【精編版】高考英語復(fù)習(xí)語法分類復(fù)習(xí)之定語從句課件

1、定語從句定語從句/形容詞性從句是在句子中擔(dān)任定語功能，修飾主句中的某一名詞或代詞的句子。被定語從句修飾的名詞、代詞稱為先行詞:引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞連接先行詞與定語從句，并代替先行詞在從句中作一定的句子成分，有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。關(guān)系代詞: who、whom、whose、which、that、as關(guān)系副詞:when、where、whyThe boy who was in the office yesterday is my brother.關(guān)系詞先行詞定語從句如何選擇關(guān)系詞如何判斷/選擇關(guān)系詞：觀察定語從句中缺少何種句子成分缺少主語或賓語缺少狀語關(guān)系代詞: who、whom、w

2、hose、which、that、as關(guān)系副詞:when、where、why關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語，常用的關(guān)系代詞有who、whom、whose、that、which、as等。who/whom的用法二者都可指人。who 在定語從句中作主語、賓語,whom在定語從句中作賓語。The boy who was in the office yesterday is my brother. 昨天在辦公室的那個(gè)男孩是我弟弟。Do you know the man (who/ whom) they are talking with? 你認(rèn)識正在和他們說話的那個(gè)人嗎?現(xiàn)代英語

3、中,在定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞whom不位于介詞后時(shí)可用who代替，也可省略。在非限制性定語從句中，whom不可用who代替。whose 的用法whose既可指人，也可指物,在定語從句中作定語。Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to. 只有你的建議他可能會聽。A real friend is someone whose support we can count on. 真正的朋友是我們可以依靠他的幫助的人。在定語從句中,“whose+名詞”?？捎谩皌he+名詞+of+關(guān)系代詞”代替。I will talk to those stu

4、dents whose homework /the homework of whom hasnt been done.我要和沒做作業(yè)的那些學(xué)生談話。關(guān)系代詞的用法which 的用法which一般指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語，偶爾作定語。They stayed with me for three weeks during which time they drink all the wine I had. 他們和我一起待了三周，這期間他們喝光了我所有的酒。The train which has just left is for Shenzhen. 剛開走的火車是開往深圳的。that的用法that

5、 可指人或物，指人時(shí)，可與who, whom互換; 指物時(shí)，可與which互換。that 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等。作介詞賓語時(shí),介詞不可提到that之前。The train ran over and killed a boy and his dog that were just crossings the track. 火車飛馳而過,軋死了一個(gè)正在穿過軌道的男孩和他的狗。The picture (that) we are looking at was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student. 我們正在看的這幅畫是一個(gè)十五歲的學(xué)生畫的。as 的用法as引導(dǎo)

6、定語從句在從句中多作主語、賓語、表語等,常出現(xiàn)于先行詞被the same、such、as、so等修飾的限制性定語從句或先行詞是整個(gè)主句的非限制性定語從句中。as在從句中可指人或物，也可指整個(gè)句子,指整個(gè)句子時(shí)，從句可位于句首、句尾或句中。Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected. 那些對世界作出巨大貢獻(xiàn)的人應(yīng)受到極大的尊重。Shakespeare is a famous writer, as everybody knows. (= As everybody know

7、s, Shakespeare is a famous writer. /Shakespeare, as everybody knows, is a famous writer. ) 眾所周知，莎士比亞是一位著名的作家。關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞用 that不用which的情況that和which在定語從句中都可作主語或賓語,指物;作賓語時(shí),均可省略。在通常情況下，兩者可互換使用，但有時(shí)that和which不能互換。以下情況中宜用that不用which。1.當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞或被不定代詞修飾時(shí)I have done all the work that he told me to do.2.當(dāng)先行詞是

8、表語且關(guān)系代詞本身在從句中作表語時(shí)The school is no longer the place that it used to be.3.當(dāng)主句以here、there、which開頭時(shí)Here is the hotel that you ve been looking for.4.當(dāng)先行詞有the only、the same、the very、the last等限定詞修飾時(shí)Chatting was the only thing that interested her.5.當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞形容詞最高級或先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)When people talk about Hang

9、zhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.6.當(dāng)先行詞同時(shí)有表示人和物的名詞時(shí)She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞用 which不用that的情況1.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)The longests track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50 kilometer race walk, which is about five miles lo

10、nger than the marathon.夏季奧運(yùn)會最長的田輕項(xiàng)目是50千米競走,它比馬拉松長約5英里。2.在定語從句中作介詞的賓語，且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí)Im looking for a container in which I can put all these coins.我正在找一個(gè)能盛下所有這些硬幣的容器。關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞用 who不用that的情況當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞既可以用who,也可以用that,但who不能在從句中作表語，而that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。1.先行詞為指人的one、 ones、anyone或those時(shí)Anyone who failed to

11、 come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.凡是昨天沒來開會的人必須陳述理由。2.存現(xiàn)句中，主語是指人的名詞時(shí)Theres a gentleman who wants to see you. 有位先生想要見你。3.先行詞有較長的后置定語時(shí)Do you know the writer in blue with thick gasses who is speaking at the meeting?你認(rèn)識穿藍(lán)衣服、戴高度近視鏡在會上講話的那位作家嗎?4.兩個(gè)定語從句中一個(gè)用了that,另一個(gè)指人的關(guān)系代詞用whoThe student t

12、hat was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard昨天在會上受到表揚(yáng)的學(xué)生是位謙虛好學(xué)的班長。關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞用that不用who的情況1.當(dāng)主句是以who開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)Who was the man that you danced with last night?昨天晚上和你一起跳舞的那個(gè)人是誰?2.當(dāng)先行詞前有the same、形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞、the last,only等詞修飾時(shí)He is the last man that I want to

13、 see. 他是我最不想見的一個(gè)人。關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語，常用的關(guān)系副詞有where、when、why等。where代替表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，此時(shí)?？捎胕n which、on which、at which, to which等取代。Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live. 現(xiàn)在人們對他們所居住地的環(huán)境更為關(guān)心了。Many countries are now setting up national parks where/ in which anima

14、ls and plants can be protected.許多國家都在建立國家公園,在那里動植物可以受到保護(hù)。when代替表示時(shí)間的先行詞，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，此時(shí)?？捎胦n which、in which、at which、during which等代替。September 30 is the day when/by which you must pay your bill. 9月30日是你必須付賬單的時(shí)間。I shall never forget the days when/in which we worked on the farm. 我永遠(yuǎn)也不會忘記我們在農(nóng)場工作的那些日子。wh

15、y 一般跟在先行詞reason后,在定語從句中作原因狀語，可以用for which代替。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)不能用why,但可用for which。I have come around to explain the reason why/ for which I was absent from the meeting. 我來是為了解釋我沒有參加會議的原因。Can you tell me the reason why/ for which the car broke down? 你能告訴我汽車壞了的原因嗎? 介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)“介詞十關(guān)系代詞”型There used to be a time

16、at which during which the Chinese people struggled for freedom. 中國人曾有過一段為自由而斗爭的日子。Id like you to explain the reason for which you were absent. 我想讓你解釋一下你沒來的原因?！按~/數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級十介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)Here are the questions, some of which/of which some I thought too difficult for you, 就是這些問題,其中一些我認(rèn)為對你來說太難。Last Sunday

17、I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels. 上星期天我從書店買回一些書,其中有三本英文小說。He has six daughters, the tallest of whom is Lily. 他有六個(gè)女兒，其中最高的是莉莉?！敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)從句中的介詞會移到關(guān)系代詞之前,此時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用which、whom、whose。介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系代詞前介詞的確定1.依據(jù)定語從句中動詞所需要的某種習(xí)慣搭配來確定Indeed, his slim but strong body is j

18、ust like that of millions of Chinese farmers, to whom he has devoted his life. 確實(shí)，他瘦削但結(jié)實(shí)的身軀看起來和他為之奉獻(xiàn)了一生的千千萬萬的中國農(nóng)民一樣。2.依據(jù)先行詞的某種習(xí)慣搭配來確定Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記孩童時(shí)期我在鄉(xiāng)村度過的時(shí)光。3.根據(jù)句子所表達(dá)的意思來確定The colourless gas without which we cannot live is call

19、ed oxygen. 離開它我們不能活的這種無色氣體稱為氧氣。限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞之間的關(guān)系緊密程度，可以將定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句用來修飾和限制先行詞,與先行詞之間的關(guān)系非常密切，它所修飾的先行詞代表一個(gè)、一些或一類特指的人或物，說明先行詞的性質(zhì)、身份、特征等狀況。如果去掉限制性定語從句，原句意思會含糊不清。A nurse is a person who looks after patients.護(hù)士是照顧病人的人。She has found the necklace that she lost two weeks ago.

20、她找到了兩周前丟失的那條項(xiàng)鏈。限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從向起補(bǔ)充說明的作用,去掉也不會影響對全句的理解。非限制性定課從句的前面往往有逗號與先行詞隔開，若將非限制性定語從句放在句子中間,其前路都需要用逗號隔開。In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients.在開始的時(shí)候，屠呦呦去了海南研究瘧疾患者,在那里瘧疾較為普遍。Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard day a

21、nd night.湯姆的父親已經(jīng)六十多歲了，他仍然從早到晚努力工作著。非限制性定語從句非限制性定從使用非限制性定語從句的情況當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容時(shí)She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much. 她說她已經(jīng)完成了工作，我對此深感懷疑。As most people know, Fujian is famous for its tea. 正如大多數(shù)人所知，福建以茶聞名。當(dāng)先行詞指的是世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物或?qū)Ｓ忻~時(shí)The moon, which is 384，400 kilometres away from the

22、 earth, creates many beautiful stories. 月球，這個(gè)離地球384,400千米遠(yuǎn)的球體，創(chuàng)造了很多美好的故事。先行詞指的是某人僅有的一個(gè)親屬時(shí)My father, who is an excellent violinist, is giving a concert next month. 我爸爸下個(gè)月準(zhǔn)備開一場音樂會，他是一一名出色的小提琴手。“名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)常用非限制性定語從句I have three foreign teachers, two of whom are from Canada. 我有三個(gè)外籍老師,其中兩個(gè)來自加拿大。

23、非限制性定從限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別區(qū)別點(diǎn)限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系緊密，刪除后影響整個(gè)主句意義的表達(dá)疏松，只是補(bǔ)充說明，刪除后不影響整個(gè)主句意義的表達(dá)逗號的有無其前不用逗號其前有逗號that的使用可用不可用which/who在從句中作賓語時(shí)是否可省略可省略不可省略Whom在從句中作賓語時(shí)是否可用that或who替代可替代不可替代讀時(shí)是否停頓不停頓讀時(shí)停頓，用降調(diào)是否可修飾主句不可可修飾整個(gè)句子，只能由which或as引導(dǎo)翻譯時(shí)的區(qū)別常譯為定語常譯為并列的句子as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的用法辨析非限制性定從關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)

24、,可以用整個(gè)主句作為其先行詞,指代上文或下文所說的一件事。但as和which具有不同的意義，句法和用法也存在差別。1.as引導(dǎo)的從句表示說話人對話語的看法、態(tài)度、解釋或評論She is very patient, as is shown in her work. 她很有耐心，正如她在工作中所表現(xiàn)出來的一樣。There was a net bar around here, as I remember. 我記得這附近有一家網(wǎng)吧。2.as從句可以位于句首、句尾或句中，which從句只能位于句尾As can be seen, oceans cover more than 70% of the eart

25、h. 正如我們所看到的，大洋占了地球面積的70%還多。The naughty boy is always knocking at my door，which annoys me very much. 那個(gè)調(diào)皮的小男孩老是敲我的門，這讓我很惱火。as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的用法辨析非限制性定從3.which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句對主句所敘述的事情進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明,表明事物存在的狀態(tài)或引起的結(jié)果The boy had a fever every night, which worried his parents very much. 這個(gè)男孩每晚都發(fā)燒，這使他的父母非常擔(dān)心。4. which在

26、句法上一般用作實(shí)義動詞的主語，這時(shí)它所引導(dǎo)的從句與主向之間常是并列、因果關(guān)系I bought my sister a big toy, which delighted her greatly. (= I bought my sister a big toy, and that delighted her greatly. )我給妹妹買了一個(gè)大玩具，這使她非常高興。5.不能省去非限制性定語從句中的動詞be時(shí)，用which,反之則用asJane told me she won the match, which was a lie,簡告訴我她贏了這場比賽,這是一個(gè)謊言。(was 不可省略)As (w

27、as) planned, we met at the airport.按照計(jì)劃,我們在機(jī)場見了面。(was 可省略)6.當(dāng)從句的謂語動詞是否定形式或從句謂語動詞后有復(fù)合賓語時(shí)，一般用which不用asYou pretended not to know me, which I didnt understand. 你假裝不認(rèn)識我，這令我不明白。He dislikes everyone in the class, which 1 think quite strange. 他不喜歡班里的每個(gè)人，我認(rèn)為這太奇怪了。定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別that引導(dǎo)的定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別1.所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容不同定語

28、從句和同位語從句都可以用來修飾名詞。定語從句是用來說明名詞的性質(zhì)、特征、來源等;同位語從句則用來說明名詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容。The fact that he presented was a strong proof. 他所陳述的事實(shí)是一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù)。(定語從句，說明fact 的來源)The fact that she hadnt said anything surprised us all. 她什么也沒說的事實(shí)讓我們大家都很驚訝。(同位語從句，說明fact 的內(nèi)容)2.that在句中所起的作用不同引導(dǎo)定語從句的that是關(guān)系代詞，它的作用是連接主句和從句，并代表先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分;而且

29、that 在定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可省略，指物時(shí)，可以用which代替。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連詞，只起連接主句和從句的作用，它不充當(dāng)任何成分，不能省略，也不可被which代替。The news (that/ which) we heard spread all over the city. 我們所聽到的消息傳遍了整個(gè)城市。(定語從句)We expressed the hope that Mr and Mrs Smith would come to visit China the next year. 我們表達(dá)了希望史密斯夫婦第二年到中國來訪的愿望。(同位語從句)定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別th

30、at引導(dǎo)的定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別3.連用的名詞不同與同位語從句連用的名詞數(shù)量有限，往往是含有某種信息的詞，如message、news、 fact、hope、desire、problem、idea、suggestion、advice、question、order、belief、doubt、fear、truth、thought等,而作定語從句的先行詞的名詞無此限制。We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting. 他是否值得信賴的問題不是我們正在調(diào)查的。(同位語從句)After this he is not t

31、he man that he used to be. 經(jīng)過了這次事件之后,他已經(jīng)不是原來的他了。(定語從句)4.判斷定語從句和同位語從句的方法凡是同位語從句，改為The fact/ news/ idea/ order/ truth/ thought is/ was.結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，從語法及語意上都講得通，而定語從句則不可。The news that our team won the game excited us all.我們隊(duì)贏了比賽的消息使我們每個(gè)人都很興奮。(The news is that our team won the game.”是正確的。that 引導(dǎo)的是同位語從可)The news

32、that the radio broadcast this morning is not true at all,今天早晨收音機(jī)播報(bào)的新聞根本不是真的。(不可改為“The news was that the radio broadcast. ”,that引導(dǎo)的是定語從句)定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別when、 where、why引導(dǎo)的定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別when、where、why引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的名詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語: 同位語從句中的when、where、why等也在從句中作狀語，但有疑問意義而且前面的名詞不是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的。I will remember the time when I won the prize in the National Maths Competition forever. 我將永遠(yuǎn)記住我在全國數(shù)學(xué)競賽中獲獎(jiǎng)的那刻。 (定語從句)We havent settled the question when we should start.