loveisafallacy詳細(xì)講解,復(fù)習(xí)

1、Introduction to the text:1. This text is a piece of narrative writing, a story.2. The narrator of the story, Dobie Gillis, a freshman in a law school, is the hero or protagonist住角, 正派角色）.He struggles against two antagonistts反派角色）:Petey Burch, his roommate whose girlfriend he plans to steal; and Poll

2、y Espy, the girl he intends to marry after suitable re-education.3. The climax （高潮） of the story is reached in paragraphs147 to150 when Polly refuses to go steady with the narrator because she had already promised to go steady with Petey Burch.4. The denouement（結(jié)局）follows rapidly and ends on a very

3、ironic tone.About the Title-The title of the story is humorous and well-chosen. It has two meanings:1. When “fallacy" is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means:There is a deceptive（虛偽的，欺詐的）or delusive （欺瞞的，迷惑的）quality about love.2. When “fallacy" is taken as a specific term in logic,

4、 the title means: Love cannot be deduced（推理）from a set of given premises.Perhaps Max Shulman wants the reader, after reading the story, to conclude th atlove” is an error, a deception and an emotion that does not follow the principles of logic. But the writer, through this story has succeeded perhap

5、s unwittingl如意地）in revealing what love may sometimes mean in the affluent society（物質(zhì)社會(huì)）.Girls do not want brilliant, gifted or educated husbands, but want husbandswho are rich and wealthy enough to provide all the things necessaryin life home, clothes, cars, etc.Pay attention to his change of emotio

6、ns:1. favoring her with a smile2. chuckled with amusement3. chuckled with somewhat less amusement4. forcing a smile/ ground my teeth5. croaked, dashed perspire Detailed study of the text enterprising : ad. having or showing enterprise有事業(yè)心的； 有膽量的； 富于創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的 It' s very enterprising of them to try an

7、d start up a business like that.as - as: a correlative construction used to indicate the equality or sameness of two things. He is as strong as an ox.month of Sundays : (colloquial 口語(yǔ)體的)long timeunfettered: ad. (fml. or lit.) free from control; not tied by several rulesThe new city developed quickly

8、, unfettered by the usual planning regulations.limp : ad. drooping; lacking firmness 無(wú)力的; 易彎的I like lettuce to be crisp, not limp and soggy.我喜歡苜苣是脆的，不喜歡軟而濕乎乎的。flaccid : ad. soft and weak; flabbyspongy: ad. like a sponge; soft and porouspedantic: ad. paying too much attention to details and unimporta

9、nt rules®腐的； 學(xué)究的pedant: n.a person who pays more attention to formal rules and book learning than they meritdiscipline : a branch of knowledge or learningtrauma : a term in psychiatry meaning a painful emotional experience or shock, often producing a lasting psychic effect.心靈創(chuàng)傷；精神創(chuàng)傷Read, then,

10、the following essay which undertakes to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma.Metaphor(暗喻) and hyperbole(夸張).It is a metaphor comparing logic to a living human being.It is a hyperbole because it exaggerate

11、s for the sake of effect.calculating: ad. coldly planning and thinking about future actions and esp. whether they will be good or bad for oneself.perspicacious: ad. (fml.) having or showing very clever judgment or understanding 聰敏的; 睿智 的a perspicacious comment 有見(jiàn)地的評(píng)論astute: ad. clever and able to se

12、e quickly something that is to on es advantage; shrewd 精明的；敏銳的；狡黠的an astute businesswoman/investmentacute: ad.(1) (of the senses) able to notice small differences; shar撼覺(jué)靈敏的； 敏銳的Dogs have an acute sense of smell. /He has very acute hearing.(2) showing an ability to understand things clearly and deep

13、ly; penetrating .深亥U 的an acute analysis of the political situation(3) severe; very great 嚴(yán)重的acute pain/an acute shortage of waterdynamo: an earlier form of generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electricalenergychemist' s scales: Such scales are more precise and accurate for t

14、hey have to weigh small quantities of powder or other medicine.scalpel: a surgeori s sharp knife used in operation肝術(shù)刀； 解剖刀My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemIss scales, as penetrating as a scalpel.(Para.4)Simile (明喻)，comparing his brain to three different things.Hyperbole, exa

15、ggerating for effect.dumb: (American colloquialism or slang) stupid; moronic; unintelligentdumb as an ox: as stupid as an ox; very stupidnothing upstairs: (American slang) empty-headed; a nitwit (笨蛋；傻瓜).The correspondingBritish slang is “unfurnished in the upper storey/.unstable: ad. easily moved, u

16、pset or changedemotional : ad. having feelings which are strong or easily movedimpressionable: ad. easy to be influenced, often with the result that ones feelings and ideas changeeasily and esp. that one is ready to admire other people.The child is at an impressionable age.這孩子正處于易受影響的年齡。faddist: a p

17、erson who follows fads (a passing fashion or craze)Emotional type. Unstable. Impressionable. Worst of all, a faddist.All four sentences are elliptical (省略的).The subject and verb “he is”is left out.fads: a passing fashion or crazesubmit : v. to offer as an opinion; suggest; proposevery negation: comp

18、lete (absolute) lackreason: the ability to think, draw conclusionsto be swept up in: to be carried away by; to follow enthusiasticallycraze: something that is currently the fashion; fadto surrender yourself to: to yield; to indulge inidiocy: n. U great foolishness or stupidityacme: n. the highest po

19、int of development, success, etc®度； 發(fā)展、 成就的頂點(diǎn)； 登峰造極the acme of perfectionacme of mindlessness: the height of stupidity; the greatest lack of intelligenceLaxative : n./ad/ (a medicine or sth.) eaten for causing the bowels to empty easil瀉藥； 通便齊1J It' s dangerous for people suffering from appe

20、ndicitis to take any kind of laxative.pausing in my flight: n. fleeing or running away from. Here it means “stopped rushing out (to get a doctor).wail: v. (often derog.) to cry out with a long sound (as if) in grief or pain 嚎啕大哭； 大聲哭叫 pound: v. to hit hard; to deliver heavy, repeated blows猛擊； 猛打； 猛烈

21、跳動(dòng) He pounded the table angrily. /My heart pounded with excitement.incredulously : adv. showing disbelief, unbelievingly an incredulous look/smileincredible : ad. sth. too strange to be believed; unbelievable or very hard to believed敢相信的；難 以置信的That' s the most incredible coincidence I ve ever he

22、ard of!Look at it rationally : "it" stands for the whole question of owning and wearing a raccoon coat. unsanitary: ad. not clean or healthyThey shed: The fur of the raccoon coats cast off or lose hair (all the time).unsightly : ad. not pleasant to look at; uglyIt' s the thing to do: I

23、t' s the right, proper or fashionable thing to do.in the swim: conforming to the current fashions, or active in the main current of affairs slip: to pass, move, etc. smoothly, quickly or easilyslipped into high gear: began to work at high speed or efficiency. A machine is in high gear when the a

24、rrangement of gears provide the greatest speed but little power.gear: any of several arrangements, esp. of toothed wheels in a machine, which allow power to be passed from one part to another so as to control the power, speed or direction of movement.輪傳 動(dòng)裝置；排擋)narrowly : adv. (fml.) in a thorough an

25、d usu. doubting way徹底的；追根究底的The teacher questioned the boy narrowly about why he was late.affirm : v. to declare (usu. again, or in answer to a question or doubt肯定； 確認(rèn) She affirmed that she was telling the truth.The minister affirmed the government s intention to reduce taxes.stroke: v. pass the han

26、d over gently, esp. for pleasures The cats like being stroked.He stroked his beard reflectively.他捋著胡子在沉思。I stroked my chin thoughtfully.我若有所思的撫摸著下巴。covet: v. (esp. bibl or humor) to desire eagerly (esp. sth. belonging to another persor|E覦； 垂涎to let my heart rule my head: Metonymy. “Heart" stand

27、s for “feelings and emotions' and "head' for “reason and good sense .cerebral: ad. (fml. humor) conceived by the intellect rather than the emotions.理智的gracious: ad. polite, kind and pleasant, esp. in a generous wayH切的； 和藹的； 仁慈的； 有禮貌 的Busy as she was, she was gracious enough to show us a

28、round her house specification : n. a detailed plan or set of descriptions or directions®格；說(shuō)明The designer drew up his specifications for the new car.With one omission- - perfectly: Except for one thing (intelligence) Polly had all the other requirements (beauty and grace).pin-up: (American collo

29、quialism) designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on portions : lines, shape of the body supply the lack: supply what is wanting.makings: the material or qualities needed for the making or development of somethin琮質(zhì)； 必要 因素He

30、 has the makings of a good doctor./ The story has all the makings of a great movie.carriage: n. (sing) the manner of carrying oneself, bearing the manner of holding on,es head, limbs, and body when standing or walking; physical posture儀態(tài)； 體態(tài) Dancing can improve the carriage.舞蹈能增進(jìn)體態(tài)美。erectnessof carr

31、iage: a noun plus an “of” phrase helps to emphasize the noun “erectness . So also “ease of bearing and “best of breeding".bearing: n. the way a person holds his body or behaves; deportment止； 姿勢(shì)； 風(fēng)度She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of b

32、reeding.“bearing” and “carriage“ are synonymous同義詞).“Bearing“ in comparison denotes manner of carrying or conducting oneself and refers to characteristic physical and mental posture. “Carriage“ specifically stresses the physical aspects of a person.specialty of the house: the special dish which the

33、restaurant or cafeteria sells pot roast: meat, usually a large cut of beef cooked in one piece by braisinggravy: n. U the juice which comes out of meat as it cooks, thickened with flour, etc., to serve with meat and vegetables加了面粉用于調(diào)味的)肉汁dipper: a long-handled cup esp. for dipping 長(zhǎng)柄勺sauerkraut:德國(guó)泡菜

34、a dipper of sauerkraut: a small cupful of pickled chopped cabbage veer: v. to turn or change directionThe car went out of control and veered across the road.汽車(chē)失去了控制，突然轉(zhuǎn)向沖向大路對(duì)面。smarten up: to improve in appearance; cause to become neat or stylishWe smarten the office up with a fresh coat of paint.我們新

35、刷一層油漆使辦公室煥然一新。Smarten yourself up before you go in to the interview.你去面試之前，把自己打扮得漂亮點(diǎn)。dumb: ad. (American colloquialism or slang) stupid, moronic; unintelligentkeen: ad. (American slang) good, fine, excellent, etc.: a general term of approvalkid: (American colloquialism) a young persongo steady: (Ame

36、rican colloquialism) to date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively; be sweetheartsout of the picture: not considered as involved in a situationfield: an area where games or athletic events are heldopen: free to take part or compete in (games being held in the field)wink: v. to close

37、and open (one eye) rapidly, usually as signal between people, esp. of amusement He winked at her and she knew he was only pretending to be angry.She gave me a wink.A transferred epithet. He said mysteriously with a wink (the wink itself was not mysterious) gamy=gamey: ad. (of meat) having the strong

38、 taste of game which has been hung up for some time before cooking (肉)有濃烈的野味味道的gamy object: the raccoon fur coat which had a strong tainte嫄壞的)smellStutz Bearcat: name of an automobileHoly Toledo: an interjectional compound (like holy cow! holy smoke!) to express astonishment, emphasis, etc.reverent:

39、 ad. showing a feeling of reverenc咻敬的They all maintained a reverent silence.他們都保持肅靜。opposite: irreverentpelt: n. the skin of a dead animal with or without the fur or hair on it 死動(dòng)物的生皮， 帶毛的獸皮 mince: v. to lessen the force of , weaken, as by euphemism. If you do not mince your words, you tell sb. sth.

40、 unpleasant without making any effort to be polite or to avoid upsetting them.I never mince words, you know that.fling: v. to throw violently or with forceShe flung her shoe at the cat.Every morning he flings the windows open and breathes deeply.stoutly: adv. bravely, determinedly, resolutelyHe defe

41、nded himself stoutly against their accusation s 指控)tear: v. to divide with doubt, uncertainty, etc.; agitate; tormenta heart torn by griefwaif: n. (esp. lit) an uncared-for or homeless child or animala pitiful little waif 可憐的流浪兒set his jaw: He put his jaw in a fixed or rigid (僵硬的, 嚴(yán)格的) position. Thi

42、s action shows fixed, unyielding determinationswivel: v. move roundThe chair swiveled to the right when he tried it.wax: v. esp. of the moon to grow gradually largerwane: v. to grow gradually smaller or less after being full or complete逐步變小，變少； 逐步衰落The moon waxes and wanes every month.mad lust: fran

43、tic, insane, overmastering desireFinally he didn' t turn away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat.Hyperbole. It" s an exaggeration to describe his great longing for the coat as “mad lust” . He just stood there, looking with great longing at the coat.“What's Polly

44、to me, or me to Polly?'He has no reason to weep over losing Polly. Petey goes on rationalizing 理化)conscience良心，道德心casual kick: (American colloquialism or slang) an occasional pleasurelaughs: (American colloquialism or slang) mere diversion or pleasurecomply: v. act in accordance with a request,

45、order etc.He reluctantly (嫌惡的，不情愿地)complied with their wishes.The factory was closed for failing to comply with government safety regulations.bunch: v. to (cause to) form into one or more bunches or close group聚成堆 /群The captain told the players not to bunch (up) together, but to spread out over the

46、field.mound: n. of(1) a pile of earth, stones, etc. often one built in ancient times as a defence or over a grave; small hill土石堆，土崗，土丘a burial mound 墳堆(2) a large pile ofa mound of papers on my deskSimile, comparing Petey in the fur coat to a large pile of dead raccoons.deal: (American slang) an une

47、thical transaction or agreement from which both parties benefit, specifically, the securing of favored treatment by extortion破詐)or bribery (賄賂) Gee: an exclamation of surprise, wonder, etc.Delish: clipped vulgar form for “delicious”loom: v. to come into sight without a clear form, esp. in a way that

48、 appears very large and unfriendly, causing fear.隱約出現(xiàn)If sth. looms, it appears as a problem or event that is approaching, or that will soon happen, a rather literary use.This looms as a big question for many new parents.no small: Understatement, restraint or lack of emphasis in expression, as for rh

49、etorical effect.保守的陳述，掩飾Litotes/Understatement: A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite,曲言法，間接表達(dá)法，反語(yǔ)法(以反面的否定代替肯定的詞格)not bad = very good no easy = very difficult This is no small problem=This is a very big/serious problem. dimen

50、sion: n.(1) a measurement in any one direction, extent Length is one dimension and width is another. Time is sometimes called the fourth dimension.(2) a particular side or part of a problem, subject, etc.; aspec問(wèn)題等的方面， 部分 There is another dimension to this problem which you haven t considered. got t

51、o: (Americanism) began to, started to physical charms: beautiful face and figureway she entered a room: carriage and poise of bearing way she handled a knife and fork: refined table manners I had all the facts at my finger tips: I was completely familiar with all the facts. have at one s finger tips

52、: to be completely familiar with; to have available for instant use I picked-next date: On our next social engagement day I called on her to take her along with me. pick up: to stop for (to call on) and take or bring alongKnoll: the name of the campus meeting place. Perhaps it was given this name be

53、cause it was a small mound or hillock.trysting place: meeting place, esp. where lovers meet secretlywince: v. to move suddenly as if drawing the body away from sth. unpleasant She winced as she touched the cold body.by all means: of course; certainly, expressing her approvalbatting her lashes: blink

54、ing or fluttering her eye-lashes rapidly to show pleasurable excitement Metonymy(換喻).Otherwise you have committed a logical fallacy called “a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid'But this is marvy: But this is marvelous (wonderful) It will be better if : a request showing displeasure desist

55、: v. (fml.) -from to stop doing sth.The judge told the man to desist from threatening his wife.“Really?” said Polly, amazed. "Nobody?”(Para.76)Two elliptical rhetorical questions.It is really true that nobody at the University of Minnesota can speak French? hid my exasperation.The narrator was

56、greatly irritated or annoyed by Polly' s stupidity. He controlled his voice and temper to hide his true feelings.exasperation: n. U extreme anger or annoyance exasperate: v.In sheer exasperation, she gave the machine a kiclWH 急敗壞的踢了這臺(tái)機(jī)器腳。I fought off a wave of despair: I struggled to keep away t

57、he feeling of despair.I was getting girl: I was making no progress with this girl get nowhere: to make no progress; accomplish nothingI am nothing- persistent: a case of a double negative making a positive. I am very persistent.“You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker:' (Para.82)Meto

58、nymy(轉(zhuǎn)喻).You have committed the logical fallacy called post hoc (ergo propter hoc). contrite: ad. (old use or lit.) feeling or showing guilt or sorrow for one' s actions 悔悟的； 痛悔的 contritely: adv. contrition: n.a contrite apology 痛悔的道歉chirp: v. make short sharp sounds of small birds or some insects, say or speak in a way that sounds like this.發(fā)囑啾聲；唧唧叫；吱喳叫 She chirped (out) her thanks.blink: v. to shut and open the eyes quickly, once or several timesS 眼She blinked (her eyes) as the bright light shone on her.consult: v. to refer to or turn to, esp. for informati