icao專業(yè)知識(shí)機(jī)場(chǎng)里有兩條平行跑道andthe

1、1. 尾流 Wake TurbulenceThcture showst there are 2 parallel runwayshe airport 機(jī)場(chǎng)里有兩條平行跑道 and thedistance betn the 2 runways is lessn 760m 兩條跑道間的距離小于 760 米. An aircraft istaking o后 vortirom one runway. 一架飛機(jī)正從跑道上起飛 Nearly after the roion po, 在抬輪點(diǎn)之a(chǎn)re generated from its wingtips.從飛機(jī)翼尖處產(chǎn)生渦流 The left vortex

2、 roesclockwise 左側(cè)渦流順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn) and the right vortex ro轉(zhuǎn).I think the aircraft is a heavy aircraft because ies counter-clockwise 右側(cè)渦流逆時(shí)針旋s 4 engines. 飛機(jī)有四發(fā)所以我認(rèn)為是重型機(jī) The wake turbulence must be very strong 尾流肯定很強(qiáng) and may affect operations of following aircrafts on the other parallel RWY.有可能影響到另一條平行跑道上后面飛機(jī)的運(yùn)行

3、 Its the towers responsibility to ensure enough separation bet n each aircrafts.塔臺(tái)有責(zé)任確保每架飛機(jī)間的充分間隔2. 山區(qū)小飛機(jī)撞卡車This accidens happened in mountainous area. 事故發(fā)生在山區(qū)In this picture, I can see a single enginepropeller airplane diving toward/crashingo a truck on the road. 圖中可以看到一架單引擎螺旋槳飛機(jī)正撞向小的卡車 Two men are

4、 escafrom the truck when the plane almost hit them.飛機(jī)快撞上卡車時(shí)卡車上的兩人正從車上逃離 They are very lucky. 他們真是命大耶reason事故原因 As we knowountainous area, mountain wave often occurs.知道在山區(qū)，經(jīng)常產(chǎn)生山lly to light aircrafts.這種變化地波 The changeable current sometimes grey affects aircraft performance, espe的氣流有時(shí)會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響飛機(jī)性能，尤其是對(duì)小型飛

5、機(jī) I guess when the airplanehcture is about to land ina mountain highway, it encounters strong crosswind and is out of control. 我猜當(dāng)圖中飛機(jī)在準(zhǔn)備在山區(qū)公著陸時(shí)，遭遇了強(qiáng)側(cè)風(fēng)并失去了控制。Also, this accident can be caused by crew incapaciion, engine failure, fuel exhaustion, etc. 此次事故也可能是機(jī)組失能、發(fā)失效r 燃油耗盡等原因造成的。3.CB 云 turbulenceThi

6、s picture shows the activity of a tderstorm in its mature stage, 圖中顯示的是處于成熟期的雷暴的運(yùn)動(dòng) On the top of the CB, there are anvils, CB 云的頂端有云颭downdraft and updraft,roll clouds.下沉氣流、上升氣流以及翻滾的云The lowart shows there are heavy rain anddowndrafthe storm.在云的下部，風(fēng)暴有有大雨及下沉氣流There are also wind shears andturbulence o

7、n the edge of rainy area, 風(fēng)暴邊緣處有還風(fēng)切變和顛簸 On the leading edge of themoving storm, there are gust and dust.在移動(dòng)的風(fēng)暴的前緣，有陣風(fēng)和揚(yáng)塵4.氣象/微暴上面一幅圖顯示機(jī)載屏幕The top picture shows an airborne radar display. 屏幕上有 3 種顏色On the display there are 3 colors. 紅色指示 CB 區(qū)域The red one indicates CB area,黃色指示嚴(yán)重顛簸 the yellow one indi

8、cates severe turbulence, 綠色指示有水汽云，但飛機(jī)飛進(jìn)這些云是安全的and the green one indicates some wet clouds, but they are safe areas for aircraft to flyo.There are2 CBs ahead of the aircraft. 如果圖中飛機(jī)保持航向飛的話會(huì)遭遇到壞天氣The aircraft onthis picture will encounter the bad weather if it keeps this heading.并會(huì)影響 1-2 海里的區(qū)域，尤其是當(dāng)飛機(jī)在

9、低高度遭遇它的時(shí)候 The lower下圖顯示微暴，它十分picture shows microburst, it is very dangerous and may affect areas of 1-2, espellywhen aircraft encounter ithrough the microburst.low altitude. 圖中飛機(jī)正穿越微爆hcture, an aircraft is flying5.II 著陸拿大頂The aircraft type is Hawk II, an oldlane type used as military battle plane in

10、 World War II.II，是二期用作軍事戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的老式雙翼機(jī)型 From the picture, the airplane has飛機(jī)機(jī)型為nosed over on the ground.圖中這家飛機(jī)機(jī)首著地栽在地上 May soldiers are standing around the airplane and check the aircraft condition.許多士兵站在飛機(jī)周圍檢查飛機(jī)情況I think the aircraft structure has been damaged. 我認(rèn)為飛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)受到了損傷【reason】I think this acciden

11、t was caused by human error.我認(rèn)為事故是由于認(rèn)為差錯(cuò)造成的Since this type of aircrafgine is installed on nose, is forward CG.由于這種飛機(jī)引擎裝在機(jī)頭，重心靠前 During taxiing or landing roll, if thcause aircraft nose over. 滑行或著陸滑跑時(shí)，如果lot apply too much brake, it will easily使用過(guò)量剎車，飛機(jī)就容易拿大頂 So thepilots flying skill must be very poo

12、r.技術(shù)肯定不好.所以6. 發(fā)吸入袋I can see an engine on the groundaenance area.我看到在維修區(qū)的地面上有臺(tái)發(fā)It似乎seemst the engine has ingested/sucked some foreign matter/foreign objects. 發(fā)吸入了外來(lái)物The FOD looks like plastic material/ wrapbag and is stuck in engine fans. 外來(lái)物看起來(lái)像是材料/包裝袋,卡在發(fā)aircraft and is waiting for repair.因此，發(fā)風(fēng)扇上了

13、So, the engine has been separated from被從飛機(jī)上卸下并等待修理。7.飛機(jī)撞地面車在圖中可以看到在滑行道附近發(fā)生一起地面碰撞事故 In this picture I can see a ground collihappened near the taxiway.飛機(jī)滑出了滑行道并與一輛地面車相撞 The aircraft skidded off thetaxiway and collided wiground vehicle. 從車的顏色來(lái)看我猜那是一輛引導(dǎo)車I guess it is afollow-me car from its color.飛機(jī)機(jī)型可能

14、是福客 100 我不是它是屬于哪家航空公司的 The aircraftmay be a Fukker100 and I dont know which airline it belongs to. 飛機(jī)的機(jī)頭錐已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷 Theaircraft nose cas seriously damaged.車子幾乎損毀了 The car was almost destroyed.我認(rèn)肯定受傷了 I think the car driver may get injuredhis accident.為事故中的8. 巴士撞 727 飛機(jī)This is a ground colliaccident.這是一起

15、地面碰撞事故his picture, a shuttle has collidedwin aircraft.圖中一輛班車和飛機(jī)相撞了 The aircraft seems to be B727 and belongs to MexicoAirlines.飛機(jī)看起來(lái)似乎是B727 屬于墨西哥航空公司 It is parking in the apron.飛機(jī)停在機(jī)評(píng)上 Itseemst he bus nose has struck the right wingtip of the aircraft. 看起來(lái)巴士的車頭撞到了飛機(jī)的右側(cè)翼尖The windshield of the bus has

16、been broken, 巴士的風(fēng)擋撞碎了the bus door is openand there is nobodyhe bus. 巴士車門開了車?yán)餂]有人The aircraft rear passenger stairs is putdown, 飛機(jī)后客梯已經(jīng)放下I think the passengers and crews have already disembarked from the plane.我認(rèn)為乘客都已經(jīng)下飛機(jī)了。9.飛機(jī)殘骸 1I can see the wreckage of an aircraft on a field. 在曠野上有飛機(jī)的殘骸I think its

17、 MD11, becauseis No.2 engine installed on its tail section. 我認(rèn)為這是架MD11 飛機(jī)因?yàn)闄C(jī)尾上安裝一臺(tái) 2 發(fā)The aircrafs been badly destroyed and has brokeno pie.飛機(jī)已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重?fù)p毀并碎成多塊 Idont know which company the aircraft belongs to. 不知飛機(jī)屬于哪家航空公司I think after thecrash, the aircraft musve caught fire because I can see burn trace

18、on the fuselage.我認(rèn)為飛機(jī)在墜毀后肯定著火了因?yàn)闄C(jī)身上有燒焦的痕跡 Its a terrible disaster. 這是一起可怕的There car is正在尋must be someone die parking.殘骸附近有輛 找著什么。10.飛機(jī)殘骸 2he accident.事故中肯定有人死了 Near the wreckage, a停著 Some rescuenel are searching for sth.一些營(yíng)救I can see the wreckage of an aircraft near a building. 在一幢建筑附近有飛機(jī)的殘骸The airc

19、rafthas been badly destroyed and has brokeno two pie.飛機(jī)已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重?fù)p毀并斷成兩截 I thinkafter the crash, the aircraft musve caught fire because I can see burn trace on the fuselage.我認(rèn)為飛機(jī)在墜毀后肯定著火了因?yàn)闄C(jī)身上有燒焦的痕跡 So, I dont know the aircraft type andwhich company the aircraft belongs to. 因此我不知飛機(jī)是那只機(jī)型屬于哪家航空公司Its a terri

20、bledisaster. 這是一起可怕的There must be someone die in the accident.事故中肯定有人死了Two men are standing on the roof of the building and near the wreckage, some rescuesare searching for sth.大樓屋頂上站著 2 個(gè)人，殘骸附近一些營(yíng)救11.大韓 747 翼根爆洞正在尋找著什么。hcture, I can see a Korean airlines aircraft parking on the apron/r.圖中看到一架大韓航空的飛

21、機(jī)停在機(jī)坪上 Its a B747 cargo plane/freighter, because there is no passenger window on the fuselage. 這是一架 747 貨機(jī)，因?yàn)闄C(jī)身上沒有乘客窗There is a big hole above thewing root on the fuselage. 在翼根上方的機(jī)身上有個(gè)大洞 Some people are standing under theaircraft. 一些人站在飛機(jī)下方I think they are investigating this accident.我認(rèn)為他們站在事故reason

22、I think maybe this hole was caused by FOD strike. 我認(rèn)為這個(gè)大洞可能是外來(lái)物撞擊造成的Or it was caused by bomb explo, on board oxygen cylinder explo.也可能是由于炸這起B(yǎng)ecause it is a cargo plane, when carrying some dangerous彈或機(jī)載氧氣瓶goods/cargo on board, the dangerous cargo explocso damage the aircraft. 由于這是架貨機(jī)，在12. 飛機(jī)擦尾品時(shí)，品也會(huì)導(dǎo)

23、致對(duì)飛機(jī)的損壞。This picture is about tail strike. 這是一幅關(guān)于飛機(jī)擦尾的圖From the background, I know theairport locatesn 10 km. 從ountainous area and the weather att time is good. The visibility is more背景看，機(jī)場(chǎng)坐落于山區(qū)當(dāng)時(shí)天氣很好，能見度大于 10km A B777 is taking offfrom a runwayflaps on takeoff setting, but its tail section is touch

24、ing/hitting the ground. 一架 777 正從跑道上起飛【從襟翼設(shè)置看出是起飛】但飛機(jī)尾部擦到了地面 This may cause seriousdamage to the fuselage and even cause passengers injury.這可能會(huì)對(duì)飛機(jī)機(jī)身造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷甚至乘客受傷 On the right bottom of thcture, I can see another aircraft is waiting for lining upat a holding po. 在右下角，另一架飛機(jī)正在等待點(diǎn)等著進(jìn)跑道reasonAs far as I k

25、now, most tail strike accidents were caused by human errors. 據(jù)我所知，大多數(shù)擦尾都是由人為造成的Such as, exsive roion input during takeoff, incorrect CGinput in preflight preparation. 比如說(shuō)起飛時(shí)過(guò)度拉桿，飛前準(zhǔn)備時(shí)重心輸錯(cuò)Moreover the aircraft may have some sudden mechanical trouble with its control system. 另外由于系統(tǒng)的突發(fā)機(jī)械故障也會(huì)導(dǎo)致擦尾Also, m

26、aybe during takeoff rolling the captain saw debirs on the runway and he wanted toroe earr to avoid colli, but the aircraft was too heavy, so he couldnt pull up theaircraft under this situation.也可能在起飛滑跑時(shí)機(jī)長(zhǎng)看到跑道上有異物，為避免相撞想早點(diǎn)拉桿，但飛機(jī)太重了，所以在此情況下拉不動(dòng)。13.協(xié)和飛機(jī)著火his picture, a Concord is taking orom a runway. 圖

27、中看到一架協(xié)和飛機(jī)正從跑道上起飛I cansee flame and smoke is coming out from the rear part of the aircraft. 可以看到飛機(jī)后部有煙霧和火焰冒出This is a famous accidenppened in July 2000 in Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris.這是發(fā)生在00 年7 月機(jī)場(chǎng)的一起著名的事故 According to the investigation, the accident wascaused by runway debris.顯示事故是由于跑道異物引起的 D

28、uring takeoff roll, the aircraft ranover a piece of metal strip fell orom the engine of a previous DC10. 起飛滑跑時(shí)飛機(jī)壓過(guò)了前面一架起飛的DC10 飛機(jī)發(fā)上掉下的一塊金屬片The strip punctured the tyre and caused typeburst. 金屬片刺穿輪胎導(dǎo)致爆胎The debris from the tyre broke the wingand caused seriousfuel leak. 輪胎碎片打破機(jī)翼油箱導(dǎo)致燃油嚴(yán)重泄漏Then the whol

29、e wing was on fire. 隨后整個(gè)機(jī)翼著火ast the Concord crashedo a small honear the airport. 最后協(xié)和飛機(jī)墜毀撞入了一家機(jī)場(chǎng)附近的賓館All the people on board died. Its a disaster. 機(jī)上無(wú)人生還，這真是一起14.飛機(jī)除冰一架雙發(fā)飛機(jī)停在除冰區(qū)，根據(jù)機(jī)尾國(guó)旗顏色判斷是俄羅斯飛機(jī)。I can seewin engine aircraft is parkingon the de-icing area. According to the flag pa ed on its tail, I k

30、now this is an aircraft from Russian. 周圍地面冰雪覆蓋天氣很冷Heavy ice and snow has built up on the ground. It must be very cold.飛機(jī)周圍有 2 輛除冰車There are 2 de-icing vehicles near the aircraft.，一工人站在升降梯上手拿工具噴灑除冰液, One staff is standing on the lift, holding a tool and spraying de-icing fluid on the fuselage.另一工人在機(jī)尾

31、下方行走，檢查是否冰雪完全清除了。Another staff is walking beneath the rear part of the airplane, he is checking ifthe ice or snow has been comple y removed.15. 777系統(tǒng)According to thcture, what would be the result of righnd side system malfunction?If the right system fails, we may lose normal brakes, right reverser a

32、nd part of flight controls. In case of right system failure, the normal brakes, right reverser and part of flight controls may be unusable / unserviceable / out of service / inoperative.We may not be able to use According to thcture, what would be the result of center system malfunction?If both the

33、right and center hydraulic pre., we will lose many flight control systemre system fail, how would it affect your landing?ch as the flaps, the right reverser and thebrakes.So it would be really difficult for us to control the aircraft to land. We will land at high speed, and we will need longer dista

34、nce to stop our aircraft.16. 跳滑梯his picture, I can see a Mock Up ofsenger aircraft.圖中可以看到一架客機(jī)的仿真模型 Itbelongs to China Eastern.飛機(jī)屬于東航 Two evacuation slides of the airplane have beeninflated and extended/deployed from the cabin door.飛機(jī)的 2 個(gè)滑梯已經(jīng)從艙門中充氣并放出A trainee is sitting upright （raising hands over

35、his chest）and escaslide. 一位學(xué)員豎直坐著( 雙手前舉)快速?gòu)囊桓萆匣?He isdown quickly from oneng emergency evacuationtraining. 他正在做演習(xí)It is a helpful training facility of emergency evacuation for the crews.這一訓(xùn)練設(shè)施對(duì)機(jī)組訓(xùn)練緊急很有用. I have eperieced this training for several times17. 四幅特情圖Upper left: the aircraft is flying. Theres smoke coming out from the starboard engine. Upper right: I can see