2014-上海市高考英語試題及答案

絕密★啟用前2014-2015年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（上海卷英語（含答案）考生注意：1．考試時(shí)間120分鐘，試卷滿分150分。2.本考試設(shè)試卷和答題紙兩部分。試卷分為第I卷（第1-12頁）和第II卷（第13頁），全卷共13頁。所有答題必須涂（選擇題）或?qū)懀ǚ沁x擇題）在答題紙上，做在試卷上一律不得分。3．答題前，務(wù)必在答題紙上填寫準(zhǔn)考證號和姓名，井將核對后的條形碼貼在指定位置上在答題紙反面清楚地填寫姓名。第I卷（共103分）ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1.A.Apolicewoman.B.Ajudge.1.A.Apolicewoman.B.Ajudge.2.A.Confident.B.Puzzled.3.A.Atarestaurant.C.Inabank.4.A.Adisaster.B.Anewroof.5.A.Catchthetrain.C.Getsomestationery.A.Askforsomethingcheaper.C.Protectherselffrombeinghurt.A.Useacomputerinthelab.C.Helphimrevisehisreport.A.Amused.B.Embarrassed.C.Areporter.D.Awaitress.C.Satisfied.D.Worried.Atacarrentalagency.D.Inadrivingschool.Aperformance.D.ATVstationMeetJane.D.Cleanthebackyard.Buythevaseshereallylikes.D.Bargainwiththeshopassistant.Takeachemistrycourse.D.Gethercomputerrepaired.Shocked.D.Sympathetic.A.Shedoesn'tplantocontinuestudyingnextyear.Shehasalreadytoldthemanaboutherplan.Sheisn'tplanningtoleaveheruniversity.D.Sherecentlyvisitedadifferentuniversity.A.Itspokehighlyofthemayor.Itmadethemayor'sviewclearer.B.Itmisinterpretedthemayor'sspeech.A.Itspokehighlyofthemayor.Itmadethemayor'sviewclearer.B.Itmisinterpretedthemayor'sspeech.Itcarriedthemayor'sspeechaccurately.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassages,andyouwillbeaskedthreequestionsoneachofthepassages.Thepassageswillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.70.A.70.B.20.A.Thehousestherecan'tbesold.Thecabinsandfacilitiesareshared.A.Askiingresort.C.Asplendidmountain.C.25.D.75.B.Itisaplaceforworkandholiday.Itisrunbytheresidentsthemselves.B.Aspecialcommunity.Asuccessfulbusinesswoman.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingnews.A.Thosewhooftensenttextmessages.B.Thosewhosufferedfromheartdisease.C.Thosewhodidnophysicalexercise.D.Thosewhowereunmarried.A.Theyrespondedmoreslowlythanusual.B.Theysentmoremessages.C.Theytyped10percentfasteronaverage.D.Theyeditedmorepassages.A.Whychemicaltherapyworks.B.Whymarriagehelpsfightcancer.C.Howunmarriedpeoplesurvivecancer.Howcancerisdetectedaftermarriage.SectionCDirections:InSectionC,youwillheartwolongerconversations.Theconversationswillbereadtwice.Afteryouheareachconversation,youarerequiredtofillinthenumberedblankswiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Completetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.Travellers'SurveySheetTravelpurpose:fora(n)__17__inLondonCommentsontheairportenvironment/facilities:Likes:__18____19__walkwaysDislikes:—20__shopssmalltrolleysBlanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Completetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Whatiscriticalthinkinginreading?Assessingthewriter'sideasandthinkingaboutthe21ofwhatthewriterissaying.Whatisthefirststepinreadinganacademictextcritically?Findingouttheargumentandthewriter'smainlineof22.Whatmayserveastheevidence?23,surveyresults,examples,etcWhatisthekeytocriticalthinking?Toreadactivelyand24II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.

MystayinNewYorkAftergraduationfromuniversity,Ihadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork,(25)Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.(26)(earn)somemoneytopaythedailyexpenses,Istartedworkinalocalcafeasawaiter.Ibelievedthat(27)Iwasofferedagoodposition,Iwouldresignatonce.Overtime,thehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready(28)(exhaust)shoulders.Ontheotherhand,mysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversity,Ifounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadsaidthat(29)Iwantedtohaveabettercareeradvancement,Ihadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps,(30)mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected.SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.Apparently,Ihaddifficulty(31)(adapt)myselftolifeinthecity,letalonefindingajobtomydelight.Afterninemonthsoffrustration.Ieventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned(32)Irealisethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.(B)Thegiantvendingmachine(自動售貨機(jī))isanewvillageshopVillagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.However,helpisnownearerathandintheformofthecountry'sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshirevillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek.PeterFox,whois(33)electricalengineer,spenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine(34)(equip)withsecuritycamerasandalarms,andlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfront,agreyroofandadisplaywindow.Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention,(35)issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonths,willmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities.Hesaid:"IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn'tfindamanufacturerwhocoulddeliverwhatIwanted,soIdiditby(36).Theresultiswhatamountstoahugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar(37)(appropriate)."Inrecentyears,thecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains(38)(force)villageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010,itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed,(39)(urge)thelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitystores.Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirownvolunteer-runshops,butMr.Fox

hopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution(40)thosevillageswithoutalocalshop.SectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.alertB.classifyC.commitD.delicatelyE.gentleF.imposeG.labelsH.moderationI.relieveJ.signalsK.simplyLet'ssayyou'vedecidedyouwanttoeatmorehealthfully.However,youdon'thavetimetocarefullyplanlittlehelpwouldcomeinhandy,wouldn'tit?Thisiswherea"choicearchitect"canhelp_43_someoftheburdenofdoingitallyourself.Choicearchitectsarepeoplewhoorganizethecontextsinwhichcustomersmakedecisions.menusformealsorreadfood41atthesupermarket.Sinceyoureally_42_yourselftoahealthierlifestyle,amenusformealsorreadfood41atthesupermarket.Sinceyoureally_42_yourselftoahealthierlifestyle,aForexample,thepersonwhodecidesthelayoutofyourlocalsupermarket-includingwhichshelfthepeanutbuttergoeson,andhowtheorangesarepiledup—isachoicearchitect.Governmentsdon'thaveto_44_healthierlifestylesthroughlawsforexample,smokingbans.Rather,ifgivenanenvironmentcreatedbyachoicearchitect-onethatencouragesustochoosewhatisbest-wewilldotherightthings.Inotherwords,therewillbedesignsthatgentlypushcustomerstowardmakinghealthierchoices,withoutremovingfreedomofchoice.Thisideacombinesfreedomtochoosewith_45_hintsfromchoicearchitects,whoaimtohelppeoplelivelonger,healthier,andhappierlives.TheBritishandSwedishgovernmentshaveintroducedaso-called"trafficlightsystem"to_46_foodsashealthyorunhealthy.Thismeansthatcustomerscanseeataglancehowmuchfat,sugar,andsalteachproductcontains_47_bylookingatthelightsonthepackage.Agreenlight_48_thattheamountsofthethreenutrientsarehealthy;yellowindicatesthatthecustomershouldbe_49_;andredmeansthatthefoodishighinatleastoneofthethreenutrientsandshouldbeeatenin_50_.Thecustomerisgivenimportanthealthinformation,butisstillfreetodecidewhattochoose.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsoftheday,notheateddebatesaboutfilmswe'vejustwatchedorbookswe'vejustfinishedreading,butplainandsimple_51_.Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspecies,andwhatdowe_52_dowithit?Wegossip.Aboutothers'behaviourandprivatelives,suchaswho'sdoingwhatwithwhom,who'sinandwho'sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult_53_situationsinvolvingchildren,lovers,andcolleagues.Sowhyarewekeenongossiping?Arewejustnatural_54_，ofbothtimeandwords?Ordowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflife?It'snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.Infact,inhislatestbook,Grooming,GossipandtheEvolutionofLanguage,thepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally_55_issues.Dunbar_56_thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectively,oreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon'tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalk,arguesDunbar—_57_,hegoesontosay,

languageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip.Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe_58_ofthehigherprimates（靈長類動物）likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming-cleaningthefurbybrushingit,monkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor_59_fromoutsideit.Aswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamily,Dunbar_60_thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthe_61_itprovided;ontheotherhand,thebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto_62_thepressureandcalmeverybodydown.Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbigger,theamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe_63_tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearly,amore_64_kindofgroomingwasneeded,andthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal（有聲的）groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one_65_contact.51.A.claimB.descriptionC.gossipD.language52.A.occasionallyB.habituallyC.independentlyD.originally53.A.socialB.politicalC.historicalD.cultural54.A.admirersB.mastersC.usersD.wasters55.A.vitalB.sensitiveC.idealD.difficult56.A.confirmsB.rejectsC.outlinesD.broadens57.A.forinstanceB.inadditionC.onthecontraryD.asaresult58.A.motivationB.appearanceC.emotionD.behaviour59.A.attackB.contactC.inspectionD.assistance60.A.recallsB.deniesC.concludesD.confesses61.A.prospectB.responsibilityC.leadershipD.protection62.A.measureB.showC.maintainD.ease63.A.savedB.extendedC.consumedD.gained64.A.commonB.efficientC.scientificD.thoughtful65.A.indirectB.dailyC.physicalD.secretSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.（A）.chimpomeeagree?bodiesmanyWhy?example,young.Mostpeopleagreethathonestyisagoodthing.ButdoesMotherNatureAnimalscan'ttalk,butcantheylieinotherways?Cantheyliewiththeirandbehavior?Animalexpertsmaynotcallitlying,buttheydoagreethatanimals,frombirdstochimpanzees,behavedishonestlytofoolotheranimals.Dishonestyoftenhelpsthemsurvive.chimpomeeagree?bodiesmanyWhy?example,young.Manykindsofbirdsareverysuccessfulatfoolingotheranimals.ForabirdcalledtheploversometimespretendstobehurtinordertoprotectitsWhenapredator（獵食動物）getsclosetoitsnest,theploverleadsthepredatorawayfromthenest.How?Itpretendstohaveabrokenwing.Thepredatorfollowsthe"hurt"adult,leavingthebabybirdssafeinthenest.Anotherkindofbird,thescrubjay,buriesitsfoodsoitalwayshassomethingtoeat.Scrubjaysarealsothieves.Theywatchwhereothersburytheirfoodandstealit.Butcleverscrubjaysseemtoknowwhenathiefiswatchingthem.Sotheygobacklater,unburythefood,andburyitagainsomewhereelse.Birdscalledcuckooshavefoundawaytohavebabieswithoutdoingmuchwork.How?Theydon'tmakenests.Instead,theygetintootherbirds'nestssecretly.Thentheylaytheireggsandflyaway.Whenthebabybirdscomeout,theiradoptiveparentsfeedthem.Chimpanzees,orchimps,canalsobesneaky.Afterafight,thelosingchimpwillgiveitshandtotheother.Whenthewinningchimpputsoutitshand,too,thechimpsarefriendlyagain.Butananimalexpertoncesawalosingchimptakethewinner'shandandstartfightingagain.Chimpsaresneakyinotherways,too.Whenchimpsfindfoodthattheylove,suchasbananas,itisnaturalforthemtocryout.Thenotherchimpscomerunning.Butsomecleverchimpslearntocryverysoftlywhentheyfindfood.Thatway,otherchimpsdon'thearthem,andtheydon'tneedtosharetheirfood.Aschildren,manyofuslearnthesaying"Youcan'tfoolMotherNature."Butmaybeyoucan'ttrusther,either.Aploverprotectsitsyoungfromapredatorby.gettingclosertoitsyoungB.drivingawaytheadultpredatorC.leavingitsyounginanothernestD.pretendingtobeinjuredBy"Chimpanzees,orchimps,canalsobesneaky"(paragraph5),theauthormeans.chimpsarereadytoattackothersB.chimpsaresometimesdishonestC.chimpsarejealousofthewinnersD.chimpscanbeselfishtooWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?Somechimpslowertheircrytokeepfoodawayfromothers.Thelosingchimpwonthefightbytakingthewinner'shand.Cuckoosfooltheiradoptiveparentsbymakingnonests.Somecleverscrubjaysoftenstealtheirfoodback.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?Doanimalslie?B.DoesMotherNaturefoolanimals?C.Howdoanimalslearntolie?D.Howdoeshonestyhelpanimalssurvive?(B)醐赫佇NEWYEARNSRESOLUTIONTHATLASTSLet'ssayyouwanttohitthemoreregularlythisyear.Howmakethathappen?Considerthehabitlooptouse.Here'showitworks:Ahabitisa3-stepprocess.First,cue,somethingthattellsyouroperateautomatically.Thenroutine.Andfinally,areward,helpsyourbrainlearntodesirebehavior.It'swhatyoucanusecreate-orbreak-habitsofyourHere'showtoapplyit:Chooseacue,likeleavingyourshoesbythedoor,thenpick.areward-say,apieceofchocolateyougethomefromthegym.way,thecueandtherewardinterconnected.Finally,whentheshoes,yourbrainwillstartforthereward,whichwillmaketoworkoutdayafterday.TheInacoupleofweeks,youwon'tchocolateatall.YourbrainwillseetheworkoutitselfastheWhichisthewholepoint,70.Whichofthefollowingbesttheboxwitha“？"inTHELOOP?A.Pickanewcue.anewhabit.C.Chooseanewreward.IStsyouraWti]|Ianhouratfiicr,IDreedALLofthesetonakrmyawrNwYear'srOHDlBtiOfLOmncMttglLBuithemorecuesyourtntout,IbcCutery?uTIlfimd?neUuifhdtIulTHEHABITLOOPLet'ssayyouwanttohitthemoreregularlythisyear.Howmakethathappen?Considerthehabitlooptouse.Here'showitworks:Ahabitisa3-stepprocess.First,cue,somethingthattellsyouroperateautomatically.Thenroutine.Andfinally,areward,helpsyourbrainlearntodesirebehavior.It'swhatyoucanusecreate-orbreak-habitsofyourHere'showtoapplyit:Chooseacue,likeleavingyourshoesbythedoor,thenpick.areward-say,apieceofchocolateyougethomefromthegym.way,thecueandtherewardinterconnected.Finally,whentheshoes,yourbrainwillstartforthereward,whichwillmaketoworkoutdayafterday.TheInacoupleofweeks,youwon'tchocolateatall.YourbrainwillseetheworkoutitselfastheWhichisthewholepoint,70.Whichofthefollowingbesttheboxwitha“？"inTHELOOP?A.Pickanewcue.anewhabit.C.Chooseanewreward.IStsyouraWti]|Ianhouratfiicr,IDreedALLofthesetonakrmyawrNwYear'srOHDlBtiOfLOmncMttglLBuithemorecuesyourtntout,IbcCutery?uTIlfimd?neUuifhdtIulTHEHABITLOOPiLeaveyourruniLiDgI|shoesvydiedoor.J(TH'pidktfwCufl]youtogotothegyfn?dsvs,oakAmieagixiortiusrewazd?Choose科ftgyiagllWhof■Youre?n?Adi3|it￡roflituiyPotter宅、OnlinechattiiigforhdlfaahtiurOutthe^oufinettmrcwnemfiidsyouywrrm/tine.motivatesyou.doitljnaiderroPostthj￡p[anwhereyouwit!seeHrStudSeashowthatthebestwaytaimplementaNewYear^nawhftinntowritchdowiLTryitforawedc_TtxankufiLateHD.Designanewresolution.gymdoyouputtingthere'sabraintothere'sawhichthetoown.runningwhenThatbecomeyouseelongingiteasierbestpart?needthecometoreward.right?fitsinHABITB.FormAccordingtoTHEHABITLOOP,youcansticktoyourplanmosteffectivelybychangingtheroutineC.adjustingyourgoaltryingitforaweekchangingtheroutineC.adjustingyourgoaltryingitforaweekwritingitdownWhat'sthepurposeofputtingthehabitlooptouse?A.Totestoutdifferentkindsofcues.Todosomethingasahabitevenwithoutrewards.ToworkoutthebestNewYear'sresolution.Tomotivateyourselfwithsatisfactoryrewards."ThisyearwhenIseetheHarryPotterposter,Iwillread30pagesofanEnglishnoveloranEnglishnewspaperinordertowatchTVforhalfanhour."Whatisthecueinthisresolution?A.TheHarryPotterposter.Reading30pagesofanEnglishnovel.AnEnglishnewspaper.D.WatchingTVforhalfanhour.（C）Ifyoucouldbeanybodyintheworld,whowoulditbe?Yourneighbourorasuperstar?Afewpeoplehaveexperiencedwhatitmightbeliketostepintotheskinofanotherperson,thankstoanunusualvirtualreality（虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)）device.RikkeWahl,anactress,modelandartist,wasoneoftheparticipantsinabodyswappingexperimentattheBeAnotherlab,aprojectdevelopedbyagroupofartistsbasedinBarcelona.Sheswappedwithherpartner,anactor,usingamachinecalledTheMachinetoBeAnotherandtemporarilybecameaman."AsIlookeddown,Isawmywholebodyasaman,dressedinmypartner'spants,"shesaid."That'sthepictureIrememberbest."Theset-upisrelativelysimple.Bothuserswearavirtualrealityheadsetwithacameraonthetop.Thevideofromeachcameraissenttotheotherperson,sowhatyouseeistheexactviewofyourpartner.Ifshemovesherarm,youseeit.Ifyoumoveyourarm,sheseesit.Togetusedtoseeinganotherperson'sbodywithoutactuallyhavingcontrolofit,participantsstartbyraisingtheirarmsandlegsveryslowly,sothattheothercanfollowalong.Eventually,thiskindofslowsynchronised（同步的）movementbecomescomfortable,andparticipantsreallystarttofeelasthoughtheyarelivinginanotherperson'sbody.Usingsuchtechnologypromisestoalterpeople'sbehaviourafterwards-potentiallyforthebetter.Studieshaveshownthatvirtualrealitycanbeeffectiveinfightingracism-thebias（偏見）thathumanshaveagainstthosewhodon'tlookorsoundlikethem.ResearchersattheUniversityofBarcelonagavepeopleaquestionnairecalledtheImplicitAssociationTest,whichmeasuresthestrengthofpeople'sassociationsbetween,forinstance,blackpeopleandadjectivessuchasgood,bad,athleticorawkward.Thentheyaskedthemtocontrolthebodyofadarkskinneddigitalcharacterusingvirtualrealityglasses,beforetakingthetestagain.Thistime,theparticipants'biasscoreswerelower.Theideaisthatonceyou've"putyourselfinanother'sshoes"you'relesslikelytothinkillofthem,becauseyourbrainhasinternalisedthefeelingofbeingthatperson.ThecreatorsofTheMachinetoBeAnotherhopetoachieveasimilarresult."Attheendofbodyswapping,peoplefeellikeholdingeachotherintheirarms,"saysArthurPointeau,aprogrammerwiththeproject."It'sareallynicewaytohavethiskindofexperience.Iwouldreally,reallyrecommendittoeveryone."Theword"swapping"（paragraph1）isclosestinmeaningto.A.buildingB.exchangingC.controllingD.transplantingWecaninferfromtheexperimentattheBeAnotherlabthat.ourfeelingsarerelatedtoourbodilyexperiencewecanlearntotakecontrolofotherpeople'sbodiesparticipantswilllivemorepassionatelyaftertheexperimentTheMachinetoBeAnothercanhelppeoplechangetheirsexesIntheImplicitAssociationTest,beforetheparticipantsusedvirtualrealityglassestocontroladarkskinneddigitalcharacter,.theyfoughtstronglyagainstracismtheyscoredloweronthetestforracismtheychangedtheirbehaviourdramaticallytheyweremorebiasedagainstthoseunlikethemItcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.technologyhelpspeoplerealizetheirdreamsourbiasescouldbeeliminatedthroughexperimentsvirtualrealityhelpspromoteunderstandingamongpeopleourpointsofviewaboutothersneedchangingconstantlySectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Moreandmorecorporationsaretakinganinterestincorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR).CSRismadeupofthreebroadlayers.Themostbasicistraditionalcorporatecharitywork.Companiestypicallyspendabout1%ofpre-taxprofitsonworthyprojects.Butmanyfeelthatsimplywritingchequestocharitiesisnolongerenough.Insomecompanies,shareholderswanttoknowthattheirmoneyisbeingputtogooduse,andemployeeswanttobeactivelyinvolvedingoodworks.Moneyaloneisnottheanswerwhencompaniescomeunderattackfortheirbehavior.HencethesecondlayerofCSR,whichisabranchofriskmanagement.Startinginthe1980s,withenvironmentaldisasterssuchastheexplosionatBhopalandtheExxonValdezoilspill,industryafterindustryhassufferedblowstoitsreputation.So,companiesoftenrespondedbytryingtomanagetherisks.Theytalktonon-governmentalorganisations(NGOs)andtogovernments,createcodesofconduct(行為準(zhǔn)貝V)anddevotethemselvestomoretransparency(透明)intheiroperations.Increasingly,too.they,alongwiththeircompetitors,setcommonrulestospreadrisks.Allthisislargelydefensive,buttherearealsoopportunitiesforthosethatgetaheadofthegame.TheemphasisonopportunityisthethirdlayerofCSR:theideathatitcanhelptocreatevalue.Ifapproachedinastrategicway,CSRcouldbecomepartofacompany'scompetitiveadvantage.Thatisjustthesortofthingchiefexecutivesliketohear.Theideaof"doingwellbydoinggood"hasbecomepopular.Nevertheless,thebusinessoftryingtobegoodisbringingdifficultquestionstoexecutives.CanyoumeasureCSRperformance?ShouldyoubecooperatingwithNGOsandyou'reyourcompetitors?Isthereanyreallycompetitiveadvantagetobehadfromagreenstrategy?Corporatesocialresponsibilityisnowseenasamainstream.Bigcompanieswanttotelltheworldabouttheirgoodcitizenshipwiththeirdevotiontosocialresponsibilities.Donebadly,CSRisoftenjustwindow