考研英語真題及答案(完形填空完整)

1、SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank.andmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhows

2、top-floorlighting_1_workersproductivity.Instead，thestudiesended_2_givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathevery_3_tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjectsbehaviorTheideaarosebecauseofthe_4_behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto_5_oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlig

3、htingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot_6_whatwasdoneintheexperiment._7_somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.A(n)_8_thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe_9_toalterworkersbehavior_10_itselfAfterseveraldecades，thesamedatawere_11_toeconometrictheanalysisHawthorneexperimentshasanothersurp

4、risestore12thedescriptionsonrecord，nosystematic_13_wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlightingItturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto_14_interpretationofwhathappened._15_，lightingwasalwayschangedonaSundayWhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output_16_rosecompared

5、withthepreviousSaturdayand_17_toriseforthenextcoupleofdays_18_，acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers_19_tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase，before_20_aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”is

6、hardtopindown1.AaffectedBachievedCextractedDrestored1.AaffectedBachievedCextractedDrestored2.AatBup2.AatBupCwithDoff3.AtruthBsightCact3.AtruthBsightCactDproof4.Acontroversial5.Arequirements4.Acontroversial5.ArequirementsperplexingexplanationsmischievousaccountsDambiguousassessments6.AconcludeBmatter

7、CindicateDwork6.AconcludeBmatterCindicateDworkAasfarasAawarenessAsuitableAaboutforfearthatBexpectationBexcessivefor11.AasfarasAawarenessAsuitableAaboutforfearthatBexpectationBexcessivefor11.AcomparedBshownCincasethatCsentimentCenoughConCsubjectedsolongasDillusionDabundantDbyDconveyed12.AcontrarytoBc

8、onsistentwithCparallelwithDpeculiartoDsourceAevidenceBguidanceCimplicationDsourceAdisputableBenlighteningCreliableDmisleadingAIncontrastBForexampleCInconsequenceDAsusual16.Aduly16.Aduly17.AfailedBceasedstartedDcontinued17.AfailedBceasedstartedDcontinued18.AThereforeBFurthermoreCHoweverDMeanwhile18.A

9、ThereforeBFurthermoreCHoweverDMeanwhileAattemptedBtendedAattemptedBtendedCchoseDintendedAbreakingBclimbingCsurpassingDhittingAbreakingBclimbingCsurpassingDhittingSectionIIReadingComprehensionText1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemost

10、far-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbit-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcritici

11、smpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyand

12、theeveofWorldWar2,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaserousbusiness.andeventhosereviewswho

13、woretheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereaout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,Newmanwrote,thatIamtemptedtodefinejournal

14、ismasatermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEnglandsf

15、oremostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardusscriticismwillenjoyarevival?T

16、heprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyuphosteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2thatAartscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-c

17、itynewspapers.BEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.Chigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.Dyoungreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWar2werecharacterizedbyAfreethemes.Bcasualstyle.Celaboratelayout.Dradicalviewpoints.Whichofthe

18、followingwouldshawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?AItiswritersdutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.BItiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.CWritersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.DNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?AHismusiccriticismm

19、aynotappealtoreaderstoday.BHisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.CHisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.DHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?ANewspapersoftheGoodOldDaysBTheLostHorizoninNewspapersCMournfulDeclineofJournalismDProminentCriticsinMemo

20、ryText2Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystemMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingabox。Nowthenationstoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytosc

21、alehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybi

22、gdeal”，saysDermisD,CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonaw

23、ayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallyTTpbyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepintstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmig

24、htbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractic

25、e。TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourtsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling。TheFederalCir

26、cuitsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactiontotheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecou

27、rt”saysHaroleCWegner,apartendattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUniversityLawSchool。Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseoftheirlimitedvaluetobusinessBtheirconnectionwithassetallocationthepossiblerestrictionontheirgrantingDthecontroversyoverauthorizationWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheB

28、ilskicase?ItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisionsBItinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransactionIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuitDItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S。28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)mostprobablymeanslossofgoodwillBincreaseofhostilityCchangeofattitudeDenhancementofdisunityWelearnfromthe

29、lasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatentsareimmunetolegalchallengesBareoftenunnecessarilyissuedClowertheesteemforpatentholdersDincreasetheincidenceofrisksWhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatentsProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentholdersAlegalcaseregarding

30、business-methodpatentsAprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatentsText3InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusualinformed,persuasive,orweconnect.Theideaisintuitivelycompellin

31、gbutitdoesntexplainhowideasactuallyspread。Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthetow-stepflowofcommunication.Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecameitsuggeststhatifthey

32、canjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeople

33、calldrivetrends。Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydontseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchersargumentstemsfromsimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOp

34、rahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonalinfluence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydontinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebratinginfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirf

35、riendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowevereachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoonandjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheiniti

36、alinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluential,proveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewontpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople。Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipu

37、latinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeoplesabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobe。BycitingthebookTheTippingPointtheauthorintendstoAanalyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemicsBdiscussinfluentialsfunctioninspreadingideasCexemplifypeoplesintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemicsdescribetheessentialcharacteris

38、ticsofinfluentials32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”Aservesasasolutiontomarketingproblemshashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrendshaswonsupportfrominfluentialsrequiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity33.WhattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthatAthepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteraction

39、sinterpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemediainfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublicmostcelebritieaenjoywidemediaattention34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheoneswhoAstayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluencehavelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluenceareinfluencedandtheninflue

40、nceothersareinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential35.Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?ATheeagernesstobeacceptedBTheimpulsetoinfluenceothersCThereadinesstobeinfluencedTheinclinationtorelyonothersText4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebe

41、entakingaimatsomeoneelsetheaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,anditsjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch。Unfortunately,bankslobbyingnowseemstobeworking.T

42、hedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,AmericasFinancialAccountingStandardsBo

43、ard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong0termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASBschairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives?！盰etbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelyc

44、alls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement。”EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrongCharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,w

45、arnedtheIASBthatitdid”notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but”intherealword”andtheEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules。Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheyLargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyex

46、tentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbankssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains。Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustbereco

47、gnizedanddealtwith.Americasnewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityinterests.Bu

48、tbyTTgivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions。36.BankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedtoAfollowunfavorableassetevaluationrulesthirdpartiesBcollectpaymentsfromCcooperatewiththepricemanagersassetsDreevaluatesomeoftheir37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultinAthe

49、diminishingroleofmanagementsystemBtherevivalofthebankingCthebankslong-termassetlossesDtheweakeningofitsindependence38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASBsattemptto36.BankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedtoAfollowunfavorableassetevaluationrulesthirdpartiesBcollectpaymentsfromCcooperatewithth

50、epricemanagersassetsDreevaluatesomeoftheir37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultinAthediminishingroleofmanagementsystemBtherevivalofthebankingCthebankslong-termassetlossesDtheweakeningofitsindependence38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASBsattempttoAkeepawayfrompolitical

51、influencespeersBevadethepressurefromtheirCactontheirowninrule-settingtakegradualmeasuresinreform39、Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet”inthattheyAmisinterpretedmarketpriceindicatorsexaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassetsneglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebtsDdeniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofasse

52、ts40、Theauthorsattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneofAsatisfactionBskepticismCobjectivenessDsympathyPartBDirections:ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-GandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttextParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinw

53、iththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AThefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumersgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostin

54、gwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearEuropecomparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhileastherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative。BRetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEuropeslargestma

55、rketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyardthewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketr

56、etailersneed。CWillsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyerratherthanthesellertodecidewhattobuy.Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyaneve

57、r-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold。Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerins

58、pectionrevealsimportdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichparticularabili

59、tiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo。Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexaminedFrance,Germany,Italy,andSpainaremadeoutofsamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmorn-and-popgrocer

60、ystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”：hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europesretailwholesalemarket,butthefigures,whenaddedto