Asthechemicalsevaporated(蒸發(fā)),theyattractedraincloudstothearea.Overhiscareer,Mr.HatfieldevenofferedtohelpclearthefogfromLondonandtowatertheSaharaOneofMr.Hatfield’smostamazingrainmakingaccomplishmentshappenedinsouthernCaliforniain1916.BecauseheknewthatthecityofSanDiegodidnothaveenoughwater,Mr.Hatfieldofferedtogivethecityahandwithitswaterproblem.HeplannedtocreateenoughraintofillthelakebehindMorenaDamnearthecity.Sincethetimethedamwasbuilt,thelakehadneverbeenmorethanhalffull,butthelakecouldhold57billionlitersofwaterifitwerefull.FillingthelakewouldhelpthecityofSanDiegowithitsconstantwaterproblems.Mr.Hatfieldsuggestedthatifhesucceededinfillingthelakewithrainwater,thecitywouldpayhim$10,000.Ifnorainfell,thecitywouldpaynothing.Thecityagreedbecausetheyhadnothingtolosefromthebusinessdeal,andonlypaying$10,000forthatmuchwaterseemedtobeasteal.OnJanuary1,1916,Mr.Hatfieldbeganhisrainmakingprocedure.ItbegantorainfourdayslaterTheraincontinuedforthenextfivedays.OnJanuary10,itbegantorainmoreheavily,andtheraincontinuedforthenext10days!ThecityofSanDiegowasflooded.Fiftypeopledied.Morethan200bridgeswerewashedaway,andmanymilesoftraintracksweredestroyed.However,Mr.Hatfielddidsucceedinfillingthelake.Thewaterwaswithin12centimetersofthetopofthedam.Mr.Hatfieldthoughtthathehadcompletedhisjob,sohewenttocollecthismoneyfromthecity.However,thecityofSanDiegobackedoutofthedeal.Theysaidthattherainwasan“actofGod”andnottheworkoftherainmaker.Mr.Hatfieldtriedtosuethecity,buthenevercollectedanymoneyforhiswork.“made”therainA.chemicalsB.adamC.adealD.foghappenedwhenitrainedinSanDiegoin1916A.Bridgesfelldown.B.Peopledied.C.Thecityflooded,D.Alloftheabove.70.ItrainedinSanDiegofor________.A.10daysB.1monthC.15daysD.2monthscitydidn'tpayMr.Hatfieldbecausetheythoughtthat______.A.hedidn'tfillthelakeB.therainwasan“actofGod.”C.thecitywasdestroyedD.peoplediedEThedaysofelderlywomendoingnothingbutcookinghugemealsonholidaysaregone.EntertheRedHatSociety---agroupholdingthebeliefthatoldladiesshouldhavefun.“Mygrandmothersdidn’tdoanythingbutkeephouseandserveeverybody.Theywereprogrammedtodothat,”saidEmilsComette,headofachapterofthe7-year-oldRedHatSociety.Whilemenhavelongspenttheirtimefishingandplayinggolf,womenhavesometimesseemedtobecomeunnoticedastheyage.Butthegenerationnowturning50isthebabyboomers(生育高峰期出生的人),andthesamepeoplewhorefusedtheirparents’wayofbeingyoungarenowtryinganewwayofgrowingold.Ifyoutakeintoconsiderationfeminism(女權(quán)主義),abitofsparemoney,andbetterhealthformostelderly,theRedHatSocietylooksalmostinevitable(必然的).Inthissociety,womenover50wearredhatsandpurple(紫色的)clothes,whilethewomenunder50wearpinkhatsandlightpurpleclothing.“TheorganizationtooktheideafromapoembyJennyJosephthatbegins:“WhenIamanoldwoman,Ishallwearpurple.Witharedhatwhichdoesn’tgo,”saidEllenCooper,whofoundedtheRedHatSocietyin1998.Whentheladiesstartedtoweartheredhats,theyattractedlotsofattention.“Thepointofthisisthatweneedarestfromalwaysdoingsomethingforsomeoneelse,”Coopersaid.“Womenfeelsoashamedandsorrywhentheydosomethingforthemselves.”Thisiswhychaptersarediscouragedfromraisingmoneyordoinganythinguseful.“We’realadies’playgroup.Itcouldn’tbemoresimple,”addedCooper’sassistantJoeHeywood.72．Fromthetext,weknowthatthe“babyboomers”areagroupofpeoplewho A．havegraduallybecomemorenoticeable.B．a(chǎn)reworriedaboutgettingoldtooquickly. C．a(chǎn)reenjoyingagoodlifewithplentyofmoneytospend. D．triedlivingadifferentlifefromtheirparentswhentheywereyoung.73．ItcouldbeinferredfromthetextthatmembersoftheRedHatSocietyare A．interestedinraisingmoneyforsocialwork.B．programmerswhocanplanwellfortheirfuture. C．believersinequalitybetweenmenandwomen.D．goodatcookingbigmealsandtakingcareofothers.74．WhosetuptheRedHatSociety A．EmilyComette. B．EllenCooper. C．JennyJoseph. D.JoeHeywood.75．WomenjointheRedHatSocietybecause A．theywanttostayyoung.B．theywouldliketoappearmoreattractive. C．theywouldliketohavefunandliveforthemselves.D．theywanttobemoreliketheirparents.五：對(duì)話填空（滿分10分）W:WhatcanIdoforyou,sirM:Well,I’vejustgot(76)o_________aninternationalflight,andI’mnotsurewhichmodeoftransportIshouldmakeuseofonmytrip.SoIneedsome(77)a____________.W:Goon,please.M:I’mplanningtotraveltosomefamousplaces----Beijing,Xi’anandGuilininChina.W:Well,that(79)d___________onhowmuchtimeandmoneyyou’regoingtospendonyourtrip.M:Isee.I’mtravelingatmy(80)e________,soIwanttosavebothtimeandmoneyspentonmyway.W:Oh,Iknowwhatyoumean.(81)N________thatyouareinBeijing,youshouldvisittheGreatWall,theSummerPalace,theImperialPalaceandTianAnmenSquareaswell.DuringyourtripinM:HowcanIgettoXi’anYouknowIhavetogotoBeijngafterW:It’smuch(83)c____________totaketraintoXi’anthantofly.Inmyopinion,youshouldtakethetraintoXi’anandthentoGuilin.Youwillnot(84)o_________savemoneybuthaveabeautifulscenictrip.Afterthat,flydirectlyfromM:Good!That’sareallygoodidea.I’lldoasyouhave(85)s_________.Thanksalot.考場(chǎng)號(hào)_____考試號(hào)________________座位號(hào)_____考場(chǎng)號(hào)_____考試號(hào)________________座位號(hào)_____班級(jí)___________姓名_____________………………密……………封……………線……………內(nèi)……………不……………要……………答……………題………………六、書面表達(dá)（滿分25分）隨著科技的進(jìn)步，多媒體已走進(jìn)很多學(xué)校的課堂。課間休息時(shí)，我們學(xué)校利用它來播放音樂。你班就“課間是否要播放音樂”展開討論。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下表所提供的信息用英語(yǔ)寫一篇短文，陳述討論結(jié)果及你個(gè)人的看法、建議。（字?jǐn)?shù)100詞左右，不計(jì)開頭）大多數(shù)同學(xué)認(rèn)為部分同學(xué)認(rèn)為個(gè)人看法能活躍氣氛；能使大腦得到放松，減輕學(xué)習(xí)的疲勞，使大家在快樂的氛圍中做好下一堂課的準(zhǔn)備；能給大家?guī)砜鞓氛n間時(shí)間太短，播放音樂達(dá)不到預(yù)期的效果；課間需要的是安靜而不是嘈雜的聲音?？忌愂鯫urclassheldadiscussionaboutwhethermusicshouldbeplayedduringthebreakornot.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________