2023版高三英語主題語境復(fù)習(xí)方案新教案：第3部分 主題群4 子主題1　自然科學(xué)研究成果

1、 主題群四宇宙探索子主題(一)自然科學(xué)研究成果閱讀理解A(2020浙江7月卷 C)Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking，planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age，a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gat

2、hered more than 1，000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.Then，for eight years，the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.Those who had held mentally st

3、imulating(刺激)，demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests.And they tended to lose cognitive(認(rèn)知)function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs.The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants overall health stat

4、us.“This works just like physical exercise，”says Francisca Then，who led the study.“After a long run，you may feel like youre in pain，you may feel tired.But it makes you fit.After a long day at worksure，you will feel tired，but it can help your brain stay healthy.”Its not just corporate jobs，or even pa

5、id work that can help keep your brain fit，Then points out.A waiters job，for example，that requires multitasking，teamwork and decisionmaking could be just as stimulating as any highlevel office work.And “running a family household requires highlevel planning and coordinating(協(xié)調(diào))，”she says.“You have to

6、 organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.”O(jiān)f course，our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasonsincluding other environmental influences or genetic factors.Still，continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help

7、.【語篇解讀】文章認(rèn)為有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作能夠讓人更好地保持大腦的活力。1Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests?ATo assess their health status.BTo evaluate their work habits.CTo analyze their personality.DTo measure their mental ability.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills”可知，科學(xué)家對(duì)這些志愿者的

8、測(cè)試主要是用來研究和評(píng)估他們的記憶力和思考能力，故選D項(xiàng)。2How does Francisca Then explain her findings in Paragraph 4?ABy using an experts words.BBy making a comparison.CBy referring to another study.DBy introducing a concept.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段中的“This works just like physical exercise”可知，F(xiàn)rancisca Then把它與體育鍛煉相比較，故采用的方法是“對(duì)比法”，故選B項(xiàng)。

9、3Which of the following is the best title for the text?ARetired Workers Can Pick Up New SkillsBOld People Should Take Challenging JobsCYour Tough Job Might Help Keep You SharpDCognitive Function May Decline as You AgeC標(biāo)題判斷題。根據(jù)文章全文和第一段中的“Challenging work.might help your brain stay sharp as you age”可知

10、，本文主要說明了有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作能更好地讓你保持大腦思維敏捷，故選C項(xiàng)。B(2019全國(guó)卷D)Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 025 drops of water or juice as a reward.The researchers then tested how

11、the monkeys combinedor addedthe symbols to get the reward.Heres how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens.On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side t

12、wo symbols inside a circle were shown.For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8.If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded

13、 with the sum of the numbers17 in this example.After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combinationWhen the team examined t

14、he results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估) a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in valuesometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6.The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monk

15、eys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.“This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains，”Dr.Livingstone says.“But in this experiment what theyre doing is paying more attention to the big nu

16、mber than the little one.”【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：猴子可以進(jìn)行基本的加法運(yùn)算。文章對(duì)研究的經(jīng)過和結(jié)論做了介紹和分析。4What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?AThey fed them.BThey named them.CThey trained them.DThey measured them.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys.The researchers then

17、tested how.”可知，在對(duì)這些猴子進(jìn)行測(cè)試之前，研究者們對(duì)它們進(jìn)行了培訓(xùn)。故C選項(xiàng)正確。5How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?ABy drawing a circle.BBy touching a screen.CBy watching videos.DBy mixing two drinks.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens.If the monkeys touched the left side

18、 of the screen, they would be rewarded with seven drops.; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with.”可知，當(dāng)猴子觸摸屏幕左邊時(shí)，它們會(huì)得到7滴水或者果汁的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；當(dāng)它們觸摸屏幕的另一端(即畫著圓圈的部分)時(shí)，它們會(huì)得到17滴水或果汁的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。由此可知，猴子是通過觸摸屏幕得到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的。B選項(xiàng)正確。6What did Livingstones team find about the monkeys?AThey could perform basic addition.BTh

19、ey could understand simple words.CThey could memorize numbers easily.DThey could hold their attention for long.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination”和第五段中的

20、“When adding two numbers.”可知，猴子會(huì)在超過一半的時(shí)間內(nèi)選擇更高的值，這意味著它們?cè)谶M(jìn)行計(jì)算，而不僅僅是記住每一個(gè)組合的值。由此可知，A選項(xiàng)正確：猴子能夠進(jìn)行基本的加法計(jì)算。由此亦可以排除C選項(xiàng)。7In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?AEntertainment.BHealth.CEducation.DScience.D推理判斷題。通讀整篇文章可知，該文介紹的是哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院的科學(xué)家Margaret Livingstone領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一個(gè)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)猴子進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)得出的研究結(jié)果。這屬于“科學(xué)研究”范疇，故該文應(yīng)出

21、現(xiàn)在報(bào)紙的“科學(xué)”板塊。故D選項(xiàng)正確。閱讀七選五(2017北京卷)Every animal sleeps，but the reason for this has remained foggy.When lab rats are not allowed to sleep，they die within a month. 1 One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 2 We know that，while awake，fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing(加強(qiáng)) connect

22、ions between brain cells，but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons (神經(jīng)元) in the brain can be weakened overnight，making room for fresh memories to form the next day. 3 Now we have th

23、e most direct evidence yet that he is right. 4 The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep，showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.If Tononis theory is right，it would explain why，when we miss a night

24、s sleep，we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new informationour brains may have smaller room for new experiences.Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner.The team discovered that some synapses seem to be prote

25、cted and stayed the same size. 5 “You keep what matters，”Tononi says.AWe should also try to sleep well the night before.BIts as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.CSimilarly，when people go for a few days without sleeping，they get sick.DThe processes take place to stop our brains

26、becoming loaded with memories.EThats why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.F“Sleep is the price we pay for learning，”says Giulio Tononi，who developed the idea.GTononis team measured the size of these connections，or synapses，in the brains of 12 mice.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說

27、明文。文章主要探討了動(dòng)物睡眠的原因，提出了兩種假設(shè)：“幫助鞏固新的記憶”和“為明天的全新記憶騰出空間”。其中，后一種假設(shè)得到了實(shí)驗(yàn)支持，為越來越多的人所認(rèn)可。1C首句指出每種動(dòng)物都要睡覺，但原因仍然是個(gè)謎。接下來是具體例證，如實(shí)驗(yàn)室的老鼠被剝奪了睡眠，一個(gè)月內(nèi)就會(huì)死亡，而同樣，人類如果連續(xù)幾天不睡覺，就會(huì)生病，故選C項(xiàng)。本設(shè)空類型屬于細(xì)節(jié)理解類。2E該段首句提出了第一個(gè)假設(shè)，睡眠幫助我們鞏固新的記憶。與這個(gè)論點(diǎn)相呼應(yīng)的例子是E項(xiàng)，該項(xiàng)中的that指代的就是前面的假設(shè)，也就是說，這個(gè)假設(shè)能夠解釋為什么學(xué)生如果能在學(xué)習(xí)之后睡覺休息，會(huì)在考試中發(fā)揮更好。本設(shè)空類型屬于過渡句類。3F由下段首句中的代詞

28、he可知，該空中必然包含一個(gè)人名，否則he就失去了所指對(duì)象，瀏覽各選項(xiàng)，可鎖定F項(xiàng)和G項(xiàng)，但只有F項(xiàng)能與本段的內(nèi)容銜接，也就是說，睡眠會(huì)幫助清除記憶，為新記憶騰出空間。按照研究人員Tononi的說法，“睡眠是我們?yōu)閷W(xué)習(xí)付出的代價(jià)”。本設(shè)空類型屬于段落總結(jié)類。4G該段首句說“現(xiàn)在我們有最直接的證據(jù)證明他的假設(shè)是對(duì)的”，那接下來應(yīng)該是具體描述該證據(jù)。此外，該空后面一句話解釋了實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果和意義。綜合看來，只有G項(xiàng)符合語境，指出了研究團(tuán)隊(duì)、實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象及實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容。本設(shè)空類型屬于過渡句類。5B由空后的you keep what matters“你記住要緊的事情”可鎖定B項(xiàng)“似乎大腦在保存它最重要的記憶”。本

29、設(shè)空類型屬于過渡句類。1analytical adj.分析性的2assess v評(píng)估3mentally adv.精神上，心智上4retirement n退休5overall adj.&adv.全部6status n地位7household n住戶 8coordinate v調(diào)節(jié)，配合9decline v下降；婉拒10calculation n計(jì)算11systematic adj.系統(tǒng)的12fraction n小部分13represent v代表14reinforce v強(qiáng)化15theory n理論，學(xué)說16evolve v演化17overnight adv.一夜之間1gather v聚集，收集

30、2selective adj.選擇的3combine v合并4touch v觸碰，感動(dòng)5circle n圈，圓形6indicate v表明7awake adj.醒著的1decide v做出決定decision n決定2symbol n符號(hào)，象征 symbolic adj.象征性的3value n&vt.價(jià)值； 重視valuable adj.貴重的4memory n記憶memorize v記住5describe v描述description n描述6support n&v.支持 supportive adj.支持的7concentrate v集中concentration n濃縮1a batte

31、ry of一系列的2hold true 適用；有效3feel like 感覺好像；喜歡4go for選擇；想要獲得5make room for 為騰出空間即時(shí)演練單句語法填空1Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather (gather) their own food.2The police commanded him to describe (describe) what had happened the day b

32、efore.3Linda and I，representing (represent) our class，will take part in the contest to be held this weekend.4Many donators have rushed into fancy programs without carefully assessing (assess) the relative long term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.5It was a touching(touch) story

33、 that moved many of us to tears.6I dont like you associating with those people.7You should keep a record of your expenses.8She made no reference to her illness but only to her future plans.熟詞生義(寫出句中黑體詞的漢語意思)1Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.盡管

34、如此2Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy.模糊不清的3Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner.持久的.似易實(shí)難(將句中黑體詞部分譯成漢語)1The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants overall heal

35、th status.譯文即使在科學(xué)家解釋了參與者的總體健康狀況之后，這些結(jié)論依然成立。2Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.譯文猴子似乎善于數(shù)字計(jì)算。.復(fù)雜晦澀(分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)并譯成漢語)1Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal

36、 Neurology suggests.分析本句是倒置結(jié)構(gòu)，主句被放置句后，即a study suggests，前面是suggests的賓語從句，從句的主語是challenging work，謂語部分是might help your brain stay sharp，as you age是狀語從句。that requires.是定語從句，修飾先行詞work，that在從句中做主語。譯文發(fā)表于神經(jīng)學(xué)上的一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果表明，人在變老時(shí)，做些需要大量的分析思維、計(jì)劃和其他管理技能的挑戰(zhàn)性工作有助于保持大腦的敏銳。2Researchers from the University of Leipzig i

37、n Germany gathered more than 1，000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.分析本句是復(fù)合句。主句主語是Researchers，謂語有兩個(gè)部分，即gathered more than 1 000 retired workers和assessed the volunteers memory.。who were over age 75是定語從句，修飾先行詞workers

38、。譯文來自德國(guó)萊比錫大學(xué)的研究人員召集了1千多名75歲以上的退休工人，通過一系列測(cè)試評(píng)估了志愿者的記憶力和思維能力。3After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.分析本句是復(fù)合句。主句

39、部分為the researchers noted，后面that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，從句中的主謂部分是the monkeys would go for the higher values.。indicating.是狀語結(jié)構(gòu)，其中that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。譯文經(jīng)過數(shù)百次的測(cè)試之后，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)猴子有超過半數(shù)的機(jī)率會(huì)選擇較高數(shù)值，這表明它們?cè)谧鲇?jì)算，而不只是記住每個(gè)組合的數(shù)值。4When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestim

40、ate a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in valuesometimes choosing，for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6.分析本句是復(fù)合句。句首when引導(dǎo)狀語從句，主句部分是they noticed，其后that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，賓語從句中主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是the monkeys tended to underestimate a sum compared with a single symbol，when the two were close in value

41、是狀語從句，破折號(hào)后面通過舉例解釋說明前面的underestimate a sum.譯文當(dāng)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)更仔細(xì)地檢驗(yàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果時(shí)，他們注意到，在兩組數(shù)值接近時(shí)，相較于單個(gè)數(shù)字符號(hào)，猴子更傾向于低估組合的數(shù)值比如，有時(shí)會(huì)選擇13，而不選擇86的組合。1refer to 指的是；提到；涉及；參考；查閱(1)refer .to .把提交處理refer to .as .把稱作(2)reference n提及；參考；查閱in/with reference to 關(guān)于refer to a dictionary 查閱詞典refer to the discovery as a major breakthrough 把

42、這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)稱作是一個(gè)重大突破with reference to your recent advertisement 關(guān)于貴方最近的廣告一詞多義寫出下列句中refer to的含義(2019全國(guó)卷)The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”a term referring to papers made widely available to the public.指的是He spoke at the meeting for an hour without referring to his notes.查閱The scientist referred t

43、o global warming at least three times in his speech.提到能力提升詞匯升級(jí)普通表達(dá)：The discovery was regarded as the most exciting new development in this field by some scientists.高級(jí)表達(dá)：The discovery was referred to as the most exciting new development in this field by some scientists.2decline n& vi.下降；減少；衰退(1)be in

44、 decline 處于下降狀態(tài)，衰退中on the decline 在下坡路上；在衰退(減少)(2)decline to do sth.拒絕做某事decline by/to 下降了/到a city in decline 一個(gè)衰退中的城市decline to answer the question 拒絕回答這個(gè)問題has declined to 5 million 已經(jīng)下降到五百萬基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)單句語法填空The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year.She declined to have(have) lunch wit

45、h her friend, saying that she wasnt feeling well.As she was getting older, her mental powers were on the decline.能力提升完成句子自從新的交通法規(guī)出臺(tái)以來，闖紅燈的人數(shù)下降了。The number of people who run the red light has declined/has been on the decline since the new traffic regulations came into effect.3associate vt.聯(lián)想；聯(lián)系 n同伴；伙

46、伴(1)associate sb./sth.with sb./sth.把和聯(lián)系在一起be associated with.和有關(guān)(2)association n聯(lián)合；聯(lián)想；因果關(guān)系交往；協(xié)會(huì)；團(tuán)體in association with.與合伙/合作business associates生意伙伴an associate editor/professor副主編/副教授an association between passive smoking and cancer被動(dòng)吸煙與癌癥的因果關(guān)系基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)單句語法填空(2019全國(guó)卷)Just as importantly, we tend to assoc

47、iate fresh air with health care.Team leaders must ensure that all members get over their natural desire to avoid the embarrassment associated (associate) with making mistakes.We are working in association (associate) with a local company to raise money for the homeless.能力提升一句多譯有很多嚴(yán)重的健康問題與吸煙有關(guān)。There

48、are many serious health problems which are associated with smoking(定語從句)There are many serious health problems associated with smoking(過云分詞短語作定語)4touch n觸碰 v觸碰，感動(dòng)(1)get in touch with 與接觸，與取得聯(lián)系lose touch with 與失去聯(lián)系out of touch with 與不聯(lián)系(2)touching adj.感人的touched adj.被感動(dòng)的keep in touch with each other

49、by chatting on the WeChat 通過微信聊天互相聯(lián)系get in touch with each other by telephone 通過電話彼此聯(lián)系上了be out of touch with various things of the modern world 與現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的各種事物都失去了聯(lián)系名師點(diǎn)津keep/be in touch with和be out of touch with表示狀態(tài)，可與時(shí)間段連用；而get in touch with和lose touch with表示動(dòng)作，不能與時(shí)間段連用。基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)單句語法填空I want to explore and g

50、et in touch with my inner self.During the war，many people lost touch with their relatives.能力提升一句多譯我們十年前才與他取得了聯(lián)系。We got in touch with him only ten years ago.(get in touch)We have been in touch with him for only ten years.(be in touch)5record vt.錄音；記錄 n紀(jì)錄；唱片；檔案；履歷；經(jīng)歷 adj.創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的(1)It is recorded that .據(jù)記

51、載(2)keep a record of 把記錄下來break/set/hold a record 打破/創(chuàng)造/保持紀(jì)錄on record 記錄在案的make a record 錄制唱片make a video to record our experiences at school 拍錄像記錄下我們的在校經(jīng)歷break the world record 打破世界紀(jì)錄keep a record of my first smile and my first walk記錄了我的第一次微笑和第一次走路基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)單句語法填空Last year was the warmest year on record,

52、 with global temperature 0.68 above the average.It is recorded (record) that there have been a lot of earthquakes in this area.能力提升詞匯升級(jí)普通表達(dá)：Write down the mistakes you made it will help you avoid making the same ones later.高級(jí)表達(dá)：Keep a record of the mistakes you made it will help you avoid making the

53、 same ones later.(record)6perform vt.& vi.表演；履行；執(zhí)行(1)performance n演出；履行；表現(xiàn)put on/give a performance 演出(2)performer n演出者；表演者perform an operation進(jìn)行手術(shù)perform my duty/promise 盡我的責(zé)任/履行我的承諾perform a task執(zhí)行任務(wù)perform an important role in our organization在我們的組織中發(fā)揮著重要的作用perform magic tricks表演魔術(shù)perform well in

54、 his exam他在考試中考得好基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)單句語法填空Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it being performed(perform) live is quite another.While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted，Henry did his best to perform (perform) his duty.No matter how frequently performed (perform), the works of Beethoven

55、still attract people all over the world.(2019江蘇卷)The musician along with his band members has given ten performances (perform) in the last three months.能力提升完成句子/句式升級(jí)普通表達(dá)：The performer performed very well (這個(gè)表演者表演的很好)on the stage.Her performance was popular with the audience.高級(jí)表達(dá)：The performer perfor

56、med very well on the stage, whose performance was popular with the audience.(非限制性定語從句)Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神經(jīng)元) in the brain can be weakened overnight, making room for fresh memories to form the next day.有一種理論的支持者越來越多，該理論認(rèn)為，夜間睡眠的形式能使大

57、腦神經(jīng)元之間的聯(lián)系減弱，從而給第二天接收的新信息留出空間。句型公式句中so that引導(dǎo)狀語從句，so that既可以引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。(1)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句時(shí)，意為“以便，為了”，從句中多含有can, could, might等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。(2)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句時(shí)，意為“結(jié)果是，以致”。(3)so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的時(shí)候，可以用in order that代替，有時(shí)候也可以用so as to或者in order to表達(dá)同樣的意義?；A(chǔ)練習(xí)單句語法填空Many athletes take part in the Olympic Games so that they

58、 can win glory for their homeland.You had better set aside some time every day for sports so that you can keep yourself energetic.能力提升一句多譯科學(xué)家們耗盡一生的心血，只為找到這樣的一個(gè)理論。Scientists devote all their life to their research in order to find such a theory(in order to)Scientists devote all their life to their re

59、search so that they can find such a theory(so that)夯基固本知識(shí)落實(shí).用所給詞的正確形式填空1My initial reaction was to decline(decline) the offer.2In western countries, the number “thirteen” is usually associated(associate) with bad luck.3Luckily，nothing valuable(value) was stolen.4She reached down，touching(touch) her

60、toes with opposite hands.5Assessing(assess) insurance risk can never be an exact science.在空白處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~1She was touched by their warm welcome.2She really feels like having a talk with him about his study at school.3If youre ready for it，however，then by all means go for it.4We gave a battery of tests t