文化詞與文化含義詞課件

1、Chapter 18文化詞與文化含義詞1文化詞（Cultural Words） Peter Newmark calls them Empty WordsThe word (phrase) that carries the meaning of a cultural trait particular to a certain socio-cultural community, that is, whose referent is a unique thing or conception, and therefore that has no corresponding equivalent in

2、other communities, when it is used in cross-cultural communication, is called word of cultural uniqueness or cultural word.2Cultural Words 5 Types1. Ecological eg. selva, igloo, sirocoo, 三伏, 三九2. Material eg. swallowtail, 馬褂, ravioli, 包子, 粽子3. Socio-cultural eg. snooker, cricket, teleathon, Lord Cha

3、ncellor, 大鍋飯, 民工, 家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責任制 4. Religious eg. cathedral, abbey, 陰陽, 庵,老天 5. Gesticular eg. 叩頭,作揖,單腿跪拜3文化含義詞（Culturally Loaded Word/Phrases）The word (phrase) whose referent is not a unique thing or conception in one culture, but does not overlap with that in another culture, and therefore that has no

4、corresponding equivalent in other communities, when it is used in cross-cultural communication, is called culturally loaded word.4Culturally Loaded Words 3 Types1. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different classification（切分和歸類不同） eg. Family members 1) sex 2) generation 3) degree of linealit

5、y (direct or indirect) eg. Colours eg. Cooking methods5Culturally Loaded Words 3 Types2. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different association（聯(lián)想不同） eg. Red eg. Magpie eg. Summer eg. West wind6Culturally Loaded Words 3 Types3. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different cultural norm

6、s（語用規(guī)范不同） “Cultural meanings are expressed in the cognitive structures as well as norms of behaviour people utilize when using language.” (Kachru Yamuna) eg. Yes or No eg. You dont say./ You are not eg. Now you are talking eg. Oh, you shouldntt have 7Translating Cultural Words1. Full borrowing （全式借用

7、） eg. garage, reservoir, spaghetti, plaza2. Semi-borrowing（半式借用） eg. comrade (comarada), cartoon (cartone)3. Transliteration （音譯） eg. kowtow, feng shui, dim sum4. Semi-transliteration（半音譯） eg. tea house, tong oil, taoism5. Loan translation（仿譯） eg. 蜜月，藍領(lǐng)，超人，lose face, paper tiger8Translating Cultural

8、ly Loaded Words1. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different classification（切分和歸類不同）1) borrowing（借用） eg. sake, kaoliang, cigar2) substitution（替代） eg. temple for 寺，廟，庵，觀3) paraphrasing（釋義） 親家，妯娌，連襟9Translating Culturally Loaded Words2. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different associ

9、ation（聯(lián)想不同）1) loan translation（仿譯） eg. 黑名單，瓶頸，連鎖反應2) substitution（替代） eg. 藍眼睛, 紅眼病, green-eyed3) paraphrasing（釋義） eg. 九曲十八彎，走桃花運，tongue-in-cheek10Translating Culturally Loaded Words3. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different cultural norms（語用規(guī)范不同） substitution（替代） eg. 吃了嗎？/上哪兒去？ eg. How ar

10、e you?/ How do you do? eg. 司馬昭之心，路人皆知 Si-Ma-Zhaos heart? notorious? as plain as the nose on face? an open secret?11Exercise: Try Translating Them尊重，干部，態(tài)度，國家，意義，關(guān)心，情況，宣傳，統(tǒng)一，傳統(tǒng)講，搞，化個體經(jīng)濟，社會主義精神文明，亂收費，基本實現(xiàn)小康，街道婦女，三高農(nóng)業(yè)12Examples Analysis處理國與國關(guān)系的時候，我們應該尊重現(xiàn)實。When dealing with inter-state relations, we shou

11、ld face reality.13Examples Analysis國有企業(yè)的主要領(lǐng)導干部應該堅決抵制和反對腐敗。Leading managerial staff of state-owned enterprises should resolutely resist and oppose corruption.14Examples Analysis今天，亞洲和歐洲的國家領(lǐng)導人聚集一堂，以平等友好的態(tài)度，就廣泛領(lǐng)域的合作交換意見。Today, leaders of Asian and European countries gather here to exchange views on coo

12、peration in a wide range of areas on an equal footing and in a friendly manner.15Examples Analysis互相尊重國家主權(quán)，是開展國際合作的重要前提。Mutual respect for state sovereignty is an important prerequisite for carrying out international cooperation.16Examples Analysis我們在貴國度過了內(nèi)容豐富和有意義的六天時間。Our six-day stay in your count

13、ry has been pleasant, substantial and interesting. 17Examples Analysis我們希望一切關(guān)心中東地區(qū)穩(wěn)定的國家多做有利于解決爭端的工作。We hope that all countries that care about the stability of the Middle East will do more to help resolve the disputes.18Examples Analysis最近，在南海問題上出現(xiàn)一些新的情況，我想借此機會與您交換意見。Recently, some new complications

14、 have occurred on the South China Sea. I wish to take this opportunity to exchange views with you.19Examples Analysis在對內(nèi)努力推進經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的同時，還應該大力加強對外宣傳。While doing a good job in advancing social and economic development, we should also make great efforts to enhance promotion/publicity to the outside world

15、.20Examples Analysis在這個問題上，我們已經(jīng)統(tǒng)一了思想。As for this issue, we have already reached consensus/achieve common understanding.21Examples Analysis雙方應保證兩國公民在邊境地區(qū)的傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟生活正常進行。The two sides should ensure their citizens in the border area a normal economic life as they used to lead.22Examples Analysis一次分配講效益，二次分

16、配講公平。Stress is put on efficiency in the first distribution of income, and on equality in the second distribution of income.講大話，講空話都不行。Neither bragging nor empty talk will do.講信義是我們民族的傳統(tǒng)。Acting in good faith is a Chinese tradition.23Examples Analysis我們說話算數(shù)，不搞小動作。We mean what we say. We do not play pr

17、etty tricks/games.他到北京工作了兩個月，搞得很好。He worked in Beijing for two months and did a good job there.我們必須一心一意搞建設。We must concentrate on economic development.搞經(jīng)濟協(xié)作區(qū)，這個路子是對的。It is the right thing to establish economic cooperation between developed and less developed areas. 24Examples Analysis國民經(jīng)濟市場化、社會化程度明顯

18、提高。Market has noticeably assumed greater importance in our national economy and more and more social services have been made available.美化環(huán)境To beautify the environment干部隊伍的年輕化、知識化、專業(yè)化。To make our rank of leaders younger, better educated and more competent professionally. 25Examples Analysis個體經(jīng)濟 self-

19、employment, family business社會主義精神文明 socialist civilization with high cultural level and moral standards亂收費 arbitrary charges基本實現(xiàn)小康 build a moderately well-off society街道婦女 housewives working in the neighbourhood三高農(nóng)業(yè) high-yield, cost-effective and high-tech agriculture26Examples Analysis南北朝的祖沖之計算出圓周率為

20、3.1415926。In the Northern and Southern Dynasties in the 4th century AD, Chinas mathematician Zu Chongzhi calculated (the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter) to be 3.1415926. 27Examples Analysis玄奘萬里取經(jīng)，帶回南亞國家的古老文化。鄭和“七下西洋”，把中華文化傳向遠方的國度。Eminent Monk Xuan Zang of the Tang Dynasty (618 907) brought back ancien