語言運(yùn)用之完形填空解題技巧 講義-高三英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)

1、語言運(yùn)用之完形填空完形填空四大體裁記敘文、議論文、說明文、夾敘夾議完形填空四大體裁記敘文、議論文、說明文、夾敘夾議生活故事類、推理故事類、事理說明類完形填空生活故事類、推理故事類、事理說明類完形填空文章三大題材完形填空成功學(xué)法則法則一：詞匯和語法是完形填空的解題基礎(chǔ)1. 為什么大多數(shù)學(xué)生都覺得完形難？第一大障礙就是詞匯量不足。有的學(xué)生連選項中的一半單詞都不認(rèn)識！試想，如果你連要選的單詞都不認(rèn)識，怎么能很好地代入上下文進(jìn)行語義邏輯的分析？要知道，往往一個邏輯分析錯誤將會導(dǎo)致接下來出現(xiàn)一連串的邏輯分析錯誤。2.雖然現(xiàn)在完形填空淡化了對語法的考查，但是在很多時候我們還是要借助語法，特別是語法中的句法

2、來加強(qiáng)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。而很好地理解句子結(jié)構(gòu)右能增進(jìn)你對整體句意的理解，所以良好的語法基礎(chǔ)，特別是良好的句法基礎(chǔ)對于解答完形填空是非常有利的。目標(biāo)：作為一名合格的高中生，你應(yīng)該要牢記考綱所規(guī)定的3500個大綱詞匯。同時也要掌握基本的語法規(guī)則以便能更好地理解和運(yùn)用英語。當(dāng)達(dá)到這個要求后，你作答英語試卷就像作答中文試卷那樣容易了。法則法則二：邏輯推理是完形填空的解題靈魂。學(xué)生解答完形填空的第二大障礙就是邏輯推理能力的不能。這也是為什么學(xué)生具備了詞匯量和語法知識做題準(zhǔn)確率還是不高的重要原因。完形填空除了考查詞匯和語法方面的基礎(chǔ)知識外，另一項考查重點(diǎn)就是句與句之間、段與段之間乃至文章整篇結(jié)構(gòu)等的邏輯關(guān)系

3、。而很多學(xué)生通常只依靠常識和感覺去解題，而忽略了最重要的句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系。這樣往往很危險。要知道，文章中某人的經(jīng)歷或某事的發(fā)展不一定符合常識。目標(biāo)：加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練利用文章中相關(guān)聯(lián)的已知線索來推測未知線索的邏輯推理能力。以邏輯推理為主，常識和感覺為輔才是解答完形填空的正確方法。法則三法則三“閑詞閑句”是完形填空的解題關(guān)鍵完形填空之中無閑句，完形之中無閑詞！那些沒設(shè)空的地方就是寶貴的已知信息！而這些已知線索就是邏輯推理的重要依據(jù)，是解答完形的關(guān)鍵信息。一篇完形文章其實主要由兩種信息構(gòu)成：未知信息和已知信息，未知信息就是那些設(shè)空的地方，而已知信息就是沒設(shè)空的地方，把握好已知信息才是解答完形的關(guān)鍵所在。

4、目標(biāo)：沒有設(shè)空的已知線索就是解題的關(guān)鍵線索。我們要像偵探一樣，通過分析和排查，找出與某個設(shè)空處相關(guān)聯(lián)的那些已知線索，再利用這些線索進(jìn)行與之相關(guān)聯(lián)的邏輯推理，從而最終得出正確答案。完形難，主要原因在兩個方面：一方面是基本功不扎實，單詞、短語搭配等掌握不全面；另一方面是不會利用已知線索來進(jìn)行推斷。做好完形，必須攻克以上兩個方面的不足，夯實基礎(chǔ)。完形解題技巧之詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)完形解題技巧之詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)完形解題技巧之詞語同現(xiàn)完形解題技巧之前后搭配完形解題技巧之邏輯推理完形解題技巧之背景常識完形解題技巧完形解題技巧完形解題步驟細(xì)讀首句，預(yù)測主題跳讀全文，領(lǐng)會大意通讀全文，試選答案復(fù)讀全文，確定答案11.原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)2.

5、同源詞復(fù)現(xiàn)（又叫同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)）3.同義或近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)（包括與近義詞的同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，如ill與sickness）4.上下詞復(fù)現(xiàn)（即總括與分述，如animal是sheep, tiger, wolf等的上義詞；rose是flower下義詞等）完形解題技巧之詞語復(fù)現(xiàn) 1.原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)：為了表達(dá)的需要，在具體的上下文中同一個單詞重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。e.g.Mrs. Neil would ask me for my 37 . She wanted to know how I thought She believed I had opinions, so I began to 37. A. opinion B. impress

6、ion C. information D. intention【解析】選A。由ask me for my和后文的she believed I had opinions可知，她相信我有觀點(diǎn)，所以才詢問我。 37 與下文opinions是原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，從此可以得到啟示。2.同義詞、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)：同義詞、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是借助意思相同或相近的表達(dá)方式，或解釋性的語言使上下文的語義得以連接起來。e.g.For example, babies about fourteen months old almost always notice if something is taken away from a small

7、group. But when the number goes beyond three or four, the children are_ fooled.A. seldom B. temporarily C. merely D. often【解析】選D。由But可知，后文使表示與always notice相對應(yīng)的意思，當(dāng)數(shù)字超過三四個以后，就“常?！蹦芷垓_這些嬰兒了。故選D often，與always同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。3.反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)：語意的連貫有時是通過對比結(jié)構(gòu)而采用反義復(fù)現(xiàn)的手段，或者是從反義的方式對前文加以解釋，學(xué)生可以從反義的角度判斷正確的選項。e.g.A man was trying t

8、o take a photo of a crow (烏鴉) that had a nest in a tower, but the crow always left when she saw him coming. The bird did not _ until the man left the tower.A. relax B. recover C. react D. return【解析】選D。與上句中的left相對，“離開”“返回”這兩者是反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。4.原詞重現(xiàn)（詞性變化）：對于上下文語義復(fù)現(xiàn)的表達(dá)，出現(xiàn)在前后文的詞的詞性發(fā)生改變。e.g.Chinese government chal

9、lenged local schools to conduct experiments in education reform. And then Renda Fuzhong Xisan school in Beijing stepped up to the _.A. chargeB. exchangeC. challengeD. experience【解析】選C。因challenged(n.挑戰(zhàn))與上文的challenged(v.挑戰(zhàn))是同源詞復(fù)現(xiàn)或同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。完形解題技巧之詞語同現(xiàn)某些語義相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞語在語篇中共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性，叫詞語同現(xiàn)。同現(xiàn)詞之間有反義或相對關(guān)系，或者同類互補(bǔ)關(guān)系等，如d

10、ifferent與same; cruel與friendly; death與destruction; ill與pale; patient, nurse, doctor, operation等。詞語同現(xiàn)又分為場所同現(xiàn)、修飾同現(xiàn)、因果同現(xiàn)、結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)和同義（反義）同現(xiàn)。1. 場所同現(xiàn)some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel to feel guilty when stealing some food to eat, if lives in a really poo

11、r area and he is _.A. begging B. starving C. growing D. wandering【解析】選B。根據(jù)上下文以及前文中的he lives in a really poor area,應(yīng)選starving，屬于場所同現(xiàn)。2. 修飾同現(xiàn)Although these wide modern roads are generally _ and well maintained, with few sharp curves and many straight sections, a direct route is not always the most enj

12、oyable one.A. stable B. smooth C. splendid D. complicated【解析】選B。本題涉及到形容詞和名詞的修飾同現(xiàn)。與高速公路同現(xiàn)的形容詞自然應(yīng)該是“平坦”。3. 因果同現(xiàn)Hooray! shouted the crowd. It was the loudest _ I had ever heard at a meet. The first-place runner was two laps(圈) ahead of me when she crossed the finish line.A. cheer B. shout C. cry D. noi

13、se【解析】選A。句中Hooray, runner, finishing line和cheer, shout為因果同現(xiàn)詞匯，都為體育賽跑比賽中所用的詞匯，盡管選項中有shout一詞，但由下文“two laps ahead of me when she crossed the finishing line.”可知，cheer“喝彩”最為貼切。4. 結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)The school decided that when the driver opened both the front and back doors, students who were getting off the bus should

14、 get off first, and students who were getting on should get on _.A. sooner B. later C. faster D. earlier【解析】選B。因與first同現(xiàn)的應(yīng)是later，屬于結(jié)構(gòu)重現(xiàn)。5. 同義（反義）同現(xiàn)The argument has been on the belief that in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual（智力的） growth by _ situation that has design

15、ed for the average children.A. designing B. grouping C. learning D. living【解析】選C。與classes, children, intellectual同現(xiàn)的單詞，很可能是learning，屬于同義同現(xiàn)。We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be _ to other people. It is also right to look after the environment.A. kind B. sen

16、sitive C. fair D. generous【解析】選A。與下文“to look after the environment”意義相近的應(yīng)該是be kind to others，同義同現(xiàn)。完形解題技巧之前后搭配1. 動介搭配On April 12, 1988, Alfreds brother Ludwig died of heart attack. A major French newspaper _ his brother for him and A. found B. misunderstood C. mistook D. judged【解析】選C。根據(jù)動介搭配原則，能與“A fo

17、r B”搭配的在四個選項中只有C， mistake A for B“誤以為A是B”。2. 動賓搭配Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to _ the Nobel Prizes, which would be awarded to people who A. establish B. form C. develop D. promote【解析】選A。在不定式短語中，賓語是“諾貝爾獎”，動詞該用哪一個？根據(jù)常識，能與“獎項”搭配的，只有A“設(shè)立”符合。3. 句式搭配The book tells us u

18、seful skills such as how to put what you have learned into pictures of your mind to _ your memory better.A. make B. turn C. let D. charge【解析】選A。四個選項中，能接“賓語+形容詞作賓補(bǔ)”的只有A， make your memory better意為 “使你的記憶力變得更好”。4. 習(xí)語搭配Intellectual Property (IP) 知識產(chǎn)權(quán)is a product of the mind that has commercial value. Th

19、e concept _ back to 1623 when the first patent law to protect IP rights was passed.A. holds B. dates C. sets D. turns【解析】選B。date back to是慣用短語，意為“追溯到”。完形解題技巧之邏輯推理邏輯關(guān)系對準(zhǔn)確理解語篇意義能夠起到很強(qiáng)的提示作用。完形填空中很多題目都圍繞它們而設(shè)。學(xué)生在解題時要充分利用這些邏輯關(guān)系語，找到與文中某些詞、短語有密切關(guān)系的選項，如同義詞、近義詞或反義詞等，有時這些詞、短語甚至復(fù)現(xiàn)在文中。根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系來推斷正確答案，主要包括因果關(guān)系、對

20、比關(guān)系、并列關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、條件與結(jié)果的關(guān)系等。從近幾年的考題來看，最多的是利用因果關(guān)系來推斷正確答案。邏輯關(guān)系語指表示各種邏輯意義的連句手段，主要有：1.詞（包括連詞、副詞和少數(shù)介詞），because, though, however, therefore, despite等。2.短語，in other words, or rather, in addition, as a result, so that, on the contrary等。3.分句和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，that is to say, what is more, all things considered等。1.讓

21、步關(guān)系按一般的復(fù)句分類方法，帶有連詞“盡管”和“即使”的句子是兩種不同的句類，帶有關(guān)聯(lián)詞語“盡管”的句子屬于轉(zhuǎn)折復(fù)句，帶有關(guān)聯(lián)詞語“即使”的屬于假設(shè)復(fù)句。但這兩個連詞在語言運(yùn)用中卻表現(xiàn)出一個共同點(diǎn)，都是表示讓步關(guān)系。（1）即使下雨也不會太大。（2）盡管諸葛說非常合適，小二黑都覺得不太合適。_ father and I often argue with each other, we are good friends.A. If B. Although C. When D. As if【解析】選B。由句意可知，后文是“彼此爭吵“和”好朋友“。那么句意是：盡管我和父親經(jīng)常吵架，我們?nèi)匀皇呛门笥?。as

22、 if引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣。2. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系It has been many years since I was last in London, _ I still remember something that happened during that visit.A. and B. for C. but D. as【解析】選C。空前的“many years”與空后的“still member”從句意上理解是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。3. 平行轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系Traveling _, today becomes yesterday, traveling west is tomorrow.A. south B. east C. north D. west【解析】選B。不理解時區(qū)的規(guī)則。根據(jù)邏輯判斷也可得出結(jié)論。由空格后面的往西去是明天，那么往東則是相反的，變成昨天。4. 并列關(guān)系English people seem very quiet and reserved. If we make a noise on the bus they look _ and uncomfortable.A. untouched B. worried C. moved D. excited【