GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)考試復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)整理稿 目錄 星號(hào)為確認(rèn)文章 TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK l _Toc349002094 1. 回收材料* PAGEREF _Toc349002094 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002095 2. baby 的意識(shí) PAGEREF _Toc349002095 h 4 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002096 3. 大象和蜜蜂 PAGEREF _Toc349002096 h 4 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002097 4. 美國(guó)的雞 PAGEREF _Toc349002097 h 6 HYPERLINK l _Toc349

2、002098 5. 信用卡 PAGEREF _Toc349002098 h 7 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002099 6. 木星 PAGEREF _Toc349002099 h 8 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002100 7. 殖民地婦女* PAGEREF _Toc349002100 h 8 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002101 8. 品牌和商標(biāo) PAGEREF _Toc349002101 h 10 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002102 9. 管理策略* PAGEREF _Toc349002102 h 10 HYPERLINK l _Toc

3、349002103 10. 免疫系統(tǒng)* PAGEREF _Toc349002103 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002104 11. social movement PAGEREF _Toc349002104 h 12 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002105 12. 加拿大好基友 PAGEREF _Toc349002105 h 13 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002106 13. 黑人女賣(mài)化妝品* PAGEREF _Toc349002106 h 15 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002107 14. 樹(shù)的年輪* PAGEREF _Toc34

4、9002107 h 17 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002108 15. Climate change PAGEREF _Toc349002108 h 18 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002109 16. 海底輸油管道 PAGEREF _Toc349002109 h 19 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002110 17. 男女工資* PAGEREF _Toc349002110 h 20 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002111 18. 手工作坊到工廠* PAGEREF _Toc349002111 h 21 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002

5、112 19. 硅谷* PAGEREF _Toc349002112 h 23 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002113 20. 婦女的歷史研究 PAGEREF _Toc349002113 h 24 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002114 21. 美洲移民* PAGEREF _Toc349002114 h 25 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002115 22. 神經(jīng)元* PAGEREF _Toc349002115 h 26 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002116 23. 博物館* PAGEREF _Toc349002116 h 27 HYPERLINK

6、 l _Toc349002117 24. antitrust的法案* PAGEREF _Toc349002117 h 28 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002118 25. 巨型動(dòng)物* PAGEREF _Toc349002118 h 30 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002119 26. 美國(guó)黑人白人的遷徙* PAGEREF _Toc349002119 h 31 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002120 27. 深海開(kāi)采 PAGEREF _Toc349002120 h 32 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002121 28. 壟斷 PAGEREF _Toc

7、349002121 h 33 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002122 29. 對(duì)稱(chēng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng) PAGEREF _Toc349002122 h 33 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002123 30. 大小公司* PAGEREF _Toc349002123 h 34 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002124 31.* 第一顆星球 PAGEREF _Toc349002124 h 35 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002125 32. 交通規(guī)劃* PAGEREF _Toc349002125 h 36 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002126 33. 男半球

8、女半球* PAGEREF _Toc349002126 h 39 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002127 34. 非盈利組織* PAGEREF _Toc349002127 h 40 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002128 35. 企業(yè)擴(kuò)張 PAGEREF _Toc349002128 h 40 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002129 36. 滿意度調(diào)查 PAGEREF _Toc349002129 h 40 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002130 37. 管理需求 PAGEREF _Toc349002130 h 42 HYPERLINK l _Toc3

9、49002131 38. WTO* PAGEREF _Toc349002131 h 42 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002132 39. 機(jī)械鐘* PAGEREF _Toc349002132 h 42 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002133 40. 互相摸的猴子 PAGEREF _Toc349002133 h 43 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002134 41. 公司創(chuàng)新（非大小公司那篇大家要仔細(xì)?。?PAGEREF _Toc349002134 h 44 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002135 42. 光譜* PAGEREF _Toc349002

10、135 h 44 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002136 43. 商業(yè)策略 PAGEREF _Toc349002136 h 45 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002137 44. 無(wú)形的服務(wù)* PAGEREF _Toc349002137 h 45 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002138 45. 發(fā)展中國(guó)家* PAGEREF _Toc349002138 h 45 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002139 46. 應(yīng)急機(jī)構(gòu) PAGEREF _Toc349002139 h 47 HYPERLINK l _Toc349002140 47. 工人效率 PAGE

11、REF _Toc349002140 h 471. 回收材料*(篇幅一屏左右)文章大意：說(shuō)可回收垃圾的成本反而比不可回收垃圾的成本高，美國(guó)針對(duì)這種情況就專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)立了一個(gè)組織M來(lái)處理可回收垃圾。接著給出數(shù)據(jù)，這種垃圾實(shí)在是太多而且成本很大，這個(gè)組織有點(diǎn)支持不住了，200美元perton是recycle垃圾的成本，120-150perton（【IRIS】數(shù)據(jù)不一定準(zhǔn)）是直接不recycle的成本吧。回收可回收垃圾成本大于傳統(tǒng)降解垃圾的成本?？苫厥绽锩嫔晕rofitable的就只有鋁，所以在這種情況下，這個(gè)M組織是入不敷出，想要持續(xù)營(yíng)運(yùn)就必須要政府支持。這種情況在政府要求使用可回收材料的情況下更加

12、惡化。問(wèn)題：1. 問(wèn)說(shuō)不回收的價(jià)格低in order to（問(wèn)作用就是）/ 舉出傳統(tǒng)降解垃圾成本數(shù)字的作用是什么？ 答：回收成本高2. 導(dǎo)致價(jià)格升高的原因是 答：A 政府非要用 B回收人工費(fèi)偏高 C M公司要辨別種類(lèi)（沒(méi)看清兩種位置。大家遇見(jiàn)看一下）D 回收材料市場(chǎng)價(jià)值升高3. 政府要求增加可回收材料使用將會(huì)導(dǎo)致怎樣狀況？（定位最后一句）4. 可回收材料的價(jià)值怎樣增加？2. baby 的意識(shí) 文章有點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)，重點(diǎn)看第一和最后一段。文章大意：P1. 說(shuō)嬰兒（infant）天生是沒(méi)有主觀道德感的，是后天社會(huì)和父母教育才產(chǎn)生guilty之類(lèi)的感情. P2. 反駁說(shuō)infant天生就能分辨好壞，舉了個(gè)例子

13、說(shuō)讓一群寶寶看視頻，里面有三個(gè)東西，圓形，三角和方形，圓形要上一個(gè)坡，方形幫助它，三角形阻礙它，然后看完給寶寶三角形和方形選擇，發(fā)現(xiàn)寶寶都很明顯偏向的喜歡幫助別人的方形【IRIS】正方形和三角形角色可能有出入 上考場(chǎng)注意!，所以infant是能分辨好壞的。（有一個(gè)考題問(wèn)weaken這種結(jié)論的-選擇版本1沒(méi)看這個(gè)video還是喜歡方形/ 版本2家長(zhǎng)在孩子小時(shí)候就已經(jīng)教過(guò)他們moral了【IRIS】?jī)A向版本1的答案）P3. 說(shuō)就算這樣為什么還是需要父母和社會(huì)的教育，因?yàn)槿藭?huì)習(xí)慣學(xué)習(xí)和模仿周?chē)说男袨椋键c(diǎn)），還有說(shuō)limited在比較小的群體里（這個(gè)好像也考了一道）但是作者說(shuō)現(xiàn)在全球習(xí)慣共同化所以

14、不明顯了。補(bǔ)充V2好像除了視頻的實(shí)驗(yàn)還有第二個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，具體忘記是什么了。然后又有人說(shuō)，這個(gè)不是因?yàn)樘焐模且驗(yàn)閶雰簩W(xué)得很快，6個(gè)月的時(shí)候就從父母那里學(xué)到了“道德”。 補(bǔ)充背景知識(shí)（可看可不看）接著，研究人員又增加了一個(gè)既不幫助也不妨礙圓形爬山的“中立者”，以更加明確嬰兒的立場(chǎng)，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示，嬰兒會(huì)在“幫助者”和“中立者”中選擇“幫助者”，在“中立者”和“阻礙者”中也無(wú)一例外地選擇“中立者”。問(wèn)題：Q1 主旨題A1是說(shuō)嬰兒有基本的判斷有幫助行為的意識(shí)啦，注意，有道德意識(shí)這兩個(gè)英文，但好像選項(xiàng)沒(méi)選他，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)選項(xiàng)說(shuō)，是靠父母幫助，社會(huì)培養(yǎng)什么的A2有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)挺猶豫的，一個(gè)說(shuō)暗示了嬰兒天生有道德，

15、另一個(gè)說(shuō)說(shuō)明了嬰兒更喜歡helpful的不喜歡unhelpful的Q2 第二段是怎么反駁第一段的論點(diǎn)的第一段說(shuō)有些心里學(xué)家認(rèn)為嬰兒都是后天學(xué)習(xí)培養(yǎng)道德的，不是天生就有的，這個(gè)題目不難，其他幾道題雞精里好像都有提到Q3 問(wèn)根據(jù)3個(gè)圖形的實(shí)驗(yàn)，如果下列選項(xiàng)的哪個(gè)成立，將削弱這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)得出的結(jié)論？A1 選項(xiàng)E說(shuō)試驗(yàn)里的那些嬰兒其實(shí)根本沒(méi)懂實(shí)驗(yàn)在表達(dá)什么意思 A2 有選項(xiàng)說(shuō)嬰兒不看實(shí)驗(yàn)中的短篇也傾向于選那個(gè)代表幫助者的圖形3. 大象和蜜蜂 （篇幅一屏多 到文中定位，不難）文章大意：P1. 象雖然外皮厚，但是某些部位還是比較薄弱，蜜蜂蟄一下也痛。小象的皮比大象的皮薄，所以小象vulnerable to b

16、ee sting.女科學(xué)家LUCY KING帶領(lǐng)的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)在研究中驚奇的發(fā)現(xiàn)，elephant除了flee（逃跑）來(lái)respond to bee buzz，自己還發(fā)出一個(gè)rumble（n. 隆隆聲）P2. 于是進(jìn)行第二個(gè)試驗(yàn)，將recorded bee rumble 放給大象聽(tīng)，結(jié)果有幾個(gè)flee，有幾個(gè)不知道怎么了失憶了。就講它們自己的叫聲可能是預(yù)示其他的danger, 或者保護(hù)那些inexperienced elephant.P3. 講了又一個(gè)的試驗(yàn)對(duì)這個(gè)indication有幫助還是指出試驗(yàn)缺陷的，忘了有個(gè)地方的稻田好像是播放了蜜蜂的聲音吧，從而導(dǎo)致大象不會(huì)過(guò)來(lái)破壞稻田。（有個(gè)針對(duì)這個(gè)的

17、問(wèn)題說(shuō)，這個(gè)說(shuō)明了什么。）問(wèn)題：Q1. 下列哪些are used in the passage to 說(shuō)明大象是為了protect from bee, except _ /一道except的題問(wèn)文章列用了以下那些例子來(lái)支持觀點(diǎn) 除了.小象皮很薄大象會(huì)rumble respond to bee rumble什么在wild 大象會(huì)avoid beeV1 我選的CV2 我最后選的是elephant還會(huì)對(duì)其他的danger做出rumble的反應(yīng)。因?yàn)樵奈艺J(rèn)為我黑體字標(biāo)出來(lái)的后面那句話就是elephant avoid bee hives in the wild的具體例子,而且原文提到Further w

18、ork is needed to confirm whether the rumble call is used for other kinds of threats, not just bees. 所以我覺(jué)得其實(shí)文章本身沒(méi)有正面去說(shuō)elephant還會(huì)對(duì)其他的danger做出反應(yīng) 大家自己判斷 小心被我誤導(dǎo)Q2. 從第三段可以得出農(nóng)民可以采取什么措施來(lái)預(yù)防大象的襲擊crop選B還是C的，反正跟大象的rumble有關(guān)Q3 問(wèn)第一段的實(shí)驗(yàn)有什么作用Q4 最后一段為什么提起KINGS的研究報(bào)告，有什么作用Q5 大象的鳴叫是為了什么Q6 問(wèn)全文中心思想。Q7 叫我看第一段，大約是這里 問(wèn)king k

19、ing通過(guò)什么方法證明大象是怕bee的Importantly we discovered elephants not only flee from the buzzing sound but make a unique rumbling call as well as shaking their heads. The team then looked to isolate the specific acoustic qualities associated with this rumbling call and played the sounds back to the elephants t

20、o confirm that the recorded call triggered the elephants decision to flee even when there was no buzzing and no sign of any beesQ8 還有一個(gè)問(wèn)king那個(gè)research有什么uncertainty，答案就從最后一段找近似原文：感謝amati2116 (ID: 659554) 下劃線部分文章中有出現(xiàn)A team of scientists from Oxford University, Save the Elephants, and Disneys Animal K

21、ingdom, made the discovery as part of an ongoing study of elephants in Kenya. They report their results in the journal PLoS One.In our experiments we played the sound of angry bees to elephant families and studied their reaction(第二段開(kāi)頭), said Lucy King of Oxford Universitys Department of Zoology and

22、charity Save the Elephants, who led the research. Importantly we discovered elephants not only flee from the buzzing sound but make a unique rumbling call as well as shaking their heads(第一段結(jié)尾).The team then looked to isolate the specific acoustic qualities associated with this rumbling call and play

23、ed the sounds back to the elephants to confirm that the recorded call triggered the elephantsdecision to flee even when there was no buzzing and no sign of any bees(第二段第二句).We tested this hypothesis using both an original recording of the call, a recording identical to this but with the frequency sh

24、ifted so it resembled a typical response to white noise, and another elephant rumble as a control, said King. The results were dramatic: six out of ten elephant families fled from the loud speaker when we played the bee rumble compared to just two when we played a control rumble and one with the fre

25、quency-shifted call(第二段中段). Moreover, we also found that the elephants moved away much further when they heard the bee alarm call than the other rumbles.(第二段最后貌似是 我記得不清楚了)The researchers believe such calls may be an emotional response to a threat, a way to coordinate group movements and warn nearby

26、elephants or even a way of teaching inexperienced and vulnerable young elephants to beware. Further work is needed to confirm whether the rumble call is used for other kinds of threats, not just bees.(第三段, 后面出了幾道題關(guān)于這點(diǎn)的)The calls also give tantalising clues that elephants may produce different sounds

27、 in the same way that humans produce different vowels, by altering the position of their tongues and lips, said Dr Joseph Soltis of Disneys Animal Kingdom. Its even possible that, rather like with human language, this enables them to give superficially similar-sounding calls very different meanings.

28、Earlier Oxford University research found that elephants avoid bee hives in the wild(這是后面一道except的題的選項(xiàng)) and will also flee from the recorded sound of angry bees. In 2009 a pilot study led by King showed that a fence made out of beehives wired together significantly reduced crop raids by elephants. Th

29、e team hopes that the new findings could help develop new ways to defuse potential conflicts between humans and elephants(第三段最后).Despite their thick hides adult elephants can be stung around their eyes or up their trunks, whilst calves(幼仔) could potentially be killed by a swarm（蜂群） of stinging bees

30、as they have yet to develop this thick protective skin(出現(xiàn)在文章第一段中部). 4. 美國(guó)的雞 篇幅約一屏，內(nèi)容較多，但題目不太難【I】考古已經(jīng)確認(rèn) 故整合文章大意：P1 Storey在智利（Chile）發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲有雞骨頭，認(rèn)為可能暗示波利尼亞人（Polynesia）比哥倫布先到達(dá)美洲。因?yàn)殡u不是美國(guó)本土的產(chǎn)物（non-native for america），但雞骨頭測(cè)出來(lái)卻產(chǎn)于13801410年左右（有題，說(shuō)這句話的目的，我選的暗指雞骨頭到美洲的時(shí)間在哥倫布之前【760】，選項(xiàng)的表述很專(zhuān)業(yè)，好像是指出了一項(xiàng)在文中沒(méi)有明示的事實(shí)，有expl

31、icitly【明確地】這個(gè)詞）。而史料記載波利尼亞人當(dāng)年的確是經(jīng)常帶著雞到處航海。不過(guò)呢，這個(gè)P人最遠(yuǎn)是到那個(gè)easter 什么什么地方，然后這個(gè)easter 什么什么地方是2000 miles away from the western of the chile。P2 Storey又說(shuō)通過(guò)DNA證明那雞P人帶來(lái)的。但是recent study指出（對(duì)應(yīng)Q5），這種DNA在所有雞身上都有，研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)雞骨頭里DNA有unusual genic 存在于rare modren asian 的雞中，而這個(gè)DNA沒(méi)有在（P中以及）most mordern 雞中發(fā)現(xiàn)。（這句話挺繞的我也不知道有沒(méi)有翻譯正確

32、或者完全，有題）【I】P2結(jié)尾有兩個(gè)版本貌似= =V1結(jié)尾就是不曉得P怎么把雞帶到美洲的。如果能證明波西尼亞人是早于哥倫布來(lái)到美洲的 then the remain question would be how they bring the chicken to the continent.V2 最后說(shuō)如果雞確實(shí)不在美洲，那么確實(shí)有人比哥倫布早到達(dá)美洲。問(wèn)題：有問(wèn)題涉及很多地名比來(lái)比去的。大家要耐心Q1主旨題 A1 主旨題有干擾選項(xiàng)，分別是polynesian怎么把雞骨頭帶到美洲和雞怎么會(huì)出現(xiàn)在美洲（沒(méi)記錯(cuò)的話應(yīng)該是這樣的），我選了后者。（770）提示 *主旨題和細(xì)節(jié)題的選項(xiàng)中有有關(guān)如何到達(dá)的美

33、洲的干擾選項(xiàng)，不要選但最后文章主要還是沒(méi)有批駁storey的意思，這些觀點(diǎn)只是削弱storey觀點(diǎn)的力度 而非否定。（730）A2 A.argue 波斯尼亞人比歐洲人先到美洲（作者是否同意這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)呢？不同意的話就不應(yīng)該用argue，沒(méi)有選）；B. 提到雞骨頭（感覺(jué)靠譜，選了）（750）*【I】大家自己取舍Q2 which of the following if occured would most expain the apparent date of the chicken boneQ3高亮那句美國(guó)沒(méi)有雞（highlight the chicken is not native to Amer

34、ican） 問(wèn)作用A1 選的暗指雞骨頭到美洲的時(shí)間在哥倫布之前。選項(xiàng)里面有 explictly（明確地） state, implictly, explanation，imply/impicate（暗示） 等詞。（760）A2當(dāng)時(shí)我選了 impicate chickbone the age但是后來(lái)覺(jué)得好像不太對(duì)比較像C： imply polynicia people does not (忘記是否定還是肯定了）bring the domestice chick to the america不過(guò)都不是很確定啊大家自己確定啊A3 我選的是，作者暗示地否定了一個(gè)解釋。（750）*【I】大家自己取舍Q4

35、哪一個(gè)是Alice Storey的team 的finding（the team of story found that）比較tricky, 選項(xiàng)有Polynesia人把雞帶到island, 雞有什么基因,基因的特殊性, 基因和現(xiàn)代的雞相似, 雞化石里的基因和歐洲亞洲雞的不同和相似程度, 仔細(xì)讀第二段Q5 有題問(wèn)recent研究為了什么？（other study views are used to）用來(lái)question the strengthen of the theoryQ6 細(xì)節(jié)題，問(wèn)哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)最符合第二段的人的觀點(diǎn)Q7有一個(gè)問(wèn)題是問(wèn)到第二段的，第二段提到ASIAN 是為了說(shuō)明在美洲的雞骨頭

36、不像ASIAN的，而更像european,所以是應(yīng)該是歐洲人先到美洲的by sophiemaa（750）Q8關(guān)于Mordern的雞哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是對(duì)的？Q9 高亮一句好像叫this chicken is native american還是啥了.失憶.反正有native american和chicken的一句話.5. 信用卡 文章大意：P1 美國(guó)的信用卡持有人（credit card holder）pay more tips, pay more on the same product, purchase more in one time, purchase more times.比起cash user

37、, credit card holder always underestimate or even forget their most recent purchase amount.P2 某教授做了一個(gè)research說(shuō)明了credit card user willing to pay 50%-200% more問(wèn)題Q1 有問(wèn)compare credit card 和其他人比較XXXX事情的態(tài)度.還是購(gòu)物的習(xí)慣Q2 然后好像記得有問(wèn)第二段關(guān)于那個(gè)人的research的細(xì)節(jié)題Q3 People using credit card are morelikely to do the followin

38、g than a cash user EXCEPT: 回第一段確認(rèn)，recall their most recent purchase amount背景補(bǔ)充：感謝QQ0225 北京mia 6. 木星文章大意：圍繞 Jupiter的，但是好像是講用神馬判斷行星的方法判斷Jupiter是不是怎么樣第一段講一個(gè)一般認(rèn)為的有關(guān)木星、土星等這類(lèi)大行星形成的理論，詞很多，planetary core， protoplanetary disk（原行星盤(pán)*），gas envelopes很多不懂。后面講發(fā)現(xiàn)類(lèi)似太陽(yáng)系中的大行星有所不同，orbit比較近之類(lèi)，說(shuō)和木星等形成方式應(yīng)該不同，可能是migrate來(lái)的，

39、planetary migration，scattering。*原行星盤(pán)：原行星盤(pán)是在新形成的年輕恒星（如金牛座T）外圍繞的濃密氣體，因?yàn)闅怏w會(huì)從盤(pán)的內(nèi)側(cè)落入恒星的表面，所以可以視為是一個(gè)吸積盤(pán)。但是，不能將這個(gè)過(guò)程與恒星形成時(shí)的吸積混淆在一起。（來(lái)源百度百科）問(wèn)題Q1（記得出在scattering這一塊，原文可對(duì)應(yīng)。）從文中infer什么，選項(xiàng)都是那種more.more.或者more.less.舉個(gè)例子：記得一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是行星越重（weight）它表面的氣體就更熱還有什么忘了Q2 主旨題7. 殖民地婦女* by tangyue119 (ID: 803011) V40 確定原文 感謝狗主哈In h

40、er account of unmarried womens experiences in colonial Philadelphia, Wulf argues that educated young women, particularly Quakers, engaged in resistance to patriarchal marriage by exchanging poetry critical of marriage, copying verse into their commonplace books. Wulf suggests that this critique circ

41、ulated beyond the daughters of the Quaker elite and middle class, whose commonplace books she mines, proposing that Quaker schools brought it to many poor female students of diverse backgrounds.Here Wulf probably overstates Quaker schools impact. At least three years study would be necessary to achi

42、eve the literacy competence necessary to grapple with the material she analyzes. In 1765, the year Wulf uses to demonstrate the diversity of Philadelphias Quaker schools, 128 students enrolled in these schools. Refining Wulfs numbers by the information she provides on religious affiliation, gender,

43、and length of study, it appears that only about 17 poor non-Quaker girls were educated in Philadelphias Quaker schools for three years or longer. While Wulf is correct that a critique of patriarchal marriage circulated broadly, Quaker schools probably cannot be credited with instilling these ideas i

44、n the lower classes. Popular literary satires on marriage had already landed on fertile ground in a multiethnic population that embodied a wide range of marital beliefs and practices. These ethnic- and class-based traditions themselves challenged the legitimacy of patriarchal marriage.Q15: The prima

45、ry purpose of the passage is toA. argue against one aspect of Wulfs account of how ideas critical of marriage were disseminated among young women in colonial PhiladelphiaB. discuss Wulfs interpretation of the significance for educated young women in colonial Philadelphia of the poetry they copied in

46、to their commonplace booksC. counter Wulfs assertions about the impact of the multiethnic character of colonial Philadelphias population on the prevalent views about marriageD. present data to undermine Wulfs assessment of the diversity of the student body in Quaker schools in colonial PhiladelphiaE

47、. challenge Wulfs conclusion that a critique of marriage was prevalent among young women of all social classes in colonial PhiladelphiaQ16: According to the passage, which of the following was true of attitudes toward marriage in colonial Philadelphia? A. Exemplars of a critique of marriage could be

48、 found in various literary forms, but they did not impact public attitudes except among educated young women.B. The diversity of the student body in the Quaker schools meant that attitudes toward marriage were more disparate there than elsewhere in Philadelphia society.C. Although critical attitudes

49、 toward marriage were widespread, Quaker schools influence in disseminating these attitudes was limited.D. Criticisms of marriage in colonial Philadelphia were directed at only certain limited aspects of patriarchal marriage.E. The influence of the wide range of marital beliefs and practices present

50、 in Philadelphias multiethnic population can be detected in the poetry that educated young women copied in their commonplace books.Q17: The author of the passage implies which of the following about the poetry mentioned in the first paragraph? DA. Wulf exaggerates the degree to which young women fro

51、m an elite background regarded the poetry as providing a critique of marriage.B. The circulation of the poetry was confined to young Quaker women.C. Young women copied the poetry into their commonplace books because they interpreted it as providing a desirable model of unmarried life.D. The poetrys

52、capacity to influence popular attitudes was restricted by the degree of literacy necessary to comprehend it.E. The poetry celebrated marital beliefs and practices that were in opposition to patriarchal marriage.Q18: Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the authors basis fo

53、r saying that Wulf overstates Quaker schools impact (lines 17-18)? A. The information that Wulf herself provided on religious affiliation and gender of students is in fact accurate.B. Most poor, non-Quaker students enrolled in Quaker schools had completed one or two years formal or informal schoolin

54、g before enrolling.C. Not all of the young women whose commonplace books contained copies of poetry critical of marriage were Quakers.D. The poetry featured in young womens commonplace books frequently included allusions that were unlikely to be accessible to someone with only three years study in s

55、chool.E. In 1765 an unusually large proportion of the Quaker schools student body consisted of poor girls from non-Quaker backgrounds.8. 品牌和商標(biāo)篇幅一屏半。文章大意：P1說(shuō)了很多商家都流行用商標(biāo)和品牌來(lái)收買(mǎi)顧客的人心。And brands do benefit the sellers and buyers. 然后說(shuō)了顧客能從中獲益什么：比如減少自己的市場(chǎng)調(diào)研時(shí)間如果你認(rèn)定了一個(gè)品牌，就不用貨比三家拉，這樣就節(jié)約時(shí)間呦親。P2之后開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)折，說(shuō)其實(shí)現(xiàn)在品牌效應(yīng)

56、已經(jīng)在弱化了，比如有網(wǎng)絡(luò)，大家都輕易能在網(wǎng)上查到資料。另外，很多人都在老齡化，他們就更experienced了。舉了一個(gè)例子 說(shuō)aging group呢 對(duì)品牌不那么sensitive 了 他們對(duì)price sensitive。P3 最后一段繼續(xù)說(shuō)這個(gè)品牌策略不應(yīng)該再繼續(xù)下去了，說(shuō)了這個(gè)行銷(xiāo)方法的弊端。問(wèn)題：Q1 他們就更experienced了那段，問(wèn)為什么作者舉aging groupe這個(gè)例子。我選的好像是因?yàn)樗麄兘?jīng)歷過(guò)這些品牌效應(yīng)的花招，更有經(jīng)驗(yàn)和狡猾了9. 管理策略*篇幅挺長(zhǎng)的，1屏半多吧。問(wèn)題基本上全集中在第二段。文章大意：P1 說(shuō)managerial的方法正在undergoing變

57、化。因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)downturn逼迫很多公司沒(méi)辦法，要做出改變.P2大意就是在解釋這種改變，沒(méi)有了過(guò)去的hierarchy，horizontal xx在取代vertical xx，鼓勵(lì)跨department的交流。還有說(shuō)suppliers和內(nèi)部的交流形成一種external的交流模式，他們的意見(jiàn)還極有可能影響manager的決策（有題）。P3P4不記得了。沒(méi)什么題應(yīng)該。問(wèn)題：Q1是類(lèi)比，說(shuō)底下哪個(gè)例子和作者觀點(diǎn)一致（a. 增加不同部門(mén)競(jìng)爭(zhēng) b. 讓nonmanagerial的人管理這個(gè)部門(mén)（狗主答案）c. 培訓(xùn)什么的) Q2是高亮題，高亮了整個(gè)第二段，是在說(shuō)要讓更多人或者組織什么參與到manage

58、r level, 最后說(shuō)了company還讓supply和customer參與進(jìn)來(lái)來(lái)幫助公司更好的制定政策（選了最后一個(gè)讓外部的資源什么的也能影響公司決策）Q3 主旨題我選的是什么新舊方法還是啥的Q4 問(wèn)文章結(jié)構(gòu).記憶中問(wèn)的是第三段.Q5 有問(wèn)最后一段的問(wèn)題.問(wèn)題實(shí)在記不起了.Q6 細(xì)節(jié)題：建立外部聯(lián)盟，說(shuō)明了什么（或者客戶和供應(yīng)商怎么樣？）我選的是客戶和供應(yīng)商對(duì)公司的decision有影響。Q7 細(xì)節(jié)：現(xiàn)在根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的情況，這幫人（就是以前的那幫經(jīng)理）要怎么做？*其中還有一題我選的是各個(gè)部門(mén)的員工加強(qiáng)交流 考古已確認(rèn)：雖然已經(jīng)確認(rèn)，但與之前的解釋好像不太能對(duì)上號(hào) 簡(jiǎn)單看看講什么經(jīng)理（還是管理？

59、忘了）制度的權(quán)限在消弱。說(shuō)以前他們?nèi)Ρ容^大，能過(guò)通過(guò)私人的權(quán)利和關(guān)系獲得這樣那樣的資源。但是現(xiàn)在公司逐漸讓員工參與到一些program中（好像是），意思就是說(shuō)讓把這幫人的權(quán)限分?jǐn)偨o每個(gè)員工。公司還跟外部的供應(yīng)商和客戶建立了一個(gè)XX聯(lián)盟，客戶和供應(yīng)商也對(duì)公司的policy有影響。然后就說(shuō)這幫人現(xiàn)在想要獲取什么資源比以前麻煩了，想要從別的部門(mén)獲取資源，現(xiàn)在沒(méi)這么容易了。必須要跟別的部門(mén)的人弄好關(guān)系之類(lèi)的。原文邏輯不是特別難，主要再將一個(gè)東西的變化。10. 免疫系統(tǒng)*篇幅3段，有不少專(zhuān)有名詞文章結(jié)構(gòu)：第一段是說(shuō)一個(gè)通常認(rèn)為的觀點(diǎn)，并否認(rèn)之。第二段是說(shuō)由一個(gè)研究推測(cè)新觀點(diǎn)，第三段揭示了壓力和免疫力的

60、two-way communication以及環(huán)境因素的影響。文章大意：P1說(shuō)眾所周知depression can result in decline in immune system。原來(lái)認(rèn)為人身體里的adrenal gland（腎上腺）分泌hormones（荷爾蒙）和stimulus（刺激物）從而使得壓力可以影響免疫系統(tǒng)。后來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)理論不太對(duì)，因?yàn)橛羞@樣一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，把將腎上腺切除的小老鼠作試驗(yàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)過(guò)電擊以后，這個(gè)小老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)還是受了影響（原文有題，問(wèn)這個(gè)新理論的可靠性？忘了，反正就是答-不確定之類(lèi)的）。于是推測(cè)可能還有除腎上腺外的其他因素對(duì)壓力產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)。之后舉了個(gè)例子（有題，我的答