機械制造技術(shù)課程設(shè)計-操縱撥叉加工工藝及銑叉口內(nèi)側(cè)面夾具設(shè)計

1、 設(shè)計說明書題目：操縱撥叉的工藝規(guī)程及夾具設(shè)計摘 要本次設(shè)計內(nèi)容涉及了機械制造工藝及機床夾具設(shè)計、金屬切削機床、公差配合與測量等多方面的知識。操縱撥叉加工工藝規(guī)程及夾具設(shè)計是包括零件加工的工藝設(shè)計、工序設(shè)計以及專用夾具的設(shè)計三部分。在工藝設(shè)計中要首先對零件進行分析，了解零件的工藝再設(shè)計出毛坯的結(jié)構(gòu)，并選擇好零件的加工基準，設(shè)計出零件的工藝路線；接著對零件各個工步的工序進行尺寸計算，關(guān)鍵是決定出各個工序的工藝裝備及切削用量；然后進行專用夾具的設(shè)計，選擇設(shè)計出夾具的各個組成部件，如定位元件、夾緊元件、引導元件、夾具體與機床的連接部件以及其它部件；計算出夾具定位時產(chǎn)生的定位誤差，分析夾具結(jié)構(gòu)的合理性

2、與不足之處，并在以后設(shè)計中注意改進。關(guān)鍵詞：工藝、工序、切削用量、夾緊、定位、誤差。ABSTRCTThis design content has involved the machine manufacture craft and the engine bed jig design, the metal-cutting machine tool, the common difference coordination and the survey and so on the various knowledge.The reduction gear box body components tech

3、nological process and its the processing hole jig design is includes the components processing the technological design, the working procedure design as well as the unit clamp design three parts. Must first carry on the analysis in the technological design to the components, understood the component

4、s the craft redesigns the semi finished materials the structure, and chooses the good components the processing datum, designs the components the craft route; After that is carrying on the size computation to a components each labor step of working procedure, the key is decides each working procedur

5、e the craft equipment and the cutting specifications; Then carries on the unit clamp the design, the choice designs the jig each composition part, like locates the part, clamps the part, guides the part, to clamp concrete and the engine bed connection part as well as other parts; Position error whic

6、h calculates the jig locates when produces, analyzes the jig structure the rationality and the deficiency, and will design in later pays attention to the improvement.Keywords: The craft, the working procedure, the cutting specifications, clamp, the localization, the error目錄 TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK

7、 l _Toc500188509 ABSTRCT PAGEREF _Toc500188509 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188510 序 言 PAGEREF _Toc500188510 h 1 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188511 一 零件的分析 PAGEREF _Toc500188511 h 2 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188512 1.1零件的作用 PAGEREF _Toc500188512 h 2 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188513 1.2零件的工藝分析 PAGEREF _Toc500188513 h 2 HYPERLINK

8、 l _Toc500188514 二. 工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計 PAGEREF _Toc500188514 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188515 2.1確定毛坯的制造形式 PAGEREF _Toc500188515 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188516 2.2基面的選擇 PAGEREF _Toc500188516 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188517 2.3制定工藝路線 PAGEREF _Toc500188517 h 4 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188518 2.4機械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的確定 PAGEREF _T

9、oc500188518 h 7 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188519 2.5 確定切削用量及基本工時 PAGEREF _Toc500188519 h 7 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188520 三 夾具設(shè)計 PAGEREF _Toc500188520 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188521 3.1 問題的提出 PAGEREF _Toc500188521 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188522 3.2 定位基準的選擇 PAGEREF _Toc500188522 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188523 3.

10、3 切削力及夾緊力計算 PAGEREF _Toc500188523 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188524 3.4定位誤差分析 PAGEREF _Toc500188524 h 13 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188525 3.5夾具設(shè)計及操作簡要說明 PAGEREF _Toc500188525 h 14 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188526 總 結(jié) PAGEREF _Toc500188526 h 16 HYPERLINK l _Toc500188527 致 謝 PAGEREF _Toc500188527 h 18 HYPERLINK l _Toc

11、500188528 參 考 文 獻 PAGEREF _Toc500188528 h 19第40頁 共44頁序 言機械制造業(yè)是制造具有一定形狀位置和尺寸的零件和產(chǎn)品，并把它們裝備成機械裝備的行業(yè)。機械制造業(yè)的產(chǎn)品既可以直接供人們使用，也可以為其它行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)提供裝備，社會上有著各種各樣的機械或機械制造業(yè)的產(chǎn)品。我們的生活離不開制造業(yè)，因此制造業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重要行業(yè)，是一個國家或地區(qū)發(fā)展的重要基礎(chǔ)及有力支柱。從某中意義上講，機械制造水平的高低是衡量一個國家國民經(jīng)濟綜合實力和科學技術(shù)水平的重要指標。操縱撥叉的加工工藝規(guī)程及其夾具設(shè)計是在學完了機械制圖、機械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)、機械設(shè)計、機械工程材料等進行

12、課程設(shè)計之后的下一個教學環(huán)節(jié)。正確地解決一個零件在加工中的定位，夾緊以及工藝路線安排，工藝尺寸確定等問題，并設(shè)計出專用夾具，保證零件的加工質(zhì)量。本次設(shè)計也要培養(yǎng)自己的自學與創(chuàng)新能力。因此本次設(shè)計綜合性和實踐性強、涉及知識面廣。所以在設(shè)計中既要注意基本概念、基本理論，又要注意生產(chǎn)實踐的需要，只有將各種理論與生產(chǎn)實踐相結(jié)合，才能很好的完成本次設(shè)計。本次設(shè)計水平有限，其中難免有缺點錯誤，敬請老師們批評指正。一 零件的分析1.1零件的作用操縱撥叉的作用傳動，撥動的作用。1.2零件的工藝分析操縱撥叉有2個加工面他們相互之間沒有任何位置度要求。1：以右端面為基準的加工面，這組加工面主要是左端面，中心孔45

13、。2：以中心孔45和左端面為基準的加工面，這組加工面主要是其他面和孔的加工。二. 工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計2.1確定毛坯的制造形式HT200的可鑄性好，因此可用鑄造的方法因為是成批生產(chǎn)，采用砂型鑄造的方法生產(chǎn)鑄件毛坯，既可以提高生產(chǎn)率，又可以提高精度而且加工余量小等優(yōu)點。2.2基面的選擇粗基準選擇應(yīng)當滿足以下要求：（1）粗基準的選擇應(yīng)以加工表面為粗基準。目的是為了保證加工面與不加工面的相互位置關(guān)系精度。如果工件上表面上有好幾個不需加工的表面，則應(yīng)選擇其中與加工表面的相互位置精度要求較高的表面作為粗基準。以求壁厚均勻、外形對稱、少裝夾等。（2） 選擇加工余量要求均勻的重要表面作為粗基準。例如：機床床身導軌面

14、是其余量要求均勻的重要表面。因而在加工時選擇導軌面作為粗基準，加工床身的底面，再以底面作為精基準加工導軌面。這樣就能保證均勻地去掉較少的余量，使表層保留而細致的組織，以增加耐磨性。（3） 應(yīng)選擇加工余量最小的表面作為粗基準。這樣可以保證該面有足夠的加工余量。（4） 應(yīng)盡可能選擇平整、光潔、面積足夠大的表面作為粗基準，以保證定位準確夾緊可靠。有澆口、冒口、飛邊、毛刺的表面不宜選作粗基準，必要時需經(jīng)初加工。（5） 粗基準應(yīng)避免重復使用，因為粗基準的表面大多數(shù)是粗糙不規(guī)則的。多次使用難以保證表面間的位置精度?；鶞实倪x擇是工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計中的重要工作之一，他對零件的生產(chǎn)是非常重要的。先選取右端面和外圓作為

15、定位基準，。精基準的選擇應(yīng)滿足以下原則：（1）“基準重合”原則 應(yīng)盡量選擇加工表面的設(shè)計基準為定位基準，避免基準不重合引起的誤差。（2）“基準統(tǒng)一”原則 盡可能在多數(shù)工序中采用同一組精基準定位，以保證各表面的位置精度，避免因基準變換產(chǎn)生的誤差，簡化夾具設(shè)計與制造。（3）“自為基準”原則 某些精加工和光整加工工序要求加工余量小而均勻，應(yīng)選擇該加工表面本身為精基準，該表面與其他表面之間的位置精度由先行工序保證。（4）“互為基準”原則 當兩個表面相互位置精度及自身尺寸、形狀精度都要求較高時，可采用“互為基準”方法，反復加工。（5）所選的精基準 應(yīng)能保證定位準確、夾緊可靠、夾具簡單、操作方便。以已經(jīng)加

16、工好的中心孔45孔和一端面為定位精基準，加工其它表面及孔。主要考慮精基準重合的問題，當設(shè)計基準與工序基準不重合的時候，應(yīng)該進行尺寸換算，這在以后還要進行專門的計算，在此不再重復。2.3制定工藝路線制訂工藝路線的出發(fā)點，應(yīng)當是使零件的幾何形狀、尺寸精度及位置精度等技術(shù)要求能得到合理的保證。在生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)已確定為成批生產(chǎn)的條件下，可以考慮采用萬能型機床配以專用夾具，并盡量使工序集中在提高生產(chǎn)率。除此以外，還應(yīng)當考慮經(jīng)濟效果，以便使生產(chǎn)成本盡量降下來。 制定以下兩種工藝方案：方案一1鑄造鑄造2處理時效處理3銑銑80的左端面4銑銑80的右端面5鉆鉆擴鉸45的孔6銑銑叉腳內(nèi)側(cè)7銑銑叉腳外側(cè)8銑銑叉腳端面9鉆

17、鉆M12的螺紋孔，攻絲10拉拉寬14的鍵槽11檢驗檢驗12入庫入庫方案二1鑄造鑄造2處理時效處理3鉆鉆擴鉸45的孔4銑銑80的左端面5銑銑80的右端面6銑銑叉腳內(nèi)側(cè)7銑銑叉腳外側(cè)8銑銑叉腳端面9鉆鉆M12的螺紋孔，攻絲10拉拉寬14的鍵槽11檢驗檢驗12入庫入庫工藝方案一和方案二的區(qū)別在于方案一先面后孔，工序安排緊湊合理，可以更好的保證加工精度要求和位置度要求。綜合考慮我們選擇方案一。具體的加工路線如下1鑄造鑄造2處理時效處理3銑銑80的左端面4銑銑80的右端面5鉆鉆擴鉸45的孔6銑銑叉腳內(nèi)側(cè)7銑銑叉腳外側(cè)8銑銑叉腳端面9鉆鉆M12的螺紋孔，攻絲10拉拉寬14的鍵槽11檢驗檢驗12入庫入庫2.

18、4機械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的確定生產(chǎn)類型為大批量生產(chǎn)，采用鑄造毛坯。不加工表面毛坯尺寸不加工表面毛坯按照零件圖給定尺寸為自由度公差，由鑄造可直接獲得。操縱撥叉的端面由于操縱撥叉端面要與其他接觸面接觸，查相關(guān)資料知余量留2mm比較合適。3、操縱撥叉的孔毛坯為空心，鑄造出孔?？椎木纫蠼橛贗T7IT8之間，參照參數(shù)文獻，確定工藝尺寸余量為2mm2.5 確定切削用量及基本工時工序：銑叉腳內(nèi)側(cè) 1. 選擇刀具刀具選取不重磨損硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀，刀片采用YG8,，。2. 決定銑削用量決定銑削深度 因為加工余量不大，一次加工完成決定每次進給量及切削速度 根據(jù)X51型銑床說明書，其功率為為7.5kw，

19、中等系統(tǒng)剛度。根據(jù)表查出 ，則按機床標準選取750當750r/min時按機床標準選取計算工時切削工時：，則機動工時為 工序：銑叉腳外側(cè)1. 選擇刀具刀具選取不重磨損硬質(zhì)合金套式面銑刀，刀片采用YG8,，。2. 決定銑削用量決定銑削深度 因為加工余量不大，一次加工完成決定每次進給量及切削速度 根據(jù)X51型銑床說明書，其功率為為7.5kw，中等系統(tǒng)剛度。根據(jù)表查出 ，則按機床標準選取750當750r/min時按機床標準選取計算工時切削工時：，則機動工時為 工序：鉆M12的螺紋孔選用高速鋼錐柄麻花鉆（工藝表3.16） 由切削表2.7和工藝表4.216查得 （切削表2.15） 按機床選取 基本工時：

20、min攻螺紋M12mm： 選擇M12mm高速鋼機用絲錐 等于工件螺紋的螺距，即 按機床選取 基本工時：三 夾具設(shè)計為了提高勞動生產(chǎn)率，保證加工質(zhì)量，降低勞動強度，需要設(shè)計專用夾具。由指導老師的分配，決定設(shè)計工序銑叉腳內(nèi)側(cè)的銑床夾具。3.1 問題的提出 本夾具主要用于銑叉腳內(nèi)側(cè)，本道工序加工精度要求不高，為此，只考慮如何提高生產(chǎn)效率上，精度則不予考慮。3.2 定位基準的選擇擬定加工路線的第一步是選擇定位基準。定位基準的選擇必須合理，否則將直接影響所制定的零件加工工藝規(guī)程和最終加工出的零件質(zhì)量?；鶞蔬x擇不當往往會增加工序或使工藝路線不合理，或是使夾具設(shè)計更加困難甚至達不到零件的加工精度（特別是位置

21、精度）要求。因此我們應(yīng)該根據(jù)零件圖的技術(shù)要求，從保證零件的加工精度要求出發(fā)，合理選擇定位基準。我們采用外圓和底面為定位基準，為了提高加工效率，縮短輔助時間，決定用簡單的螺母作為夾緊機構(gòu)。3.3 切削力及夾緊力計算 （1）刀具： 采用端銑刀 31mm z=24機床： x51立式銑床 由3 所列公式 得 查表 9.48 得其中： 修正系數(shù) z=24 代入上式，可得 F=889.4N 因在計算切削力時，須把安全系數(shù)考慮在內(nèi)。安全系數(shù) K=其中：為基本安全系數(shù)1.5 為加工性質(zhì)系數(shù)1.1 為刀具鈍化系數(shù)1.1 為斷續(xù)切削系數(shù)1.1 所以 （2）夾緊力的計算 選用夾緊螺釘夾緊機 由 其中f為夾緊面上的摩

22、擦系數(shù)，取 F=+G G為工件自重 夾緊螺釘： 公稱直徑d=12mm，材料45鋼 性能級數(shù)為6.8級 螺釘疲勞極限： 極限應(yīng)力幅：許用應(yīng)力幅：螺釘?shù)膹姸刃：耍郝葆數(shù)脑S用切應(yīng)力為 s=3.54 取s=4 得 滿足要求 經(jīng)校核： 滿足強度要求，夾具安全可靠，使用快速螺旋定位機構(gòu)快速人工夾緊，調(diào)節(jié)夾緊力調(diào)節(jié)裝置，即可指定可靠的夾緊力3.4定位誤差分析本工序選用的工件以圓孔在心軸上定位，心軸為水平放置，由于定位副間存在徑向間隙，因此必將引起徑向基準位移誤差。在重力作用下定位副只存在單邊間隙，即工件始終以孔壁與心軸上母線接觸，故此時的徑向基準位移誤差僅存在Z軸方向，且向下，見下圖。式中 定位副間的最小配

23、合間隙（mm）； 工件圓孔直徑公差（mm）； 定位銷外圓直徑公差（mm）。圖 心軸水平放置時定位分析圖3.5夾具設(shè)計及操作簡要說明如前所述，在設(shè)計夾具時，應(yīng)該注意提高勞動生產(chǎn)率避免干涉。應(yīng)使夾具結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，便于操作，降低成本。提高夾具性價比。本道工序為銑床夾具選擇了手柄夾緊方式。本工序為銑切削余量小，切削力小，所以一般的手動夾緊就能達到本工序的要求。 本夾具的最大優(yōu)點就是結(jié)構(gòu)簡單緊湊，夾具的夾緊力不大，故使用手動夾緊。為了提高生產(chǎn)力，使用快速螺旋夾緊機構(gòu)?？?結(jié)這次設(shè)計是大學學習中最重要的一門科目，它要求我們把大學里學到的所有知識系統(tǒng)的組織起來，進行理論聯(lián)系實際的總體考慮，需把金屬切削原理及刀具

24、、機床概論、公差與配合、機械加工質(zhì)量、機床夾具設(shè)計、機械制造工藝學等專業(yè)知識有機的結(jié)合起來。同時也培養(yǎng)了自己的自學與創(chuàng)新能力。因此本次設(shè)計綜合性和實踐性強、涉及知識面廣。所以在設(shè)計中既了解了基本概念、基本理論，又注意了生產(chǎn)實踐的需要，將各種理論與生產(chǎn)實踐相結(jié)合，來完成本次設(shè)計。這次設(shè)計是培養(yǎng)學生綜合運用所學知識,發(fā)現(xiàn),提出,分析和解決實際問題,鍛煉實踐能力的重要環(huán)節(jié),更是在學完大學所學的所有專業(yè)課及生產(chǎn)實習的一次理論與實踐相結(jié)合的綜合訓練。這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計使我以前所掌握的關(guān)于零件加工方面有了更加系統(tǒng)化和深入合理化的掌握。比如參數(shù)的確定、計算、材料的選取、加工方式的選取、刀具選擇、量具選擇等； 也培

25、養(yǎng)了自己綜合運用設(shè)計與工藝等方面的知識； 以及自己獨立思考能力和創(chuàng)新能力得到更進一步的鍛煉與提高；再次體會到理論與實踐相結(jié)合時，理論與實踐也存在差異?；仡櫰鸫舜卧O(shè)計，至今我仍感慨頗多，的確，從選題到完成定稿，從理論到實踐，在整整一學期的日子里，可以說學到了很多很多的的東西，同時鞏固了以前所學過的知識，而且學到了很多在書本上所沒有學到過的知識。通過這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計使我懂得了理論與實際相結(jié)合是很重要的，只有理論知識是遠遠不夠的，只有把所學的理論知識與實踐相結(jié)合起來，從理論中得出結(jié)論，才能真正的實用，在生產(chǎn)過程中得到應(yīng)用。在設(shè)計的過程中遇到了許多問題，當然也發(fā)現(xiàn)了自己的不足之處，對以前所學過的知識理解得

26、不夠深刻，掌握得不夠牢固，通過這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計，讓自己把以前所學過的知識重新復習了一遍。這次設(shè)計雖然順利完成了，也解決了許多問題，也碰到了許多問題，老師的辛勤指導下，都迎刃而解。同時，在老師的身上我也學得到很多額外的知識，在此我表示深深的感謝！同時，對給過我?guī)椭乃型瑢W和各位教研室指導老師再次表示忠心的感謝！致 謝這次設(shè)計使我收益不小，為我今后的學習和工作打下了堅實和良好的基礎(chǔ)。但是，查閱資料尤其是在查閱切削用量手冊時，數(shù)據(jù)存在大量的重復和重疊，由于經(jīng)驗不足，在選取數(shù)據(jù)上存在一些問題，不過我的指導老師每次都很有耐心地幫我提出寶貴的意見，在我遇到難題時給我指明了方向，最終我很順利的完成了畢業(yè)設(shè)計。

27、這次設(shè)計成績的取得，與指導老師的細心指導是分不開的。在此，我衷心感謝我的指導老師，特別是每次都放下她的休息時間，耐心地幫助我解決技術(shù)上的一些難題，她嚴肅的科學態(tài)度，嚴謹?shù)闹螌W精神，精益求精的工作作風，深深地感染和激勵著我。從課題的選擇到項目的最終完成，她都始終給予我細心的指導和不懈的支持。多少個日日夜夜，她不僅在學業(yè)上給我以精心指導，同時還在思想、生活上給我以無微不至的關(guān)懷，除了敬佩指導老師的專業(yè)水平外，她的治學嚴謹和科學研究的精神也是我永遠學習的榜樣，并將積極影響我今后的學習和工作。在此謹向指導老師致以誠摯的謝意和崇高的敬意。 參 考 文 獻1. 切削用量簡明手冊,艾興、肖詩綱主編,機械工業(yè)

28、出版社出版，1994年2.機械制造工藝設(shè)計簡明手冊，李益民主編，機械工業(yè)出版社出版，1994年3.機床夾具設(shè)計，哈爾濱工業(yè)大學、上海工業(yè)大學主編，上?？茖W技術(shù)出版社出版，1983年4.機床夾具設(shè)計手冊，東北重型機械學院、洛陽工學院、一汽制造廠職工大學編，上?？茖W技術(shù)出版社出版，1990年5.金屬機械加工工藝人員手冊，上?？茖W技術(shù)出版社，1981年10月6.機械制造工藝學，郭宗連、秦寶榮主編，中國建材工業(yè)出版社出版，1997年英 文 翻 譯 INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS 1: What Is Mechatronics? Michatronics is a term c

29、oined by the Japanese to describe the integration of mechanicaland electronics engineering. The concept may seem to be anything but new ,since we can alllook around us and see a myriad of products that utilize both mechanical and electronic dis- cipplines. Mechatronics,however ,specifically refers t

30、o a multidisciplined ,integrated approachto product and manufacturing system design .It represents the next generation of machines,robots ,and smart mechanisms necessary for carrying out work in a variety of environments-primarily ,factory automation ,office automation ,and home automation as show i

31、n Figure 1. By both implication and application ,mechatronics represents a new level of integration for advanced manufacturing technology and processes .The intent is to force a multidisciplinary approach to these syetems as well as to reemphasize the role of process understanding and control .This

32、mechatronic approach is currently speeding up the already-rapid Japanese processfor trasforming ideas into products . Currently ,mechatronics describes the Japanese practice of useing fully intefrated teams of product designers ,manufactring, purchasing, and marketing personnel acting in concert wit

33、heach other to design both the product and the manufacturing syestem. The Japanese recognized that the future in producdtion innovation would belong to those who learned how to optimize the marriage beween eletronic and mechanical systems.They realized,inparticular ,that the need for this optimizato

34、ng would be most intense in application of advanced manufacturing and production systems where artificial intelligence ,expertsystems ,smart robots, and advanced manufacturing technology systems would create the next generation of tools to be used in the factory of the future. From the very beginnin

35、gs of recorded time ,mechanical systems have found their way into everyaspect of our society .Our simplest mechanisms ,such as gears ,pulleys, springs,and wheeles.have provided the basis for our tools .Our electronics technology,on the other hand ,is completelytwentieth-century ,all of it created wi

36、thin the past 75 years. Until now ,electronics were included to enhance mechanical systems performance ,but the emphasis remained on the mechanical product .There had never been any master plan on how the integration would be done .In the past ,it had been done on a case -by-case basis .More recentl

37、y,however,because of the overwhelming advances in the world of electronics and its capability to physically simplify mechanical configurations ,the technical community began to reassessthe marriage between these two disciplines. The most obvious trend in the direction of mechatronic innovation can b

38、e observed in the automobile industry .There was atime when a car was primarily a mechanical marvel with afew electronic appendages. First came the starter motor ,and then the generator ,each making the original product a bit better than it was before .Then came solid-state electronics,and suddenly

39、the mechanical marvelbecame an electro-mechanical marvel .Todays machine is controlled by microprocessors ,built byrobots ,and fault-an-alyzed by a computer connected to its external interface connector.Automotive mechanical engineers are no longer the masters of their creations. The process that de

40、scribes the evolution of the autimibile is somewhat typical of other productds in our society.Electronics has repeatedly improved the performance of mechanical systems ,but that innovation has been more by serendipity than by design .And that is the essenceof mechatronica the preplanned application

41、of ,and the efficient integration of,mechanicaland electronics technology to create an optimum product. A recent U.S. Department of Commerce report entitled JTECH Panel Report on Mechatronics in Japancompared U.S and Japanese research and development trends in specific areas of mechatronics technolo

42、gy.Except for afew areas ,the technology necessary to accomplish the development ofthe next generation of systems embodying the principles of mechatronics is fully within the technological reach of the Japanede . Comparisons were made in three categories :basic research ,asvanced development, and pr

43、oductimplementation.Except for machine vision and software ,Japanese basic research was comparable to the United States,with the Japanese closing in fase on macchine vision system technology.Japanese artificial intelligence research is falling behind ,primarily because the Japanese donot consider it

44、 an essential ingredient of their future systems ,they appear capable of closing even that gap,if required .In the advanced development and product implementation areas,Japanis equal to or better than the United States,and is continuing to pull ahead at this time . The Department of Commerce report

45、concleuded that Japan is maintaining itsposition and isin some cases gaining ground over the United States in the application of mechatronics .Theirprogress in mechatrinics is important because it addresses the very means for next generationof data -driven advanced design and manufacturing technolog

46、y. In fact ,the Department of Commerce repert cincludes that this has created a regenrative effect on Japans manufacturing industries. TO clese the gap ,we will need to go much further than creating new tools .If we acceptthe fact that mechanical systems optimally coupled with eletronics components

47、will be the waveof the future ,then we must also understand that the pipple effect will be felt all the way backto the university,where we now keep the two disciplines of mechanics and eletronics separated andallow them to meet only in occasional overview sessions .New curricula must be create fir a

48、 newhybrid engineer a mechatronics engineer .Only then can we be assured that future generations of product designers and manufactuiing engineers will full seek excellence in these new techniques. We need to rethink our present day approach of separating our engineering staffs both andfrom each othe

49、r and from the producting engineers .Living together and communicating individualknowledge will be the key to optimum designs and new product development . The definition of mechatronics is much more significant than its combined words imply .It can physically turn engineering and manufacturing upsi

50、de down. It will change the way we design and produce the next generating of high technology products.The nation that fully implements the rediments of mechatronics and vigorousely pursues it will lead the word to a new generation of technology innovation with all its profound implications.2.Benefit

51、s Of MechatronicsMechatronics may sound like utopia to many product and manufacturing managers it is often presented as the solution to nearly all of the problems in manufacturing . In particular ,it promises to increase productivity in the factory dramatically.Design changes are easy with extensive

52、 use of mechatronic elements such as CAD; CAP and MIS systems help in scheduling ; and flexible manufacturing systems ,computer-aided design ,and computer integrated manufacturing equipment cut turnaround time for manufacturing .These subsystems minimize production costs and greatlu increase equipme

53、nt utilization .Connections from CAE,CAD, and CAM help create designs that are economical to manufacture ;cintrol and communications are improved,with minimal paper flow; and CAM equipment minimizes time loss due to setup and materials handling.Many companies that make extensive use of computers vie

54、w their factories as examples of mechateonic concepes, but on close wxamination their integration is horizontal-in the manufacturing area only or at best includes primarily manufacturing and managemengt .General Electric ,as part of its effort to become a major bendor of factory automation systems ,

55、including its Erie Locomotive Plant, its Scjenectady Steam Turbine Plant, and its Charlottesville Controls Manufacturing Division. The primary benefits of mechatronics, with an emphasis on advanced manufacturing technology and factory automation ,are summarized below.High Capitial Equipment Utilizat

56、ion Typically , the throughput for a set of machines in a mechatronics system will be up to three times that for the same machines in a stand-alone job shop environment . The mechatronic system achieves high efficiency by having the computer schedule every part to a machine as soon as it is free , s

57、imultaneously moving the part on the automated material handling system and downloading the appropriate computer program to the machine . In addition , the part arrives at a machine already fixtured on a pallet (this is done at a separate work station )so that the machine does not have to wait while

58、 the part is set up .Reduced Capital Equipment Costs The high utilization of eqipment results in the need for fewer machines in the mechatronic system to do the same work load as in a conventional systenm . Reductions of 3:1 are common when replaceing machining centers in a job-shop situation with a

59、 mechatronic system. Reduced Direct Labor Costs Since each machine is completely under computer control ,full-time oversight is not repaired . Direct labor can be reduced to the less skilled personnel who fixture and defixture the parts at the work station ,and a machinist to oversee or repair the w

60、ork stations ,plus the system supervisor . While the fixturing personnel in mechatronic environments require less advanced skills than corresponding workers in conventional factories , labor cost reduction is somewhat offset by the need for computing and other skills which may not be required in tra