Chapter6.InternationalCargoTransportation(修改版)

1、國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章By the end of this chapter, you should be able to understand:國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章 different modes of transport, esp. ocean transport the nature of liner transport general considerations on cargo transport various kinds of transport documents the contents of the shipment clause in t

2、he contract123 Follow-up Practice644321Contents國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Modes of Transport General Considerations on Freight TransportMajor Transport DocumentsShipment Clauses in the Contract1. What are the major types of transportation? 2. Can you describe the advantages and disadvantages of the modes of

3、 transportation you have mentioned?3. What should we consider when choosing a certain mode of transportation?國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章 International freight transport is an essential part of import and export business. It aids the realization of international transactions by moving good

4、s from places in one country where they are sold to places in another where they are bought. In international trade, when the seller and the buyer negotiate the contract for the international sale of goods, the shipment clause is one of the key terms they shall discuss and agree upon. This clause in

5、cludes such items as shipment date, port of shipment, port of destination, partial shipment, transshipment, etc. Without specific stipulations of the shipment clause in the sales contract, disputes would arise from the performance of the contract, thus causing serious troubles. This is due to the fe

6、atures of international freight transport, such as complicated business environment, big risks, high technical requirements and multinational operation. Therefore, the parties to the contract must be clear about their respective responsibilities and obligations so as to ensure the smooth delivery of

7、 the goods.國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章 The seller delivers the contracted goods at the agreed time, place and in the agreed manner to the buyer. In international trade, the delivery also means to transport the necessary documents at the stipulated time to the buyer. The former is called physical delivery of

8、 goods, which is applied in sales under E terms and D terms, while the later is called symbolic delivery of goods, which is applied in the sales under F terms and C terms.國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章6.1 Modes of TransportModes of International Freight Transport國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Transportation SegmentsSea, 4

9、4%Truck, 18%Air, 12%Other, 5%Air Cargo, 13%Rail, ,8%Source: The WTO and Transportation by J. Laurvick國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章1. Ocean/Sea/Marine Transport The most widely used form of transport in international trade Two-thirds of the world total volume Over 80% of Chinas imports and exports are now tran

10、sported by sea Generally considered as a cheap mode of transport for delivering large quantities of goods over long distances. 國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章(1) Features of Sea Transport Advantages: The easy passage since about 70% of the earth is covered by water Large capacity Low cost Good adaptability to c

11、argoes of different size, weight, shape, etc. Disadvantages: The low passage of ocean transport Slow Risky Vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual compared with road or air transport (1) LINER TRANSPORT（班輪運輸）（班輪運輸）A passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route according to an adv

12、ertised time-table. Features fixed route, ports, schedule and relatively fixed freight loading and unloading charges included in freight, no demurrage and dispatch money simple procedures and ideal for cargo of small quantity B/L stipulates two parties rights and obligations國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Types

13、of Shipping Services(2) CHARTER TRANSPORT 租船運輸租船運輸 （TRAMP SHIPPING)不定期船運輸不定期船運輸 The practice of paying money to a shipping company to use their boats. Much cheaper than that of the liner. Shippers may choose direct route. Widely used in transporting bulk cargoes.Types of Shipping Services國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務

14、務 第第六六章章 Voyage Charter Time CharterBareboat Charter.The charter or hiring of a vessel and crew for a single voyage single trip charter 單航次單航次租船租船 return trip charter 來回程航次來回程航次租船租船consecutive voyages 連續(xù)航次程連續(xù)航次程租租The charter of a ship for a definite period of time. The ship owner is responsible for

15、providing seaworthy ship and the related charges. The renter has the right to dispatch the ship, but bear all expenditures in transit, such as charges for fuels, port and loading & unloading. A ship without crew and ships masterThe charterer is responsible for crewing, provisioning and fuelling, mai

16、ntaining and even paying different taxes or duties within a period of time, usually a number of years 國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Charter Transport Freight is a special unit used in Freight is a special unit used in calculating charges that must be paid for calculating charges that must be paid for shipping

17、the cargo. Freight is collected in shipping the cargo. Freight is collected in different ways. Shippers should be familiar different ways. Shippers should be familiar with them in order to estimate and reduce, if with them in order to estimate and reduce, if possible, the cost of transport. possible

18、, the cost of transport. Ocean freight may be broadly divided Ocean freight may be broadly divided into into liner freightliner freight and and charter freight.charter freight. Ocean Freight國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Liner FreightBasic freight ratesBasic freight rates1）Weight 重量法重量法: for

19、items marked with “W” in the tariff, the freight thereon are to be calculated per metric ton on weight (weight ton).2) Measurement體積法體積法: for items marked with “M”, the freight is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement of the cargo (measurement ton).3) Ad Val (ad valorem)從價法從價法: for items m

20、arked with “AD Val.”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of the price or value of the cargo concerned. For some valuable goods like gold, silver, expensive fur, usually 1-5% of the price.4) Weight or Measurement， W/M or Ad val ，W/M plus ad val（選擇法）（選擇法）5）Per Head、Per Unit（按件法）（按件法）6）Open R

21、ate 議定法議定法國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Surcharges bunker surcharge/bunker adjustment factor (B.A.F.燃料附加費 ) devaluation surcharge/currency adjustment factor (C.A.F.貨幣 貶值附加費) transshipment surcharge direct additional heavy lift additional port additional/port surcharge port congestion surcharge deviation surcha

22、rge(繞航附加費)國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章How to calculate liner freight? Select relevant freight list/freight tariff Determine the freight basis and class of the goods Find the basic freight in the freight grades list according to the sailing route, port of shipment and destination Find the types of receivable

23、surcharges Add surcharges to basic rate to get actual freight freight = actual freight x freight ton國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章CHARTER FREIGHTThe freight rate for charter is usually charged by quantities of the goods carried and fluctuates with market conditions of supply and demand. 1) Liner terms/gross te

24、rms(班輪條件班輪條件): the freight includes loading and unloading charges. The ship owner shall be responsible for loading and unloading.2) Free in(船方管卸不管裝船方管卸不管裝): the ship owner bears the unloading charges, not loading charges.3) Free out(船方管裝不管卸船方管裝不管卸): the ship owner bears the loading charges, not the

25、unloading charges.4) Free In and Out(船方裝卸船方裝卸均均不管不管): the ship owner bears no unloading and loading charges.5) Free In and Out and Stowed and Trimmed（船方不管裝卸船方不管裝卸、理艙和、理艙和平艙）平艙）: the ship owner is neither responsible for loading and unloading nor for stowed and trimmed charges.O OPERATIONALPERATIONAL

26、 P PROCEDUREROCEDURE OFOF O OCEANCEAN T TRANSPORTRANSPORT FORFOR E EXPORTXPORT備貨報驗備貨報驗審核裝運條款審核裝運條款貨證齊全貨證齊全托運訂艙托運訂艙貨物集中港區(qū)貨物集中港區(qū)報關放行報關放行裝裝 船船簽發(fā)收貨單簽發(fā)收貨單換取已裝船提單換取已裝船提單制單結(jié)匯制單結(jié)匯保保 險險簽發(fā)裝貨單簽發(fā)裝貨單報關單據(jù)報關單據(jù)裝船通知裝船通知國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章澳大利亞國家航運公司澳大利亞國家航運公司 澳國航運澳國航運 ANL ANL 美國總統(tǒng)輪船（中國）有限公司美國總統(tǒng)輪船（中

27、國）有限公司 美國總統(tǒng)美國總統(tǒng) APLAPL波羅的海航運公司波羅的海航運公司 波羅的海波羅的海 BOLBOL中國遠洋集裝箱運輸有限公司中國遠洋集裝箱運輸有限公司 中遠集運中遠集運 COSCONCOSCON長榮香港有限公司上海辦事處長榮香港有限公司上海辦事處 香港長榮香港長榮 EMC EMC 香港航運有限公司香港航運有限公司 香港海運香港海運 HKMSH HKMSH 現(xiàn)代商船株式會社上海代表處現(xiàn)代商船株式會社上海代表處 現(xiàn)代商船現(xiàn)代商船 HMMHMM川崎汽船（中國）有限公司川崎汽船（中國）有限公司 川崎汽船川崎汽船 KLINE KLINE 上海天海貨運有限公司上海天海貨運有限公司 天海貨運天海貨

28、運 TMSC TMSC 東航船務有限公司東航船務有限公司 東航船務東航船務 TOHOTOHO日本郵船有限公司日本郵船有限公司 日本郵船日本郵船 NYKNYK東方海外貨柜航運有限公司東方海外貨柜航運有限公司 東方海外東方海外 OOCLOOCL上海國際輪渡有限公司上海國際輪渡有限公司 國際輪渡國際輪渡 SFCOSFCO中海發(fā)展股份有限公司中海發(fā)展股份有限公司 中海發(fā)展中海發(fā)展 CSDCSD中外運（集團）總公司中外運（集團）總公司 中外運中外運 SINOTRANSSINOTRANS國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章2. AIR TRANSPORT Advantages: High speed G

29、ood quality Low risk Competitive insurance premium Disadvantages High cost Low capacity Vulnerable to disruption Sparsely located facilities.國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Types of Air Transport ServicesFour categories: Scheduled airlines 班機運輸班機運輸 Chartered carriers 包機運輸包機運輸 Consolidated consignments by freight

30、 forwarders 集中托運集中托運 Air express service / desk to desk service 航空速遞航空速遞(1) Scheduled airlines: operating on a scheduled service, over a fixed airline and between fixed airports, suitable for conveying fresh, emergent and seasonal goods.(2) Chartered carriers: the hire of an aircraft by a shipper or

31、 several shippers to deliver cargoes, ideal for carrying cargoes of large quantities or carrying cargoes of different shippers to the same destination.(3) Consolidated consignments: the air freight forwarder usually assembles a number of individual shipments into one consignment and dispatches them

32、on one air waybill. A consolidated shipment made up by several shipments can be dispatched to one common destination. Many shippers prefer this kind of shipment as the freight rate is 7%-10% lower than that of a scheduled airline. (4) Air express service : the express service provided by air freight

33、 forwarders specializing in this line of business between consignors, airports and users, suitable for urgently needed articles and important documents Categories Categories CharacteristicsCharacteristics Suitable for Suitable for1)Scheduled Airline fixed airline and between fixed airportsfresh, eme

34、rgent and seasonal goods2)Chartered Carrier flexiblelarge quantities or different shippers to the same destination3)Consolidation the freight is the lowest of the four small quantities4)Air Express Service the fastest,the most expensive emergent goods國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Air TransportAIRLINE RATESAir

35、freight is normally collected according to actual weight for heavy cargo or measurement weight for large volume cargo. The rates are normally quoted per kilogram. The air freight excludes other charges such as customs fees and storage fees.In order to stimulate traffic, different types of air freigh

36、t rates are designed. For instance, General Cargo Rates are the basic rates. Specific Commodity Rates are reduced rates applicable to a wide range of commodities specified in the tariff of the carrier. If no commodity rate is available for cargoes like live animals, human remains or valuable cargoes

37、, Classification Rates apply.國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章AIRLINE RATES國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章M/W (subject to the higher rate)M/W (subject to the higher rate)Four types of airline rates:Four types of airline rates: - General Cargo Rate (G.C.R.) - General Cargo Rate (G.C.R.)一般貨物運價一般貨物運價 - Specific Cargo Rate (S.C.

38、R.)- Specific Cargo Rate (S.C.R.)特種貨物運價特種貨物運價 - Class Rate (C.R.)- Class Rate (C.R.)等級運價等級運價 - Unitized Consignments Rate (U.C.R)- Unitized Consignments Rate (U.C.R)Characteristics of airline rates:Characteristics of airline rates: - one-way freight from one airport to another - one-way freight from

39、 one airport to another - delivery charges, customs charges and storage charges excluded - delivery charges, customs charges and storage charges excluded - publicized in local currency - publicized in local currency - measurement unit is kilo or pound - measurement unit is kilo or pound - fluctuate

40、in line with market conditions - fluctuate in line with market conditionsT THEHE DIVISIONDIVISION OFOF RESPONSIBILITIESRESPONSIBILITIES OFOF THETHE PARTIESPARTIES CONCERNEDCONCERNED ININ THETHE AIRAIR FREIGHTFREIGHT發(fā)發(fā)貨貨人人空空運運代代理理航航空空公公司司航航空空公公司司空空運運代代理理收收貨貨人人責責任任承承擔擔者者提提貨貨空運代理空運代理航空公司航空公司空運代理或空運代理或地

41、面運輸公司地面運輸公司報關報關交付交付航空航空 運輸運輸提貨提貨 報關報關交貨交貨國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Some Airlines in the World國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章 Advantages Large capacity (second to ocean transport) Relatively high speed Economical Relatively punctual Less prone to interruptions by poor weather Disadvantages Confined t

42、o railroad Less flexible3 Rail TransportRail TransportInternational combined rail transportDomestic rail transport In terms of capacity, its only second to ocean transport國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章International Railway Through Transport - under one rail consignment note - shipper or consignee not involved

43、when goods are transiting the countries Siberia Transcontinental Railway Eurasia Transcontinental Railway Railway transport to Hong Kong and MacaoDomestic Rail Transport 國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Siberian Railway Freight CarJunction point toward Mongolia near Ulan Ude (Russia)國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務

44、務 第第六六章章Ulan Ude Cargo Station國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章4. Road Transport Advantages Versatile Flexible in operation High distributive ability Disadvantages Low capacity High operating cost High risk of pilferage and damage Complication國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章5. Containerization Containerizat

45、ion is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form, suitable for ocean, rail and multi-modal transport. It is the most modern form of physical international distribution and overall is highly efficient in terms of reliability, cost, quality of service, advanced technology and so on. Feat

46、ures of containerization Offer a door-to-door service Need only one carrier Use special equipment Reduce packing Save labor and handling expense Provide better service Faster transits and get paid quicker國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Container TransportC CONTAINERONTAINER T TRANSPORTRANSPORT Containerization o

47、ffers: a door to door service under FCL/FCL（整裝整拆）, door to container freight station (CFS) service under FCL/LCL（整裝拼拆） CFS to CFS service under LCL/LCL（拼裝拼拆） CFS to door service under LCL/FCL （拼裝整拆） 國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Deliver place: door to door, CY to CY , door to CY , CY to doorFreight: Inland hau

48、lage charges +terminal handling charges +terminal handling charges +inland haulage chargesLCL-LCLDeliver place: CFS to CFS Consignor-CFS-carrier-CFS-ConsigneeFreight: LCL service charges +freight+ LCL service charges(1) FCL-FCL(2) FCL-FCL國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Deliver place: door to CFS , CY to CFSFreig

49、ht: Inland haulage charges + +terminal handling charges +freight+ LCL service chargesDeliver place: CFS to door (2) CFS to cyFreight: LCL service charges +freight +terminal handling charges +inland haulage charges(3) FCL-LCL(4) FCL-LCL國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章The majority of containers are built to the IS

50、O specification. The 20-foot and 40-foot containers are most popular. (8 X 8 X 40 and 8 X 8 X 20). The container capacity is measured in TEUs (Twenty-feet Equivalence Units). Containers of other sizes and capacities are also available but not widely used. Three major types of containers: 8 X 8 X 40

51、(IA); 8.6 X 8 X 40(IAA); 8 X 8 X 20 (IC)Containers國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章 Sizes of ISO containersCapacityCapacityVolumeVolumeWeightWeight2.452.452.602.606.16.131 cum31 cum18720 kg18720 kg2.452.452.602.6012.212.268.1 cum68.1 cum27580kg27580kg2.452.452.452.456.16.130 cum30 cum18000kg18000kg2.452.452.452.4

52、512.212.266.5 cum66.5 cum27070kg27070kg國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章 Based on container capacity/origin and destination of the merchandise Inland transportation cost is included Based on the type of commodity For LCL, each commodity is charged separately for the freight Container Freight國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章國國際

53、際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章International Multi-modal TransportAt least two modes of transportOne contract, one transport document, one operator, one freight rateUse of containers Advantages High efficiency Good quality Cost and time saving Economy and simplicity of documentation國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章6.2. General

54、Considerations on Cargo Transport(1) Reliability(2) Speed and Frequency(3) Cost國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章6.3 Major Transport DocumentsBill of lading（海運提單）Consignment note (for Rail and Road) （托運單）Air waybill（空運單）Combined transport documents (CTD)（聯(lián)運單據(jù)）國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Bill of Lading (B/L)1. Definition an

55、d Function A bill of lading is a shipping document that serves as: 1) a receipt of the goods(貨物收據(jù)貨物收據(jù)) 2) a document of title(物權(quán)憑證物權(quán)憑證) 3) the evidence of the contract between the consignor and the carrier (運輸契約的證明運輸契約的證明)國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Bill of Lading (B/L) A bill of lading (B/L) is used for sea

56、 shipment and is a certificate of ownership of goods. It must be produced at the port of final destination by the importer in order to claim goods.As a document of title, the bill of lading is also a negotiable document and you may sell the goods by endorsing or handing it over to another authorized

57、 party, even while the goods are still at sea.Although negotiable bills of lading are in common use, some countries do not allow them or make it difficult for them to be used. You have to be sure that a negotiable B/L is accepted in your country. Otherwise, a non-negotiable B/L is issued.The B/L is

58、a formal, signed receipt for a specified number of packs, which is given to the export agent by the shipping line when the shipping line receives the consignment. If the cargo is apparently in good order and properly packed when received by the shipping line, the bill of lading, is deemed as clean.

59、The ship owner thus accepts full liability for the cargo described in the bill.See sample B/L國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章Types of B/LAs per whether the goods are shipped on board: Shipped (on board) B/L已裝船提單 Received for shipment B/L備運提單As per whether the B/L is clean or not: Clean B/L Unc

60、lean/Foul B/L Some remarks can not be regarded as “unclean”. 不明白地表示貨物或包裝不能令人滿意，如：不明白地表示貨物或包裝不能令人滿意，如：“舊包裝舊包裝”，“舊箱舊箱” 強調(diào)承運人對于貨物或包裝性質(zhì)引起的風險不負責任強調(diào)承運人對于貨物或包裝性質(zhì)引起的風險不負責任 否認承運人知悉貨物內(nèi)容、質(zhì)量、重量等否認承運人知悉貨物內(nèi)容、質(zhì)量、重量等 發(fā)貨人裝載并計數(shù)發(fā)貨人裝載并計數(shù)Unclean B/L can not used for negotiation.國國際際貿(mào)貿(mào)易易實實務務 第第六六章章As per the name of the