常見從句的翻譯課件

1、1定語從句的翻譯 狀語從句的翻譯名詞性從句的翻譯常見句型的翻譯2 定語從句的翻譯 Translation of Attributive Clauses3I、譯成前置定語 一般說來，限制性的定語從句可提前譯成定語。還有一些定語從句，雖然并不明顯地帶有限制性質(zhì)，但本身較短，和被修飾語的關(guān)系緊密，也可譯成前置定語。1. To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them.誠然，一個宏偉的重建計劃也許能為許多需要工作的人提供就業(yè)機會。2. This is the sol

2、ider who just returned from the front. 這是剛從前線回來的戰(zhàn)士。43. 成都一個你來了就不想離開的城市。 ChengduA city you will never want to say goodbye after arrival.4. In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems.可是，近幾年來人們開始意識到城市也是問題成堆的地方。5 當然，有

3、些起附加說明作用的非限制性定語從句，對先行詞也有不同程度的修飾限制作用，有時也可以譯為前置定語。5. He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.他喜歡熱情愉快的妹妹，而不喜歡冷漠高傲的哥哥。6II . 譯成后置定語 A、一些結(jié)構(gòu)比較復雜，或者意思上有較強的獨立性的限制性定語從句，通常可譯為后置的并列句。采取這種譯法往往要重復關(guān)系代詞所代替的詞，比如：有時可在此詞之前加指示詞“這”、“這些”或人稱代詞“他”、“他們”等等，來

4、使譯文明確。7. This volume is prepared as examples for writing compositions which, as it were, has been taken as a difficult task. 本書旨在為寫作提供范例，可以說寫作是一個難題。78. Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.物質(zhì)是由分子組成的，而分子又是由原子組成的。9. But listen, I met a man, who said you could solve this problem.聽

5、著， 我遇見一個人，這個人說你是有權(quán)解決這個問題的。10. Day light comes from the sun, which is a mass of hot, glowing gas. 日光來自太陽，太陽是一團熾熱、發(fā)光的氣體。8B、 非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對先行詞加以說明、描述或解釋，或?qū)φ麄€句子所陳述的事實或現(xiàn)象加以總結(jié)、補充說明，其前都有逗號分開。在漢譯時一般譯為后置并列分句。如：11.He blamed me for everything, which I thought very unfair.他把一切錯誤都歸罪于我，我認為這很不公平。12. Thes

6、e books, which are only a small part of my collection, I picked up in American. 這些書是我在美國買的,它們在我的藏書中只占一小部分。913. She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 她對孩子們很耐心，而她丈夫卻很少這樣。14. They seem to enjoy those rewards which they had purchased by a course of unmerited fatigue, a

7、nd by victories which almost exceeded belief.他們對那些酬勞看來是很得意的，那些酬勞是他們歷經(jīng)千辛萬苦，通過取得令人難以置信的勝利得來的。 1015. I told the story to John, who(=and he) told it to his brother. 我把這件事告訴了約翰，約翰又告訴了他的弟弟。這種采取后置的辦法來處理非限制性定語從句，一般也使用指示代詞來重復英語關(guān)系代詞所代表的含義。11 III、溶合譯法溶合法就是把原句子中的主語和定語從句溶合在一起譯成一個獨立句子的翻譯方法。另外，由于限制性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系密切，所以

8、，限制性定語從句似乎更適合采用溶合法。英語中突出的 “there be” 句型就是這樣處理的。1216. There are many people who want to select this major. 許多人要選這個專業(yè)。17. There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 樓下有人要見你。13 18.You are the only person who could do it. 只有你才能做這件事。 19. He has a son of twenty who is now at the college. 他有個二十歲的兒子現(xiàn)在正

9、上大學。 20. This was the first time I had serious trouble with my leader. 這是我第一次和領(lǐng)導發(fā)生嚴重糾葛。14IV. 譯成狀語 有些定語從句從形式上看是定語，但在意義上與主句有邏輯狀語關(guān)系，對主句其原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、讓步等狀語作用，翻譯時應盡可能按照其語法功能，譯成與漢語相對應的復句。21. The computer, which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an electronic brain.由于計算機起著類似人腦的作用，所以常常

10、被稱作電腦。（譯成原因狀從）22. She insisted on buying another pair of roller skates, which she had no use of.她堅持要再買一雙溜冰鞋，盡管她還用不著。（譯成讓步狀從）1523. Rose took Chinese medicine which relieved her symptoms.羅斯服了中藥，結(jié)果緩解了癥狀。（譯成結(jié)果狀從）24. There is no bad habit that may not be cured by a strong willpower.只要有堅強的意志，就沒有什么壞習慣改不掉。（

11、譯成條件狀從） 25. The newswoman wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to shipwreck.這位女記者想寫篇文章， 以便能夠引起公眾對那起沉船事件的注意。（譯成目的狀語從句）16A rocket engine can work in space where there is no air.She has invited me to visit her family, which is very kind of her .He would be a short-sighted man w

12、ho did not look beyond.There is something original, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. Here is the man whom you have been looking for.Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing.常見句型的翻譯定語從句的翻譯 練習 17 狀語從句的翻譯 Translation of Adverbial Clauses 18I. 按

13、照原文順序譯出狀語從句1. If you do not mind, I will turn off the heating. 如果你不介意，我就把暖氣關(guān)上了。2. As far as I know, there isnt such a word in English. 據(jù)我所知， 英語里并沒有這個單詞。狀語從句的翻譯19II. 狀語從句譯在主句之前4. She is sure to come unless she has some urgent business.除非她有急事，她一定回來的。5. Please turn off the light when you leave the dorm

14、itory 離開宿舍，請關(guān)上電燈。20III. 狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成其他類型的狀語從句11. Skill and patience will succeed where force fails.在體力做不到的時候，技巧和耐心會幫助人成功。（地點狀從譯為時間狀從）12. Though not in substance, yet in form, economic reforms are at first a nation-wide revolution.如果不就內(nèi)容而就形式而言，經(jīng)濟改革首先就是一場全國性的革命。（讓步狀從譯為條件狀從）2113. Why did you give up when yo

15、u could make it?既然你能成功，干嘛要放棄呢？（時間狀從譯為讓步狀從） 14. She sang resonantly, if slightly nasally. 她唱歌聲音洪亮，盡管鼻音略顯重了些（條件狀從譯為讓步狀從） 22IV. 狀語從句譯成非狀語從句16. The boy shouted as he ran.那個男孩一邊跑，一邊喊。（譯成并列句）17. If you melt two or more metals together, you can get a new metal. 將兩種以上的金屬熔化在一起，就可以產(chǎn)生一種新金屬。（譯成復合句的主語）2318. As h

16、e had lots of time, he decided to go to the embankment first.時間還早，他決定先到河岸大道去一下。（內(nèi)含因果關(guān)系的并列句）19. I was just going to explain, when the bell rang.我正要解釋，鈴聲響了。（譯成并列句）24You may do as you please.When you have tanks of air on you, you can stay in deep water for a long time.Where there is a will, there is a

17、way.We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.常見句型的翻譯狀語從句的翻譯 練習 251. 你愿意怎么做都行。（譯成謂語）2. 如果你背著空氣袋，你就能長時間地呆在深水中。（時間狀從譯成條件狀從）3. 有志者事竟成。（地點狀從譯成 條件狀從）4. 我們走得很匆忙，結(jié)果門都忘鎖了。5. 生活中既有悲劇，文學作品就可以寫悲劇。常見句型的翻譯狀語從句的翻譯練習答案 26Translatio

18、n of Nominal Clauses名詞性從句的翻譯27 名詞性從句主語從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句28I. 主語從句由代詞what, whatever, whoever等引導的主語從句“It” 作為形式主語291) 由代詞what, whatever, whoever等引導的主語從句，一般按原句順序翻譯What he told me was a sheer lie. 他對我說的全是謊言。Whatever I saw and heard on my trip left me a very deep impression. 一路上所見所聞給我留下了十分深刻的印象。Whoever has m

19、ade a trip to Mt. Huangshan must remember the clouds there. 凡是去過黃山的人都不會忘記那里的云。302) “It” 作為形式主語翻譯時可以提前，也可以不提前It doesnt make much difference to me whether you come or not. 你來不來我不在乎。It seemed incredible that she should have lied to us. 她居然對我們說謊，這真是不可思議。It is strange that she should have failed to see h

20、er own shortcomings. 真奇怪，她竟然沒有看出自己的缺點。31II. 賓語從句以that, what, how引導的賓語從句以it作形式賓語的賓語從句321) 以that, what, how引導的賓語從句一般按原句順序翻譯I told him that I had to turn him down. 我告訴他我不得不拒絕他。Did you hear what I said? 你沒聽見我的話嗎？I told him how appealing I found the offer. 我告訴他，這個機會對我有著多么大的吸引力。33 Example:He would never l

21、et the history books say of him that he had been content to sit on the sidelines, to be a gentle, leisurely president, letting events take their course.他決不肯讓將來的史書說他甘當一個袖手旁觀、溫和懶散、聽任事情發(fā)展的總統(tǒng)。342) 以it作形式賓語的賓語從句一般按原句順序翻譯，it可不譯出I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 oclock i

22、n the morning. 我明確地告訴他們，論文必須在上午十點之前交。Anyhow, old chap, I owe it to you that I am here. 不管怎么說，老伙計，我現(xiàn)在還能站在這兒，全靠你。35III. 表語從句，一般按原句順序翻譯This is where the shoe pinches. 這正是問題的癥結(jié)所在。Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并不總是如其表象。What he emphasized again and again was that no matter how difficult it m

23、ight be, they should never retreat even for an inch. 他再三強調(diào)的就是，不管多困難，決不后退半步。36One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 難題之一在于所謂的行為科學幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。37IV

24、.同位語從句保持原本的語序譯為類似定語的結(jié)構(gòu)或獨成一句加入冒號、破折號和“這樣”、“這一”、“即”等字眼改變原文的同位語結(jié)構(gòu)，用漢語的無主句或其他方式譯出381) 保持原句的語序He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 他表示希望能再來中國訪問。As an obedient son, he had accepted his fathers decision that he was to be a doctor, though the prospect didnt interest him at all

25、. 作為一個孝順兒子，他接受了父親的決定，去當醫(yī)生，雖然他對這樣的前途毫無興趣可言。392) 譯為類似定語的結(jié)構(gòu)或獨立句But I knew I couldnt trust him. There was the possibility that he was a political swindler. 但我知道不能輕信他。他是政治騙子這種可能性還是存在的。It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay. 遲延應由他負責，這個事實是改變不了的。403) 加入冒號、破折號和“這樣”、“這一”、“即”等字

26、眼But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good. 但在實事求是地考慮一番之后，我們不得不正視這樣一個事實：我們的前景并不妙。Influenced by these ethics, the new generation live under the delusion that money does not stink. 受這種道德觀念的影響，青年一代生活在這樣一種錯覺中，以為金錢總是香噴噴的。414) 改變原文的同位語結(jié)構(gòu)，用漢語的無主句或其他方式譯出An

27、 order has been given that the researchers who are now in the skylab should be sent back. 已命令將現(xiàn)在仍在太空實驗室的研究人員送回地球。Even the most precisely conducted experiments offer no hope that the result can be obtained without any error. 即使是最精確的實驗，也沒有希望獲得無任何誤差的實驗結(jié)果。42英漢翻譯練習一、翻譯下列句子，注意詞義的選擇 1Parliament will debate

28、 the nationalization issue next week 議會將在下周討論國有化問題。 2The Christmas issue of the magazine has a picture of carol singers on its cover 雜志的這一期圣誕專刊在封面上有一些圣誕歌詠者的圖片。 433There is a new issue of stamps to commemorate the Royal wedding 新近發(fā)行了一套紀念皇室婚禮的郵票。 4他的行動十分有規(guī)律性，你甚至可以根據(jù)他來對表。 His activities are so regular

29、you could set your watch by him 5她臉上露出公式化的笑容向她的來賓打了招呼。 She greeted her guests with a set smile 44二、翻譯下列句子，注意根據(jù)上下文及邏輯關(guān)系對斜體詞作必要的引申1There was no provocation for such an angry letter 寫這樣一封生氣的信簡直是毫無道理。 2Macdonalds had become an institution in his life in the last eight years 去麥當勞餐廳就餐，八年來已成為他生活中常做的事情。 453

30、The trunk was big and awkward and loaded with booksBut his case was a different proposition 那個箱子又大又笨重，裝的都是書；不過他隨身帶的箱子卻是另一回事。 4It was regrettable that our appeal remains a dead letter 遺憾的是，我們的呼吁沒有得到響應。 5Such conduct is known in all languages as piracy 這種行為是各國公認的強盜行徑。 46三、用增詞法翻譯下列句子 1After all prepara

31、tions were made，the plane took off 一切準備工作就緒以后，飛機就起飛了。 2I like the climate of San Francisco better than that of any other city where I have livedIt never snows，and even in July and August it rarely gets hot 我喜歡舊金山的天氣超過我住過的其他地方。那兒從不下雪，而且即使在7、8月天氣也很少熱。 473Even if you work hard，you cannot finish it in a

32、 week 即使你努力，也不會一個星期就做完。4Some plants grow well in certain areas，but not in others，for they do not have the ability to adapt themselves to foreign climates 有的植物在某些地區(qū)長得好，到了其他地區(qū)就長不好，因為它們無法適應不同的氣候。5The power is strong enough to shatter complacency 這種力量大得足以打破自滿情緒。 48四、用省略法翻譯下列句子1But its the way I am ，and

33、try as I might，I havent been able to change it 但我就是這個脾氣，雖然幾經(jīng)努力，卻始終未能改變。2Everywhere you can find new types of man and objects in new China 新中國處處可以看到新人、新事物。 493She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it 她輕輕地把手放在他的胳膊上，好像表示感謝。 4He shrugged his shoulders，shook his head，cast up his eye

34、s，but said nothing 他聳聳肩，搖搖頭，兩眼看天，一句話不說。5At long last，on June 6，1944，after the European war was basically decided and Hitler licked，the allies launched their long-delayed western front 1944年6月6日，歐洲戰(zhàn)局基本已見分曉，希特勒敗局已定，盟軍才終于遲遲開辟西線戰(zhàn)場。 11醉翁亭記 1反復朗讀并背誦課文，培養(yǎng)文言語感。2結(jié)合注釋疏通文義，了解文本內(nèi)容，掌握文本寫作思路。3把握文章的藝術(shù)特色，理解虛詞在文中的作用

35、。4體會作者的思想感情，理解作者的政治理想。一、導入新課范仲淹因參與改革被貶，于慶歷六年寫下岳陽樓記，寄托自己“先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂”的政治理想。實際上，這次改革，受到貶謫的除了范仲淹和滕子京之外，還有范仲淹改革的另一位支持者北宋大文學家、史學家歐陽修。他于慶歷五年被貶謫到滁州，也就是今天的安徽省滁州市。也是在此期間，歐陽修在滁州留下了不遜于岳陽樓記的千古名篇醉翁亭記。接下來就讓我們一起來學習這篇課文吧！【教學提示】結(jié)合前文教學，有利于學生把握本文寫作背景，進而加深學生對作品含義的理解。二、教學新課目標導學一：認識作者，了解作品背景作者簡介：歐陽修(10071072)，字永叔，自號醉

36、翁，晚年又號“六一居士”。吉州永豐(今屬江西)人，因吉州原屬廬陵郡，因此他又以“廬陵歐陽修”自居。謚號文忠，世稱歐陽文忠公。北宋政治家、文學家、史學家，與韓愈、柳宗元、王安石、蘇洵、蘇軾、蘇轍、曾鞏合稱“唐宋八大家”。后人又將其與韓愈、柳宗元和蘇軾合稱“千古文章四大家”。關(guān)于“醉翁”與“六一居士”：初謫滁山，自號醉翁。既老而衰且病，將退休于潁水之上，則又更號六一居士。客有問曰：“六一何謂也？”居士曰：“吾家藏書一萬卷，集錄三代以來金石遺文一千卷，有琴一張，有棋一局，而常置酒一壺。”客曰：“是為五一爾，奈何？”居士曰：“以吾一翁，老于此五物之間，豈不為六一乎？”寫作背景：宋仁宗慶歷五年(1045

37、年)，參知政事范仲淹等人遭讒離職，歐陽修上書替他們分辯，被貶到滁州做了兩年知州。到任以后，他內(nèi)心抑郁，但還能發(fā)揮“寬簡而不擾”的作風，取得了某些政績。醉翁亭記就是在這個時期寫就的。目標導學二：朗讀文章，通文順字1初讀文章，結(jié)合工具書梳理文章字詞。2朗讀文章，劃分文章節(jié)奏，標出節(jié)奏劃分有疑難的語句。節(jié)奏劃分示例環(huán)滁/皆山也。其/西南諸峰，林壑/尤美，望之/蔚然而深秀者，瑯琊也。山行/六七里，漸聞/水聲潺潺，而瀉出于/兩峰之間者，釀泉也。峰回/路轉(zhuǎn)，有亭/翼然臨于泉上者，醉翁亭也。作亭者/誰？山之僧/曰/智仙也。名之者/誰？太守/自謂也。太守與客來飲/于此，飲少/輒醉，而/年又最高，故/自號曰/醉

38、翁也。醉翁之意/不在酒，在乎/山水之間也。山水之樂，得之心/而寓之酒也。節(jié)奏劃分思考“山行/六七里”為什么不能劃分為“山/行六七里”？明確：“山行”意指“沿著山路走”，“山行”是個狀中短語，不能將其割裂。“望之/蔚然而深秀者”為什么不能劃分為“望之蔚然/而深秀者”？明確：“蔚然而深秀”是兩個并列的詞，不宜割裂，“望之”是總起詞語，故應從其后斷句。【教學提示】引導學生在反復朗讀的過程中劃分朗讀節(jié)奏，在劃分節(jié)奏的過程中感知文意。對于部分結(jié)構(gòu)復雜的句子，教師可做適當?shù)闹v解引導。目標導學三：結(jié)合注釋，翻譯訓練1學生結(jié)合課下注釋和工具書自行疏通文義，并畫出不解之處?！窘虒W提示】節(jié)奏劃分與明確文意相輔相成

39、，若能以節(jié)奏劃分引導學生明確文意最好；若學生理解有限，亦可在解讀文意后把握節(jié)奏劃分。2以四人小組為單位，組內(nèi)互助解疑，并嘗試用“直譯”與“意譯”兩種方法譯讀文章。3教師選擇疑難句或值得翻譯的句子，請學生用兩種翻譯方法進行翻譯。翻譯示例：若夫日出而林霏開，云歸而巖穴暝，晦明變化者，山間之朝暮也。野芳發(fā)而幽香，佳木秀而繁陰，風霜高潔，水落而石出者，山間之四時也。直譯法：那太陽一出來，樹林里的霧氣散開，云霧聚攏，山谷就顯得昏暗了，朝則自暗而明，暮則自明而暗，或暗或明，變化不一，這是山間早晚的景色。野花開放，有一股清幽的香味，好的樹木枝葉繁茂，形成濃郁的綠蔭。天高氣爽，霜色潔白，泉水淺了，石底露出水面

40、，這是山中四季的景色。意譯法：太陽升起，山林里霧氣開始消散，煙云聚攏，山谷又開始顯得昏暗，清晨自暗而明，薄暮又自明而暗，如此暗明變化的，就是山中的朝暮。春天野花綻開并散發(fā)出陣陣幽香，夏日佳樹繁茂并形成一片濃蔭，秋天風高氣爽，霜色潔白，冬日水枯而石底上露，如此，就是山中的四季?！窘虒W提示】翻譯有直譯與意譯兩種方式，直譯鍛煉學生用語的準確性，但可能會降低譯文的美感；意譯可加強譯文的美感，培養(yǎng)學生的翻譯興趣，但可能會降低譯文的準確性。因此，需兩種翻譯方式都做必要引導。全文直譯內(nèi)容見我的積累本。目標導學四：解讀文段，把握文本內(nèi)容1賞析第一段，說說本文是如何引出“醉翁亭”的位置的，作者在此運用了怎樣的藝

41、術(shù)手法。明確：首先以“環(huán)滁皆山也”五字領(lǐng)起，將滁州的地理環(huán)境一筆勾出，點出醉翁亭坐落在群山之中，并縱觀滁州全貌，鳥瞰群山環(huán)抱之景。接著作者將“鏡頭”全景移向局部，先寫“西南諸峰，林壑尤美”，醉翁亭坐落在有最美的林壑的西南諸峰之中，視野集中到最佳處。再寫瑯琊山“蔚然而深秀”，點山“秀”，照應上文的“美”。又寫釀泉，其名字透出了泉與酒的關(guān)系，好泉釀好酒，好酒叫人醉?！白砦掏ぁ钡拿直惆抵型赋觯缓笠觥白砦掏ぁ眮?。作者利用空間變幻的手法，移步換景，由遠及近，為我們描繪了一幅幅山水特寫。2第二段主要寫了什么？它和第一段有什么聯(lián)系？明確：第二段利用時間推移，抓住朝暮及四季特點，描繪了對比鮮明的晦明變化圖及四季風光圖，寫出了其中的“樂亦無窮”。第二段是第一段“山水之樂”的具體化。3第三段同樣是寫“樂”，但卻是寫的游人之樂，作者是如何寫游人之樂的？明確：“滁人游”，前呼后應，扶老攜幼