醫(yī)學(中醫(yī))定語從句的翻譯課件

1、醫(yī)學（中醫(yī)）定語從句的翻譯分譯法 1) 從句中的關(guān)系詞的翻譯可以重復(fù)先行詞.Herbal medicines are medicines which have the property of toxicity. 植物藥是藥，藥就有毒性。2) 譯為“他（們）”、“它（們）”“其”等這類代詞.Spontaneous perspiration mostly goes into the deficiency type, but of which the stagnation of pathogenic heat belongs to the excess type.自汗多屬虛證，而其中邪熱郁蒸為實證。

2、3) 省略先行詞，或者譯為“但是”，“而”等，表示轉(zhuǎn)折。Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.物質(zhì)由分子構(gòu)成,而分子由原子構(gòu)成4）有的則可以獨立譯成一句。Another popular treatment is moxibustion, which is the treatment of diseases by applying heat to acupuncture points.另一種受大眾喜愛的療法是灸法。灸法是通過給穴位施熱來治療疾病。 順序譯法Sudden patch loss of hair with

3、round or elliptic exposed head scalp is known as alopecia areata due to blood asthenia and wind attack, or caused by anxiety and nervousness which lead to Qi stagnation and fire depression as well as blood heat generating wind.突然片狀脫發(fā)，顯示圓形或橢圓形光亮頭皮，稱為斑禿，多因血虛受風所致，也可因憂慮、緊張等精神因素導致氣滯火郁，血熱生風而形成。 逆序譯法This i

4、s one of the reasons why massage(tuina) can be an important stepping-stone to effective consultation in managing mental health problems or addiction.在處理精神健康或解毒問題時，推拿按摩能成為有效咨詢的重要基礎(chǔ)，這就是一個原因。氣機郁滯，糟粕內(nèi)停，不能下行，造成大便秘結(jié)。Constipation was due to residue staying inside instead of going down which is caused by th

5、e stagnation of qi. 由于腎藏精，腎精可化生血液，精血旺盛，頭發(fā)得養(yǎng)，則生長濃密而有光澤。Since the kidney stores essence which can be transformed into blood，exuberance of essence and blood will make the hair appear thick and lustrous。陰陽格拒的產(chǎn)生是由于陰邪（或陽邪）亢盛，內(nèi)伏于里，迫陽（或陰）外出所致。Yin-Yang inter-repellency originates from the hyperactivity of yi

6、n (or yang) which exists inside the body and drives yang (or yin) out. 譯為同位語 這同辨病論治，即依據(jù)疾病全過程的特征（如病因、主證等）和連貫性來進行治療是不同的。This is different from the differentiation of disease which is based on the characteristics (cause, main symptoms, etc.) and the consistency in the whole process of illness. There mu

7、st be three features, which are relative equilibrium of Yin and Yang in strength, coordination-cooperation of Yin and Yang in effect, and smoothness-sequence of Yin and Yang in movement. 例譯：這里又含三個特點，即陰陽在力量上的相對平衡，陰陽在作用上的相互協(xié)調(diào)，陰陽在運動上的暢通有序。譯成破折號英譯漢：Although many of the terms for the organs are similar t

8、o western appellations, they do not refer to the specific tissue, but rather to semi-abstract concepts which are complexes of closely interrelated functions.雖然說中醫(yī)臟腑名稱有很多和西醫(yī)臟腑名稱相同，但它們已不再是簡單的具體臟器，而是一種半抽象化概念在功能上密切關(guān)聯(lián)的系統(tǒng)綜合體。 譯成狀語漢譯英：生殖之精指生殖的基本物質(zhì)， 因其稟受于父母，故又稱先天之精。Reproductive essence refers to the essenti

9、al substance of reproduction which is inherited from the parents and is therefore known as congenital essence 英譯漢：Anxiety will injure the spleen, causing stagnation of Qi due to hypofunction of the spleen and further bringing on failure of the spleen to transport the body fluid which will accumulate

10、 to be turned into phlegm. 例譯：憂思傷脾，脾虛氣結(jié)，氣結(jié)則津液不得輸布，遂聚而為痰。 分裂式定語從句 在實際閱讀中，特別是科技書刊，出于內(nèi)容和修辭的需要，往往會遇到受定語和后位定語分隔現(xiàn)象。定語從句和先行詞之間有其它后置定語或者其它句子成分，我們稱之為分裂式定語從句。醫(yī)學英語中長句多, 信息負載量大的特點, 決定了定語從句與其所修飾的中心名詞常常被句子的其它結(jié)構(gòu)成分隔開, 造成從句型定語移位。不同的語法家，對于這種定語從句與先行詞被分隔開來的現(xiàn)象定義不同，常見的有“分隔式定語從句”，“分裂式定語從句”和“隔離定語從句”?！胺至选钡暮x是將整個事物分開，也指將整個事物

11、分開，而“分隔”的含義是將其分開而不再有聯(lián)系，“隔離”的含義是隔開。通過比較，筆者認為“分裂式定語從句”最合適也最貼切的定義了定語從句與先行詞被分隔的現(xiàn)象。分裂式定語從句主要有兩種類型： 1.平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)型 當定語從句修飾主語時，有時，主語的后位定語較長而謂語較短，為了避免頭重腳輕，平衡句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，往往將后位定語移到謂語之后，形成不容易被辨識的分隔現(xiàn)象。英譯漢:By the contraction of the musculature of these cavities the size of the cavity is decreased and a certain amount of pr

12、essure is created which expels the blood.由于這些腔肌群的收縮，腔內(nèi)容積縮小，產(chǎn)生一定量壓力，將血液排出。 Palpitation is a morbid condition marked by self-feeling palpitation and anxiety, even being unable to control oneself, which includes palpitation due to fright and severe palpitation. 心悸包括驚悸和怔忡，是指病人自覺心中悸動不安、驚惕不安，甚則不能自主的一種病證。在

13、漢譯英時，若翻譯過來的英文中，定語從句的先行詞是句子的主語，為了避免這種頭重腳輕的現(xiàn)象，我們應(yīng)該適當?shù)膶⒍ㄕZ從句后移，譯成分裂式定語從句。七情即喜、怒、憂、思、悲、恐、驚，是人體精神狀態(tài)的表現(xiàn)。The seven emotions are mental states of human body which include joy, anger,sadness, pensiveness, grief, fear and fright. 2. 多重定語成分型 在英語中可以充當定語的語法成分很多，有形容詞，非謂語動詞，介詞短語，定語從句等等。當句子中某個名詞或者詞組同時被兩個或者更多定語成分修飾時，

14、有時候需要調(diào)整定語從句的位置。這些定語同時修飾一個受定語時，它們在句中位置有前有后，一般來說，較短的結(jié)構(gòu)放在前面，較長的放在后面，其語序大致為“介詞短語+分詞短語+從句”，位置在后面的定語從句由于其前面定語的存在，就與受定語（即定語從句的先行詞）形成了分隔現(xiàn)象。 英譯漢：Again a necessary treatment is delayed, disease in the Lung will be transmitted to the Liver, resulting in a syndrome of Liver-obstruction（also called Liver-Jue）wit

15、h symptoms of costal pain and anorexia, which still can be cured by adoption of massage and acupuncture. 例譯：再不及時治療，疾病就會由肺傳行于肝，引起肝痹，又叫做厥，有脅痛、吐食的癥狀。此時可用按摩或者針刺等方法治療。 漢譯英：這與傷寒論中風寒之邪侵犯太陽經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的“中風”證，名同實異。例譯：This is different in meaning from the “Zhongfeng” syndrome mentioned in treatise of Febrile Disease,

16、which is the result of Taiyang channel being invaded by pathogenic wind and cold.有時也會遇到“受定語+第一定語從句+第二定語從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)象 例句：Plasma-cell myeloma is a well-documented disease that is defined as a neoplasm of plasma cells that is manifested primarily by widespread skeletal destruction例譯：漿細胞骨髓瘤是一種經(jīng)過許多資料的證明并被稱為漿細

17、胞腫瘤的疾病，其主要表現(xiàn)為廣泛骨骼破壞。分析：句中第一個劃線部分定語從句和第二個劃線部分定語從句以及well-documented作為形容詞，同時修飾本句的受定語即disease。翻譯時應(yīng)該理清句子中的修飾邏輯關(guān)系，從而正確的翻譯。第一個定語從句在翻譯時采取了合譯法，譯成帶“的”的句子，第二個定語從句采取了分譯法，將先行詞譯成“其”。 “suchas”結(jié)構(gòu) 例1：Such use as we are able to make of helpful bacteria and such control as we have of harmful ones depends upon our know

18、ledge of their habits. 例譯：對于我們有益細菌的（那種）利用和對有害細菌的（那種）控制，都有賴于我們對細菌習性的了解?！皊uchthat”引導的是結(jié)果狀語從句，that充當連詞作用。例2：Hence Wang Bing rearranged the juan and sections of his master copy in such a way that statements on the nourishment of life received a prominent position.例譯：所以，王冰以這種方式重新編排了他的原版拷貝的卷冊，以致他的養(yǎng)生論獲得了卓越

19、的地位?！皌he sameas”結(jié)構(gòu) 例句：In order for the grasping to be smooth and forceful, the thumb and finger extensors need to relax at the same rate as the flexors contract.例譯：為了達到握的時候平穩(wěn)有力，拇指和食指的指伸肌放松的速率要與屈肌收縮速率相同。定語從句與同位語從句定語從句和同位語是英語句子中最常見的語法修飾形式，是基本句子的擴展結(jié)構(gòu)，在醫(yī)學英語文章中使用頻率相當高。如果譯者對原文理解不深、不透、句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)未完全弄清楚或翻譯時處理不當，就會使譯文與原文的本義相差很遠，甚至完全誤譯。定語從句與同位語都位于先行詞之后，皆用來補充說明，修飾先行詞。從形式上來講，定語從句與同位語很相似。但是同位語從句在語義上與先行詞是對等的，而定語從句與先行詞之間卻是從屬關(guān)系。另外，同位語從句的先行詞與定語從句先行詞的特點不同，同位語從句的先行詞一般都是表示抽象概念的名詞，而定語從句的先行詞可以是各類代詞和名詞。從如下例子中，我們可以看出同位語從句與定語從句的形式很相似，倘若把同位語從句當成定語從句來理解，則導致由理解