考研英語真題及參考答案

1、2018考研英語（二）真題及參考答案（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful?Because humans have

2、 an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the Universit

3、y of Chicago and the Wisconsin school of Business tested students willingness tohemselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfycuriosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an

4、electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who

5、 knew that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the Univer

6、sity of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthycuriosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, partici

7、pants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one s curiosityahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking about long-te

8、rm 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,“ Hsee says. In other words, don t read online commeB.protectC.discussD.resolveB.seekC.waitD.regretB.lastC.hurtD.misleadB.exposeC.tieD.treat5.A.trialB.messageC.reviewD.conceptB.deliverC.weakenD.interruptB.IfC.WhenD.ThoughB.continueC

9、.disappearD.happen9.A.such asB.rather thanC.regardless ofD.owing toB.forgiveC.discoverD.forgetB.food |C.marriageD.schoolingB.rest onC.lead toD.learn from13.A.inquiryB.withdrawalC.persistenceD.diligenceB.self-reliantC.self-evidentD.self-destructiveB.defineC.replaceD.resistB.overlookC.designD.predict1

10、7.A.chooseB.rememberC.promiseD.pretendB.outcomeC.planD.dutyB.whyC.whereD.whetherB.investmentsC.consequencesD.strategiesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

11、(40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanica

12、l memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain?As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing stud

13、ents to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational edu

14、cation“ have that stereotypethat it s for kidsit academically, “ h e saysOn one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of America olution.Manufactuevg is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More

15、 education is the new principle.We want more for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor s degreesafor the subtle devaluing of anything less misses an important point:That s not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelor s degree opemoredoors.Buteven now,54 perce

16、nt of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined A

17、merica is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren t equipped to do them.KoziatekManchester School of Technology High School is trying to f川 that gap.Koziatek s school is a walup call. When education

18、becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks overlooking a nation s diversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students. lack ofA.academic trainingB.practical abilityC.pioneering spiritD.mechanical memorization22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A.have a

19、 stereotyped mindB.have no career motivationC.are financially disadvantagedD.are not academically successful23.we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A.used to have more job opportunitiesB.used to have big financial concernsC.are entitled to more educational privilegesD.are relucta

20、nt to work in manufacturing24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A.helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB.may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC.indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25.The author s attitude toward Koziatek s

21、 school can be described asA.tolerantB.cautiousC.supportiveD.disappointedText 2While fossil fuels coal, oil , gas still generate roughly 85 percent of the world s energy supply/its clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking

22、 up momentum around the world : They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables , especially win

23、d and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland , for example , wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95

24、 percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe , the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March , for the first time , wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US , reported the US Energy Information A

25、dministration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels especially coal as the path to economic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa , he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in Iowa , where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percen

26、t of the state s electricity generation and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “ what happens when the wind doesn t blow or the sun doesn t shine? ” has provided a q put-down for skeptics.But a boost in th

27、e storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers , who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now,this massive invest

28、ment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there s a long way to go , the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington does or doesn t

29、dto promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26.The word plummeting( l_ine 3 , Para.2) is closest in meaning to.A.stabilizingB.changingC.fallingD.rising27.According to Paragraph 3 , the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as

30、 extensive as in EuropeC.faces many challengesD.has proved to be impractical28.It can be learned that in Iowa,.A.wind is a widely used energy sourceB.wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC.tech giants are investing in clean energyD.there is a shortage of clean energy supply29.Which ofthe following i

31、s true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A.Its application has boosted battery storage.B.It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C.Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewab

32、le energy.A.will bring the US closer to other countriesB.will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing Amazon has just annou

33、nced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn , but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service , which doesn t have any physical product alt.a What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users

34、friendships and sociallives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities , but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through . Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was en

35、ormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist , what party whip , would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May s edemies are currently plotting?It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records

36、of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power . But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanis

37、hed in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with fina ncial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don t pthem. The users of their services are

38、 not their customers . That would be the people who buy advertising from them and Facebook and Google , the two virtual giants , dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies .The product they re selling is, dand we , the users, convert our lives to

39、data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield . Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our in

40、boxes. It doesn t feel like a humandemocratic relationship , even if both sides benefit .31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A.digital productsB.user informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A.worsen political dispu

41、tesB.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead the European commission33.According to the author,competition law.A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changing market34.Com

42、petition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A.they are not defined as customers |B.they are not financially reliableC.the services are generally digitalD.the services are paid for by advertisers35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A.a win-win business model b

43、etween digital giantsB.a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digital giants customersD.the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep wok Rules forFocused Success in

44、 a Distracted world, recommends building a habit of“ deethw orkility tofocuswithout distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work be it lengthy retreats dedicated to aspecific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking ajournalisticapproach to seizing moments of deep w

45、oiyou can throughout the day. Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick toit.Newport also recommendshedulingto combat constant interruptions and get more done in less,he writes.time. At any given point,should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.On

46、ce on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctor s appointment or important meetingAnother approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day in particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford, author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our L

47、ives,points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would

48、be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to m

49、ake the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime,or as Newport suggests, “ be lazy. ”a Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body.idlenessis, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done, “ he argu

50、es.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“What peo

51、ple don t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain . says Pillay.The key to mastering the art of deep work is to.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to workThe

52、study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB.daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC.students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD.detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expectedAccording to Newport, idleness is.A.a desirable menta

53、l state for busy peopleB.a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any workPillay believes that our brains shift between being focused and unfocusedA.can result in psychological well-beingB.canbring about greater efficiency

54、C.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgencyThis text is mainly about.A.ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB.approaches to getting more done in less timeC.the key to eliminating distractionsD.the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and matc

55、h each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Just say itBe presentPay a unique complimentName, places, thingsFind the “ me too ” sSkip the small

56、 talkAsk for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the ca

57、b driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.AI want to talSuppose you are in a room with someone you don t know and somethi

58、ng within you sayswith this personth”is is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something the firstword but it just won t come outtf.eIels like itis stuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? Th

59、ey won with you? We ll, tthtaelyk are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “ Hi ” , “ Hey” or “ Hdeolltohe” best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “ Hi ”.

60、FIt s a problem all of us fac:eyou have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of, “hhoiw” ar,e“yohue?llo ” and “s wgohiantg on? ” you will fail togive the initial jolt to the conversation that s can make