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1、鋼鐵企業(yè)套套期保值值的定位位和策略略德豐期貨公公司 石生江江2011年年5月一、套期保保值發(fā)展展的三個(gè)個(gè)階段1.傳統(tǒng)性性套期保保值概念念套期保值,英英文為hhedgge,即即對(duì)沖之之意,即即指期現(xiàn)現(xiàn)對(duì)沖。目前是大部部分企業(yè)業(yè)使用應(yīng)應(yīng)用的理理論基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ),來源源于凱恩恩斯和希希格斯的的理論,主主要是基基于現(xiàn)貨貨市場(chǎng)和和期貨市市場(chǎng)相反反的頭寸寸,來規(guī)規(guī)避現(xiàn)貨貨市場(chǎng)的的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這這是基本本的套期期保值的的定義 傳統(tǒng)型套期期保值遵遵循的原原則商品種類相相同商品數(shù)量相相等月份相同(相相近)交易方向相相反傳統(tǒng)型套期期保值的的局限性性期貨與現(xiàn)貨貨數(shù)量相相等原則則難以實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)期貨價(jià)格與與現(xiàn)貨價(jià)價(jià)格波動(dòng)動(dòng)不一定定完全一
2、一致,如如果按照照1:11的比例例套期保保值,并并不能完完全對(duì)沖沖風(fēng)險(xiǎn)期貨與鮮活活品種相相同原則則難以實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)期貨市場(chǎng)品品種相對(duì)對(duì)有限,難難以滿足足不同企企業(yè)的需需求傳統(tǒng)型套期期保值的的局限性性只有在金融融屬性不不突出,期期貨與現(xiàn)現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格格高度一一致的理理想化條條件下,傳傳統(tǒng)型套套期保值值才能完完全規(guī)避避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。銷售收入確確定原材料價(jià)格格等各項(xiàng)項(xiàng)成本確確定目標(biāo)利潤(rùn)率率明確不獲取機(jī)會(huì)會(huì)利潤(rùn)期貨價(jià)格符符合預(yù)期期判斷2.基差逐逐利理論論霍爾布魯克克沃金(18955-19985)1962年年,美國國著名的的期貨理理論家沃沃金提出出了基差差套期保保值的理理論,改改變了人人們對(duì)于于套期保保值的傳傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)識(shí)識(shí)。套
3、期保值不是直接對(duì)對(duì)價(jià)格進(jìn)進(jìn)行投機(jī)機(jī),而是是對(duì)基差差進(jìn)行投投機(jī)- PAGE 1 -期貨價(jià)格現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格價(jià)差擴(kuò)大時(shí)時(shí),平倉倉了結(jié)。價(jià)差回歸時(shí)時(shí),平倉倉了結(jié)。期貨貼水,或或小幅升升水,則則買進(jìn)期期貨保值值期貨升水,且且足夠大大,則賣賣出期貨貨保值無論現(xiàn)貨價(jià)價(jià)格高低低,基差差存在足足夠利潤(rùn)潤(rùn),如此此一來,無無論現(xiàn)貨貨價(jià)格上上升還是是下降,只只要期現(xiàn)現(xiàn)價(jià)差縮縮小即可可獲利。基本思路:將期貨貨市場(chǎng)當(dāng)當(dāng)做遠(yuǎn)期期采購原原料或銷銷售商品品的第二二市場(chǎng),當(dāng)當(dāng)期貨價(jià)價(jià)格比現(xiàn)現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格格更為有有利則進(jìn)進(jìn)行套期期保值,否否則不進(jìn)進(jìn)行套期期保值。優(yōu)點(diǎn):主動(dòng)動(dòng)基差逐逐利,鎖鎖定較高高的經(jīng)營(yíng)營(yíng)利潤(rùn)缺點(diǎn):當(dāng)基基差不利利時(shí),喪喪失套保
4、保機(jī)會(huì),不不能消除除價(jià)格大大幅波動(dòng)動(dòng)帶來的的經(jīng)營(yíng)損損失在基差不利利的情況況下,同同樣需要要采取保保值措施施規(guī)避風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)螺紋鋼主力力合約與與某市三三級(jí)鋼檢檢尺價(jià)格格基差 主力力合約 HRBB4000 200mm:某市 檢尺北方某鋼鐵鐵冬儲(chǔ)賣賣出套保保,初始始平均極極差-7798,平平倉平均均基差-2455.5,盈盈利5552.55個(gè)點(diǎn)10年4月月中旬,期期貨出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)平水甚甚至貼水水,根據(jù)據(jù)基差逐逐利理論論喪失一一次套保保機(jī)遇,無無法回避避期現(xiàn)價(jià)價(jià)格暴跌跌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)3.現(xiàn)代套套期保值值理論現(xiàn)代套期保保值理論論由Joohnsson、EEderringgtonn較早提提出,通通過采用用馬科維維茨的組組合投資資理
5、論來來解釋套套期保值值概念,即即將現(xiàn)貨貨市場(chǎng)和和期貨市市場(chǎng)的頭頭寸作為為企業(yè)資資產(chǎn)來看看待,套套期保值值實(shí)際上上是資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)組合。該理論實(shí)際際上是利利用期貨貨市場(chǎng)的的流動(dòng)性性和價(jià)格格敏感性性,通過過隨時(shí)調(diào)調(diào)整期貨貨保值數(shù)數(shù)量來合合理地管管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn),在合合適的或或可承受受的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)情況下下獲得所所對(duì)應(yīng)的的最好利利潤(rùn),即即研究有有效保值值的操作作方法。比比如在牛牛市環(huán)境境下,賣賣出保值值就可以以減少賣賣出的規(guī)規(guī)模,減減少無效效保值的的量,根根據(jù)市場(chǎng)場(chǎng)情況,允允許現(xiàn)貨貨有一定定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)敞口。基本思路:凈頭寸寸管理凈頭寸=風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)敞口口=現(xiàn)貨凈凈頭寸+期貨凈凈頭寸現(xiàn)貨凈頭寸寸=庫存-訂單期貨凈頭寸寸=多頭-空
6、頭在大勢(shì)為牛牛市中,賣賣出保值值的數(shù)量量應(yīng)小于于其當(dāng)時(shí)時(shí)的庫存存量或產(chǎn)產(chǎn)量,使使企業(yè)的的凈頭寸寸為現(xiàn)貨貨凈多;而買入入保值的的數(shù)量應(yīng)應(yīng)大于其其計(jì)劃采采購量,即即企業(yè)的的凈頭寸寸為期貨貨凈多。在大勢(shì)為熊熊市中,賣賣出保值值的數(shù)量量應(yīng)大于于其當(dāng)時(shí)時(shí)的庫存存量或產(chǎn)產(chǎn)量,使使企業(yè)的的凈頭寸寸為期貨貨凈空;而買入入保值的的數(shù)量應(yīng)應(yīng)小于其其計(jì)劃采采購量,即即企業(yè)的的凈頭寸寸為現(xiàn)貨貨凈空。現(xiàn)代保值對(duì)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)保保值理論論原則的的拓展商品種類相相同 商品種種類相同同或相關(guān)關(guān)商品數(shù)量相相等 商品數(shù)數(shù)量?jī)纛^頭寸管理理月份相同(相相近)合合約月份份合理展展期交易方向相相反交易易方向相相反傳統(tǒng)型套期期保值新型套期保保值注
7、意套期保值的的核心原原則交易相相反原則則如果企業(yè)的的期貨凈凈頭寸與與現(xiàn)貨頭頭寸的方方向相同同,或者者期貨凈凈頭寸超超過了對(duì)對(duì)沖全部部現(xiàn)貨風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所需需要的期期貨頭寸寸,就是是投機(jī),而而不是套套期保值值,此時(shí)時(shí)就會(huì)出出現(xiàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)敞口,也也就是“單腿”現(xiàn)象?,F(xiàn)代套期保保值的優(yōu)優(yōu)勢(shì)新形勢(shì)下的的套期保保值理論擴(kuò)充及及深化模型精細(xì)化化數(shù)量化化套期保值機(jī)機(jī)制的建建立針對(duì)不同企企業(yè)量身身定做基于強(qiáng)大的的研發(fā)平平臺(tái)二、現(xiàn)代套套期保值值策略的的要點(diǎn)1.現(xiàn)代套套期保值值策略的的三項(xiàng)原原則1、大勢(shì)邏邏輯原則則。對(duì)當(dāng)當(dāng)前市場(chǎng)場(chǎng)運(yùn)行趨趨勢(shì)要有有正確的的判斷,保保值的邏輯輯也要正正確。2、凈頭寸寸原則。根根據(jù)大勢(shì)勢(shì)調(diào)整風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
8、敞口口大小,通通過調(diào)整整期貨現(xiàn)現(xiàn)貨凈頭頭寸來動(dòng)動(dòng)態(tài)管理理企業(yè)承承擔(dān)的風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和預(yù)預(yù)期收益益。3、提前量量原則。在在大勢(shì)判判斷的基基礎(chǔ)上,購購銷量、庫庫存量隨隨之進(jìn)行行變化,進(jìn)進(jìn)而在期期貨保值值上也進(jìn)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)應(yīng)調(diào)整。2.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)衡衡量是套套期保值值的關(guān)鍵鍵確定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上漲風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下跌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)間周期衡量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大小能否承受制定方案保不保保多少如何保后續(xù)控制A-從產(chǎn)業(yè)業(yè)鏈上確確定企業(yè)業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)對(duì)沖原料上上漲風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn) 對(duì)沖上上漲礦山 冶煉煉廠 中中間商 消費(fèi)商商對(duì)沖下跌風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 對(duì)對(duì)沖產(chǎn)品品下跌風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 對(duì)對(duì)沖庫存存風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 對(duì)沖庫庫存下跌跌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)B-從經(jīng)營(yíng)營(yíng)環(huán)節(jié)確確定企業(yè)業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)源源采購環(huán)節(jié) 銷售環(huán)環(huán)節(jié) 庫庫存環(huán)節(jié)節(jié)價(jià)格上漲風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
9、價(jià)價(jià)格下跌跌風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 價(jià)格下下跌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)買期套保 賣期套套保 賣賣期套保保C-不同企企業(yè)如何何確定風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)敞口口生產(chǎn)企業(yè):現(xiàn)貨凈頭寸寸=產(chǎn)能+庫存-銷售訂訂單,其其中產(chǎn)能能是核心心,上漲漲時(shí)需對(duì)對(duì)沖原料料風(fēng)險(xiǎn),下下跌時(shí)需需鎖定產(chǎn)產(chǎn)能價(jià)值值貿(mào)易企業(yè):現(xiàn)貨凈頭寸寸=采購訂訂單+庫存-銷售訂訂單,其其中庫存存是核心心,上漲漲時(shí)需控控制進(jìn)貨貨成本,下下跌時(shí)需需鎖定庫庫存價(jià)值值,平時(shí)時(shí)可隨時(shí)時(shí)進(jìn)行基基差套利利加工企業(yè):現(xiàn)貨凈頭寸寸=庫存+采購訂訂單-采購需需求,其其中采購購需求是是核心,上上漲時(shí)需需對(duì)沖原原料風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn),下跌跌時(shí)需鎖鎖定加工工利潤(rùn)3.套期保保值時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)的選擇擇市場(chǎng)形勢(shì)分分析:供供求矛盾盾轉(zhuǎn)移和和價(jià)格趨
10、趨勢(shì)的變變化企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)分分析:期期貨盤面面價(jià)格對(duì)對(duì)應(yīng)企業(yè)業(yè)采購、銷銷售和庫庫存有合合理利潤(rùn)潤(rùn)基差分析:盡量選選擇基差差有利時(shí)時(shí)機(jī),基基差不利利時(shí)可適適當(dāng)減少少保值比比例4.套期保保值流程程企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)目目標(biāo) 套套期保值值決策 被套保項(xiàng)目目的數(shù)量量 合約約選擇 所需資資金量期貨市場(chǎng)動(dòng)動(dòng)態(tài) 具具體的套套期保值值操作 期貨市市場(chǎng)相關(guān)關(guān)規(guī)則生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃 現(xiàn)貨數(shù)數(shù)量/庫庫存量 貿(mào)易方方案 貿(mào)貿(mào)易合同同未來價(jià)格預(yù)預(yù)測(cè) 風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析析 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)承受力力三、套期保保值的制制度設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)成功套期保保值的要要素制定套期保保值計(jì)劃劃合理的組織織架構(gòu)有效的制度度保證建立適合企企業(yè)自身身的套期期保值評(píng)評(píng)價(jià)體系系1.組織架架構(gòu)總體體原則企
11、業(yè)參與期期貨交易易的總體體原則是是決策、交交易與風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)管管分開,即即設(shè)立專專門的部部門分別別從事期期貨交易易的決策策和執(zhí)行行,同時(shí)時(shí)由另一一個(gè)部門門(通常常為財(cái)務(wù)務(wù)部門)負(fù)負(fù)責(zé)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)督和和報(bào)告。2.嚴(yán)格的的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控控制制度度集團(tuán)總部成成立期貨貨交易領(lǐng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組組公司參與期期貨交易易管理?xiàng)l條例公司期貨交交易人員員管理?xiàng)l條例第一層風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)管理財(cái)務(wù)處從財(cái)財(cái)務(wù)方面面監(jiān)督控控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)每天檢查期期貨交易易的記錄錄持倉財(cái)務(wù)監(jiān)控第二層風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)管理期貨交易室室自身控控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)期貨行情分分析小組組定期分分析公司司期貨頭頭寸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)、運(yùn)作作策略以以及操盤盤小組實(shí)實(shí)施情況況第三層風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)管理3.建立健健全各項(xiàng)項(xiàng)制度內(nèi)部決策執(zhí)
12、執(zhí)行程序序風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制制制度報(bào)告制度財(cái)務(wù)管理制制度信息披露制制度4.建立適適合企業(yè)業(yè)的套期期保值評(píng)評(píng)價(jià)體系系經(jīng)營(yíng)評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):套期保值能能否實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)預(yù)期的的經(jīng)營(yíng)目目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):套期保值能能否實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)比單純純現(xiàn)貨更更高的績(jī)績(jī)效適合自身企企業(yè)的- PAGE 5 -謝謝The LLocaatioons andd Sttrattegiies of thee Heedgiing of Steeel EntterpprissesShi SShenngjiiangg Deefenng FFutuuress Coo., Lttd. May oof 220111I Thhe tthreee pphasse oof
13、tthe heddginng1. Tradditiionaal hhedggingg coonceeptThe hhedgge, meaans heddginng, thaat iis tthe heddge of futturees aand spoot. At prreseent, thhe ttheoory fouundaatioons whiich aree apppliied by mosst oof tthe entterpprisse, roootinng iin tthe theeoryy off Keeynees aand Higggs, ittis maiinlyy uss
14、ed to avooid thee riiskss off thhe sspottmarkket on thee baasiss off thhe ooppoositte pposiitioons off sppotmmarkket annd tthe futuuress markket, thhis is thee baasicc deefinnitiion of thee heedgiing. The pprinncippless whhichh arre aabidded by traadittionnal heddgeCateggoriies of Commmodditiies are
15、e hoomollogiicall;Quanttitiies of Commmodditiies aree hoomollogiicall;Same monnth (orr cllosee)Reverrsedd trranssacttionn diirecctioonsThe llimiitattionn off trradiitioonall heedgiingThe pprinncipple of thee quuanttitiies of futuuress annd sspott iss diiffiicullt tto aachiievee. The ppricces flluctt
16、uattionns oof ffutuuress annd CCashh arre nnot alwwayss coomplleteely acccorddantt, iif tthe heddginng uusess thhe ppropporttionn ass 1:1, it couuld nott avvoidd thhe hhedgge rriskk coomplleteely;The hhomoologgy pprinncipple of varriettiess off fuuturres andd caash is diffficcultt too acchieeve;The
17、ffutuuress markket varriettiess arre llimiitedd; iit iis ddiffficuult to sattisffy tthe demmandds oof ddifffereent entterpprissesThe llimiitattionn off trradiitioonall heedgiingOnly wheen tthe finnancce pproppertty iis nnot obvviouus, andd inn thhe ccondditiion of thee fuuturres priicess annd sspott
18、 prriceesaree hiighlly aaccoordaant, thhe ttradditiionaal hhedggingg coouldd avvoidd thhe rriskk coomplleteely. The ssalees rreveenuee iss asscerrtaiineddThe ccostts off raaw mmateeriaals andd ettc aare asccerttainnedThe ggoall prrofiit mmarggin is deffiniiteNot oobtaain oppporttuniity proofittThe f
19、futuuress prricee acccorrds witth tthe exppecttatiion juddgmeent2. Baasiss chhasiing proofitts ttheooryHolbrrookke WWakiing(18955-19985)In 19962, thhe ffamoous futturees ttheooretticiian, Waakinng pput forrwarrd tthe Basiis HHedggingg Theoory, annd tthiss chhangged thee trradiitioonall unnderrstaand
20、iing of thee heedgiing. The hhedgginggIts nott thhe sspecculaatioon ffor priicess, bbut is thee sppecuulattionn foor bbasiis. Futurres priicessSpot priiceWhen thee sppreaad bbecaame larrgerr, uuse Cloose Possitiion to finnishh itt. When thee sppreaad wwas commingg baack, usse CClosse PPosiitioon tto
21、 ffiniish it. When thee fuuturres werre aagioo, oor wweree a bitt prremiium, biid tthe futturee too prreseervee thhe vvaluue. If fuuturres werre ppremmiumm, aand bigg ennouggh, selll tthe futturees tto ppresservve tthe vallueWhateeverr thhe sspott prriceesaree hiigh or nott, tthe bassis hass ennougg
22、h pproffit, soo whhateeverr thhe sspott prriceesaree upp orr doown, soo loong as thee sppreaad bbecaame smaalleer, theen wwe ccoulld oobtaain thee prrofiits. Basicc cllue: taake thee futuuress maarkeet aas llongg-teerm seccondd maarkeet oof ppurcchassingg raaw mmateeriaals or selllinng ggoodds, if t
23、hee fuuturres priicessaree beetteer tthann sppot priice, prroceeed on heddginng, andd ottherrwisse ddont pprocceedd. Advanntagge: iniitiaativve bbasiis cchassingg thhe pproffitss, llockk thhe hhighher opeerattingg prrofiitsShorttagee: llosss thhe hhedgge ooppoortuunittiess whhen thee baasiss waas nn
24、ot goood, cannt eliiminnatee thhe ooperratiion losss wwhicch wwas brooughht bby tthe bigg fllucttuattionns oof ppricce. So inn thhe ccondditiion of badd baasiss, wwe aalsoo neeed to heddge in ordder to avooid thee riisk. The mmainn coontrractt off deeforrmedd stteell baar aand thee prricee off thhir
25、dd cllasss stteell cuull;Basiss maain conntraact of HRBB4000 200mm steeel currl oof ssomee ciitySome steeel commpanny iin nnortth ssalee thhe hhedgge iin wwintter stooragge, iniitiaal mmeann raangee waas -7988, aand cloose possitiion aveeragge bbasiis wwas -2445.55, pproffit wass 5552.55 poointt. In
26、 thhe mmidddle of Aprril, 20010, thhe ffutuuress weere parr annd eevenn aggio, acccorrdinng tto tthe bassis chaasinng pproffitss thheorry, losst oone oppporttuniity of heddginng aand couuld nott avvoidd thhe ppricce sslummp rriskk off fuuturres andd sppot. 3. Mooderrn hhedgge ttheooryThe mmodeern he
27、ddge theeoryy waas pput forrwarrd eearlly bby JJohnnsonn annd EEderringgtonn, ttheyy exxplaaineed tthe heddge connceppt bby tthe meaan-vvariiancce aanallysiis oof MMarkkowiitz, thhat is takkingg thhe pposiitioons of futturee maarkeet aand cassh mmarkket as entterpprisse aasseets, thhen thee heedgee
28、acctuaallyy iss asssett coombiinattionn. In acctuaallyy thhis theeoryy waas uusinng tthe fluuidiitiees aand priice sennsibbiliitiees oof ffutuuress maarkeet, adjjustted quaantiity of futturees hhedgge oon ttimee too coontrrol thee riisk, thhen obttainn thhe bbestt coorreespoondiing proofitt inn suui
29、taablee orr beearaablee riisk sittuattionns; thhat alsso mmeanns rreseearcchinng tthe efffecttivee opperaatioon mmethhodss off heedgee. FFor insstannce, inn thhe eenviironnmennts of Bulll MMarkket, seell thee heedgee coouldd reeducce tthe scaale of salle, theen rreduuce thee quuanttityy off innvalli
30、d heddge, annd oon tthe bassis of thee maarkeet, it perrmitts tthatt thhe sspott haas aa biit rriskk exxpossuree. The bbasiic ccluee: nnet possitiion conntroolNet pposiitioon= rissk eexpoosurre= nett poosittionn off caash+ neet pposiitioon oof ffutuuressNet pposiitioon oof CCashh= sstocck-oordeerNet
31、 pposiitioon oof ffutuuress= llongg poosittionn-noominnalWhen thee geenerral treend is thee buull marrkett, tthe heddginng wwhicch hhas be solled shoouldd bee leess thaan tthe stoockss orr ouutpuuts of thaat ttimee, llet thee neet ddepoositt off thhe eenteerprrisee bee thhat thee neet ccashh iss buu
32、ll; buut tthe quaantiitiees wwhicch hhavee beeen purrchaasedd too reeserrve thee vaaluee shhoulld bbe mmoree thhan whaat yyou plaan tto ppurcchasse, thaat iis, thee neet ccashh off thhe eenteerprrisee iss thhat thee poosittionn iss buull. When thee geenerral treend is thee beear marrkett, tthe heddg
33、inng wwhicch hhas be solled shoouldd bee moore thaan tthe stoockss orr ouutpuuts of thaat ttimee, llet thee neet ddepoositt off thhe eenteerprrisee bee thhat thee neet ccashh iss beear; buut tthe quaantiitiees wwhicch hhavee beeen purrchaasedd too reeserrve thee vaaluee shhoulld bbe llesss thhan wha
34、at yyou plaan tto ppurcchasse, thaat iis, thee neet ccashh off thhe eenteerprrisee iss thhat thee poosittionn iss beear.The eexpaansiibillitiies of thee mooderrn hhedgge ttheoory priinciiplees tto tthe traadittionnal heddge Commoodittiess caateggoriies aree hoomollogiicall Coommoodittiess caateggori
35、ies aree hoomollogiicall orr coorreelattiveeThe qquanntittiess off coommoodittiess arre eequaal nnet possitiion conntrool oof ccommmodiitiees qquanntittiessSame monnth (orr cllosee) tthe equuitaablee exxtennsioon oof cconttracct mmontthReverrsedd trranssacttionn diirecctioonsThe ttradditiionaal hhed
36、gginggThe nnew typpe oof hhedgginggAttenntioonThe ccoree prrincciplle oof tthe heddginng-traansaactiion revversse pprinncippleIf thhe ddireectiionss off fuuturres nett poosittionns aand spoot pposiitioons aree hoomollogiicall, oor tthe futturees nnet possitiion excceedds ffutuuress poosittionn whhic
37、hh arre rrequuisiite by alll off thhe hhedggingg sppot rissks, thhat is speecullatiion butt issntt heedgiing, att thhis timme ttherre wwoulld bbe tthe expposuure, wee allso calll iit siinglle lleg phhenoomennon. The ppreddomiinannce of thee mooderrn hhedgginggThe hhedggingg inn neew ssituuatiionssTh
38、eorry eexpaansiion andd deeepeeninngSegmeentaatioon aand quaantiifyiing of thee moodellsThe eestaabliishmmentt off thhe hhedggingg meechaanissmTailoor mmadee foor ddifffereent entterpprissesThe ppoweerfuul rreseearcch aand devveloopinng pplattforrmII TThe maiin ppoinnts of moddernn heedgiing strrate
39、egiees1. Thhe tthreee pprinncippless off mooderrn hhedggingg sttrattegyy1) Geenerral treendss loogicc prrincciplle. Shoouldd haave thee coorreect juddgmeent forr thhe ppressentt maarkeet ttenddenccy, thee loogicc off heedgee allso shoouldd bee coorreect. 2) Neet pposiitioon pprinncipple. Addjusst tt
40、he sizze oof rriskk exxpossuree acccorrdinng tto ggeneerall trrendds cconttroll thhe eenteerprrisees rissk aand exppectted retturnn dyynammicaallyy byy addjusstinng nnet possitiion of futturees aand spoot. 3) Caallaablee prrincciplle. On thee baasiss off geenerral treendss juudgmmentt, aadjuust thee
41、 biid aand salle qquanntittiess, aand thee sttockks aare folllowwingg chhangged, thhen adjjustt thhe hhomoologgouss fuuturres heddgess. 2. Riisk meaasurremeent is thee hiingees oof tthe heddginngAscerrtaiin tthe rissksRise risskSlip risskTime cyccleMeasuure thee riiskssSize of rissksBearaablee orr n
42、ootMakinng tthe plaanHedgee orr nootHow mmuchh shhoulld wwe hhedgge?How sshouuld we heddge?Contiinuaativve cconttrollA - AAsceertaain thee ennterrpriise rissks froom iinduustrry cchaiinsHedgee thhe rrisee riiskss off raaw mmateeriaals HHedgge rriseeMine andd Smmeltt faactoory MMidddlemman Connsummer
43、Hedgee sllip rissks HHedgge pprodductt sllip rissks Heddge stoock rissks Heddge stoock sliip rriskksB - AAsceertaain thee ennterrpriise rissk ssourrcess frrom opeerattionn liinkssPurchhasee liinkss Saale linnks Stoock linnksRiskss off riisinng ppricce RRiskks oof sslipp prricee RRiskks oof sslipp pr
44、ricee Hedgee buuyinng heedgee seelliing hhedgge sselllingg C - HHow to asccerttainn riisk expposuure forr diiffeerennt eenteerprriseesManuffactturee ennterrpriise:- Nett poosittionn off sppot=cappaciity+ sttockk-saale ordder, ammongg thhem thee caapaccityy iss thhe ccoree, wwe nneedd too heedgee thh
45、e rriskks oof rraw matteriialss whhen it risses, annd llockk thhe ccapaacitty vvaluue wwhenn itt sllipss. Tradee ennterrpriisess:- nett poosittionn off sppot= puurchhasee orrderr+ sstocck-ssalee orrderr, aamonng tthemm thhe sstocck iis tthe corre, wheen tthe priice risses we neeed tto cconttroll thh
46、e sstocck ccostt, aand locck tthe stoock vallue wheen iit sslipps, andd inn peeaceetimme wwe ccoulld pprocceedd thhe bbasiis aarbiitraage at anyy moomennt. Proceess entterpprisses:- Nett poosittionn off sppot= sttockk+ ppurcchasse oordeer-ppurcchasse ddemaand , aamonng tthemm thhe ppurcchasse ddemaa
47、nd is thee coore, wee neeed to heddge thee raaw mmateeriaal rriskks wwhenn itt riisess annd llockk thhe pproccesss prrofiits wheen iit sslipps3. Thhe hhedggingg oppporrtunnityy seelecctioonMarkeet ssituuatiion anaalyssis: thhe ssuppply andd deemannd cconttraddicttionn meetasstassis andd thhe cchanng
48、e of priice treendEnterrpriise mannageemennt aanallysiis: marrkett prricees oof ffutuuress arre ccorrrespponddingg too thhe eequiitabble proofitts oof eenteerprrisee puurchhasee, ssalees aand stoockssBasiss annalyysiss: ttry ourr beest to chooosee thhe ggoodd oppporrtunnitiies of bassis andd reeducc
49、e tthe heddge prooporrtioons wheen tthe bassis isnnt goood. 4. Thhe hhedggingg fllowEnterrpriise mannageemennt ggoall TThe heddginng ddeciisioonThe qquanntittiess off ittemss whhichh shhoulld bbe hhedgged Coontrractt seelecctioon Thhe nneceessaary funndThe sspeccifiic oof ffutuuress maarkeet CConccr
50、ette hhedggingg opperaatioons Thhe ccorrrelaativve rrulees oof ffutuuress maarkeetManuffactturee pllan Sppot quaantiity/ sttockks TTradde pplann Trradee coontrracttFuturre ppricce ppreddicaatioon Rissks anaalyssis TThe beaarinng ccapaacittiess off riiskssIII Sysstemm deesiggn oof tthe heddginngThe e
51、elemmentts oof ssucccesssfull heedgiingMakinng tthe heddginng pplannRatioonall orrgannizaatioon fframmewoorkEffecctivve ssysttem guaarannteeeEstabblissh tthe heddginng aapprraissal sysstemm whhichh iss suuitaablee too ennterrpriise itsselff1. Thhe ooverralll prrincciplle oof oorgaanizzatiion fraamewworkkThe ooverralll prrincciplle oof ffutuuress trradiing whiich thee ennterrpriisess paartiicippatee iss thhat divvidee thhe ttrannsacctioon aand rissks suppervvisiion conntrool, thaat iis sset thee sppeciial depparttmennt aand
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