探析影響公路工程質(zhì)量因素

1、探析影響公路工程質(zhì)量因素摘 要：工程建設(shè)是一個系統(tǒng)，影響工程質(zhì)量的因素很多，上級政策、技術(shù)規(guī)范、決策思想、施工工藝、管理水平、工作質(zhì)量及設(shè)計(jì)、施工、監(jiān)理、業(yè)主、監(jiān)督各單位的建設(shè)行為等因素都與工程質(zhì)量密切相關(guān)。就公路工程質(zhì)量而言，有很多不盡人意的地方，存在一些不同程度的質(zhì)量問題；就全省公路建設(shè)質(zhì)量來講，還存在路基壓實(shí)不夠、路基沉陷、路面平整度差、橋頭跳車、路面早期破壞、外觀質(zhì)量差等質(zhì)量通病。本文就幾個主要原因進(jìn)行分析。Pick to: engineering construction is a system, there are many factors impacting the constr

2、uction quality, the superior policy, technical specifications, decision-making thought, construction technology and management level, quality of work and design, construction, supervision, owners and supervision units for the construction of the behavior factors are closely related to the engineerin

3、g quality. In terms of highway engineering quality, there are many unsatisfactory place, there are different levels of quality problem; In terms of the provincial highway construction quality, subgrade compaction there is not enough, poor roadbed subsidence, surface roughness, vehicle dumpping, appe

4、arance quality of the pavement early damage, poor quality common fault. In this paper, several main reasons for analysis. 關(guān)鍵詞：公路工程；質(zhì)量因素；分析Key words: highway engineering; Quality factor; analysis 1 建設(shè)項(xiàng)目目前工作倉促、深度不夠，造成決策失誤1 construction projects at present work hastily, depth is not enough, resulting i

5、n decision-making errors 公路建設(shè)項(xiàng)目一般規(guī)模較大，其施工過程是一個勞動力、資金、技術(shù)密集型的生產(chǎn)過程，不同于其他商品生產(chǎn)，其規(guī)模大、投資多、生產(chǎn)周期長、使用周期長，因此，統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃，科學(xué)決策非常重要，應(yīng)就項(xiàng)目的必要性、技術(shù)的可行性、經(jīng)濟(jì)的合理性，及宏觀和微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，作出科學(xué)評估，若立項(xiàng)不妥，決策不周，將帶來很大浪費(fèi)及嚴(yán)重后果。一是規(guī)模小，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)低，不能滿足設(shè)計(jì)交通量、設(shè)計(jì)年限要求，提前進(jìn)行二次投資改造，不能發(fā)揮高等公路的規(guī)模效益；二是如果路線選擇不合理，人為造成行車出入不便，增加行車距離，將會造成很大浪費(fèi)，不適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展需要；三是重大技術(shù)方案、施工工藝、主要材料的比選與

6、審定，如果選擇不當(dāng)，將給工程質(zhì)量造成隱患。Highway construction project, generally larger, its construction process is a labor, capital, technology intensive production process, different from other commodity production, its scale, investment, long production cycle, use cycle is long, therefore, overall planning, scienti

7、fic decision-making is very important, should project the necessity and technical feasibility, economic rationality, and macro and micro economic benefits, make the scientific assessment, if not satisfactory, setting up a decision, will lead to great waste and serious consequences. One is small size

8、, low standard, can not meet the requirement of the design traffic volume, the design life, secondary investment reform ahead of time, cant exert higher highway scale; Second, if the route selection is not reasonable, man-made driving discrepancy inconvenience, to increase driving distances, will ca

9、used great waste, does not meet the need of economic development; Three is important technical scheme, construction technology, the main material of comparison and examination and approval, if choose undeserved, will cause the engineering quality hidden trouble. 2 設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足2 design experience 設(shè)計(jì)是工程建設(shè)的靈

10、魂，是工程質(zhì)量的龍頭，工程質(zhì)量首先取決于設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量。公路建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的前期工作很復(fù)雜，從規(guī)劃、五項(xiàng)、可行性研究、項(xiàng)目評估、設(shè)計(jì)文件、招標(biāo)文件、合同條款和規(guī)范，到招標(biāo)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施，周期較長。與發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，我們高等級公路建設(shè)的設(shè)計(jì)還在起步階段，國外公路建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)，產(chǎn)業(yè)政策明確，法律法規(guī)完善，設(shè)計(jì)程序合理，評估機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富，設(shè)計(jì)人才眾多，項(xiàng)目庫完備充實(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)使用的設(shè)備和軟件先進(jìn)，設(shè)計(jì)周期有的達(dá)20年以上，設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量較高。我們到現(xiàn)在為止還沒有建立項(xiàng)目庫，設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)基本上是一個接一個，不能也沒有時間進(jìn)行多項(xiàng)目多方案比選，沒有上述保證設(shè)計(jì)完善的條件，因此有一定差距。Design is the soul of en

11、gineering construction, is a leading engineering quality, engineering quality, first of all, depends on the quality of design. The prophase work of highway construction projects is very complex, from planning, five, feasibility study, project evaluation, design documents, bidding documents, the term

12、s of the contract and specification, to the implementation of a project subject to tender, a longer period. Compared with developed countries, our design of the high-grade highway construction is still at the early stage, foreign design of highway construction projects, industrial policy is clear, l

13、aws and regulations perfect, design program is reasonable, the appraisal institutions, experienced design talent, the full project is complete, the design USES the advanced equipment and software, design cycle more than 20 years, the design quality is higher. We so far have not set up project, desig

14、n task is basically one by one, cant and dont have time for more project scheme comparison, no guarantee the design perfect condition, so there is a certain gap. 3 建設(shè)管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足3 construction management experience 建設(shè)項(xiàng)目由于條塊分割的行政管理體制和資金來源的不同，項(xiàng)目管理模式各異，項(xiàng)目管理水平有很大的差別，建設(shè)市場離規(guī)范化管理有一定距離?？傮w是重點(diǎn)大型項(xiàng)目、世行貸款項(xiàng)目、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)重視的項(xiàng)目較好，

15、中小型項(xiàng)目、地方籌資項(xiàng)目欠規(guī)范。Construction projects due to the fragmentation of the administrative system and the source of funds, different mode of project management, project management level has very big difference, construction market has a certain distance away from standardization management. General is to

16、focus on large projects, the world bank loan project, attach importance to the leadership of the project is good, small and medium-sized projects, local financing owe specification. 業(yè)主項(xiàng)目管理能力欠佳，對大型項(xiàng)目管理沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，有的業(yè)主是由各相關(guān)單位抽調(diào)人員組成的臨時指揮部，存在臨時、松散、短期的思想觀念，質(zhì)量意識和合同意識相應(yīng)淡薄，在目前上項(xiàng)目比較多的情況下局面不容樂觀，無法解決。The owner projec

17、t management ability, to the large-scale project management experience, some property owners are made up of various related unit creating temporary headquarters, there are temporary, loose, short-term ideas, quality awareness and consciousness weak corresponding contract, more cases on the current p

18、roject situation is not optimistic, unable to solve. 4 承包商干高等級公路經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足4 inexperienced contractor do high-grade highway 在高等級公路項(xiàng)目上，一部分承包商高等級公路施工經(jīng)歷較少，有的中標(biāo)鐵路部門承包商從未干過高速公路，一無應(yīng)有的筑路機(jī)械設(shè)備，二無足夠的管理人員，這對質(zhì)量管理來說是個難題，沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)就容易出問題。有的工程承包商對施工前期的組織準(zhǔn)備、技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備、物資準(zhǔn)備、現(xiàn)場準(zhǔn)備不到位，在施工作業(yè)組織、施工進(jìn)度計(jì)劃、施工調(diào)度、現(xiàn)場管理、技術(shù)資料管理等方面的管理工作中沒有能力或力不從心，致使工

19、程管理處于混亂狀態(tài)，工程質(zhì)量無法保證。On highway projects, some of the contractors of high-grade highway construction experience is less, some of the winning contractor never dry the highway, railway road construction machinery and equipment, as it should be nothing without enough management, it is a difficult problem

20、 for quality management, easy to a problem without experience. Some contractors for construction organization of the preparation, technical preparation, material preparation, site preparation does not reach the designated position, the construction organization, construction schedule, construction s

21、cheduling, on-site management, management of technical materials management does not have the capacity or not, the project management in a mess, the engineering quality cannot be guaranteed. 5 工程建設(shè)主要材料設(shè)備不能滿足要求5 construction materials mainly equipment cannot meet the requirements 原材料的質(zhì)量是工程質(zhì)量的基礎(chǔ)，有好的材料

22、才能出好的質(zhì)量。工程建設(shè)所用的原材料不是統(tǒng)購統(tǒng)配，一般由承包商自己采購，尤其是地方材料可供選擇的范圍很小。所用部分原材料不能滿足規(guī)范要求的原因較多，一是因施工進(jìn)度快，料源多，檢驗(yàn)設(shè)備和人員不足，材料檢驗(yàn)跟不上；二是為降低成本而人為降低用材標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；三是料場管理不善，材料二次污染或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)降低；四是材料供應(yīng)者弄虛作假；五是有的材料采購與使用脫節(jié)；六是有的材料如瀝青，國產(chǎn)瀝青的質(zhì)量不過關(guān)，進(jìn)口價格高，要外匯，形成不用也要用的局面。大部分地方材料如石料、石灰、砂子以小加工為主，沒有工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)相應(yīng)的生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范和程序，材料的等級、規(guī)格、級配、材質(zhì)不穩(wěn)定，沒有質(zhì)量保障，工程上因施工環(huán)境、價格、運(yùn)距、外界干預(yù)等

23、因素又不得不用。如安新路后期，工期緊，路用石料需求量大，即使小石料廠的石料質(zhì)次價高，也供不應(yīng)求，這是基層質(zhì)量得不到較好控制的一個因素。The quality of raw materials is the basis of the engineering quality, good material to produce good quality. Raw materials used in the engineering construction is not a monopoly purchase and distribution, general contractor procureme

24、nt, especially the local material selection range is small. Used parts can not meet the requirement of the specification, the cause of the raw materials is more, it is due to the construction progress fast, material sources, inspection equipment and personnel, material inspection vacuum; 2 it is hum

25、an to reduce cost, reduce material standard; Three is yard management, materials or standard to reduce secondary pollution; Four is the material supplier fraud; Five is some materials purchasing and using the disconnect; Six is some materials such as asphalt, domestic asphalt quality closes neverthe

26、less, higher import prices, foreign exchange, form the situation dont also want to use. Most of materials such as stone, lime, sand with small processing is given priority to, no industrial production production standards, rules and procedures, material grade, specification, grade, material is not s

27、table, no quality assurance, engineering for the construction environment, factors such as price, distance, outside intervention have again. Such as late AnXinLu, tight and demand of road stone, even small Shi Liaochang stone ZhiCiJiaGao, also in short supply, this is basic quality is not better con

28、trol a role. 6 質(zhì)量管理體系不完善6 quality management system is not perfect 我省公路建設(shè)的“政府監(jiān)督、社會監(jiān)理、企業(yè)自檢”二級質(zhì)量控制體系有待完善，三級質(zhì)量控制體系的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，需要一定的時間，需要一個過程。The government of our province highway construction supervision, social supervision and enterprises self-checking secondary needs to improve quality control system, the

29、 normal operation of three-level quality control system, and need a certain amount of time, needs a process. 6.1全省監(jiān)理隊(duì)伍的力量不足，素質(zhì)偏低。我省現(xiàn)有的監(jiān)理人員的數(shù)量和素質(zhì)遠(yuǎn)不適應(yīng)交通基本建設(shè)高速度、大規(guī)模、高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀。6.1 the provincial supervision team strength is insufficient, low quality. Existing supervision personnel quantity and quality in

30、 our province is far from adapt to traffic infrastructure construction of high speed, the development situation of large-scale and high standard. 一些監(jiān)理單位的行為不規(guī)范，新的監(jiān)理單位缺乏監(jiān)理經(jīng)驗(yàn)和監(jiān)理經(jīng)歷。有的監(jiān)理單位的資質(zhì)不符合有關(guān)要求，有的越級承擔(dān)監(jiān)理任務(wù)，有的重經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，輕工作質(zhì)量，嚴(yán)重影響監(jiān)理工作質(zhì)量，有的只派少數(shù)監(jiān)理當(dāng)駐地，其他靠臨時外聘；外聘造成此局面的主要因素:一是外聘人員所占比重過大，一般工程項(xiàng)目的外聘監(jiān)理占人員總數(shù)的60%以上，有

31、的所占比例更高；這些人員的組成不穩(wěn)定，只用不教難以提高素質(zhì)，相互之間缺乏約束和信任，信心不堅(jiān)定，高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)要求的觀念難以樹立。二是監(jiān)理業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn)不夠，有的地方忽視培訓(xùn)，外聘監(jiān)理更得不到培訓(xùn)，在工程開工時匆忙上崗，工程完工后就解散，使監(jiān)理工作停留在低級水平。三是對外聘監(jiān)理的資質(zhì)要求不嚴(yán)，部分監(jiān)理是水利、鐵路、林業(yè)部門的人員，也有其他行業(yè)的人員。四是個別外聘監(jiān)理只把監(jiān)理工作當(dāng)作掙錢和謀私的手段，工作敷衍了事；有的與施工單位站在一個立場，在工程監(jiān)理過程中計(jì)量支付、檢測數(shù)據(jù)有弄虛作假現(xiàn)象。Some supervision units of behavior is not standard, the new

32、 supervisor experience a lack of supervision and supervision experience. Some supervision units qualification is not in conformity with the relevant requirements, some went to undertake supervision, some heavy economic benefits, light quality, serious influence quality supervision work, some supervi

33、sion when only a few stations, other temporary external; Outside the main factor that caused this situation: one is the external personnel proportion is too large, general external supervision of the project more than 60% of the total number of staff, some higher proportion; The composition of these

34、 personnel is not stable, not only teaching difficult to improve the quality, the lack of constraints, and trust each other, faith is not strong, high-standard idea is difficult to establish. Second, supervising business training is not enough, in some places ignore training and external supervision

35、 more untrained, rushed to mount guard during engineering construction, after the completion of the project is disbanded, make supervision work stay in low level. Three is lax to external supervision qualification requirement, part of the supervision, water conservancy, railway, forestry ministry, t

36、here are other industries. Four is individual external supervision of the supervision work as a means to make money and readers, perfunctory work; Sometimes standing in a position with construction unit, in the process of project supervision measurement payment, inspection data have fraud phenomenon

37、. 6.2監(jiān)理隊(duì)伍制約機(jī)制尚不完善。政府交通主管部門對監(jiān)理市場主要是宏觀管理，多是對監(jiān)理單位和人員的資質(zhì)進(jìn)行管理，對監(jiān)理單位的行為，監(jiān)理工作運(yùn)行情況，監(jiān)理工作成效等的動態(tài)管理缺乏手段，在法規(guī)、行政、經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面，對監(jiān)理單位的制約機(jī)制尚不完善。6.2 supervision team restriction mechanism still is not perfected. Transportation departments of the government is mainly macro management on supervision market, more is the qualif

38、ication of supervision units and personnel management, to the behavior of the supervision unit, supervision of operation and supervision of effective dynamic management lack of means, such as in the laws and regulations, administrative, economic, etc., the supervising units restriction mechanism is

39、not perfect. 6.3政府監(jiān)督網(wǎng)絡(luò)，一些建設(shè)單位、施工單位的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和管理人員，對工程質(zhì)量監(jiān)督重要性的認(rèn)識不足，致使質(zhì)量監(jiān)督工作開展有一定難度。6.3 government supervision network, some construction unit, construction unit the leadership and management personnel, lack of awareness of importance of engineering quality supervision, quality supervision work has the certa

40、in difficulty. 6.4質(zhì)量管理各方的質(zhì)量檢測設(shè)備、手段不完善。大部分設(shè)計(jì)、監(jiān)理、施工、監(jiān)督單位的檢測設(shè)備、檢測手段、技術(shù)力量還不能滿足質(zhì)量檢測工作需要，有的與實(shí)際要求相差很大，直接影響質(zhì)量管理工作的深度和力度。6.4 the quality testing equipment, quality management method is not perfect. Most of the design, supervision, construction and supervision units testing equipment, detection means, technic

41、al strength can not meet the needs of the quality inspection work, some with actual requirements vary widely, directly affect the depth and strength of quality management. 7 趕工期造成工程質(zhì)量失控7 the engineering quality control caused multiple deadlines 一個工程項(xiàng)目的施工工期是依據(jù)精確計(jì)算，科學(xué)安排出來的。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃中，可以把整個計(jì)劃任務(wù)按施工的客觀規(guī)律嚴(yán)密地組織起來，各資源合理分配，時間和空間上密切銜接，協(xié)調(diào)一致，關(guān)鍵線路控制著工程的計(jì)劃進(jìn)度，工程的進(jìn)度受施工過程各環(huán)節(jié)、各因素的影響，進(jìn)度計(jì)劃可根據(jù)工程進(jìn)展情況進(jìn)行調(diào)整，如果違反