基于單片機(jī)的孵化箱溫度調(diào)節(jié)器的設(shè)計(jì)與制作_英文文獻(xiàn)

1、英文文獻(xiàn)（原文）The AT89s52 SCMThe at89s52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes RAM. The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indu

2、stry standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The chip combines a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel at89s52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.1. Features Compatible with MCS-

3、51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memo 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel Low Power Idle and Power Down ModesThe at89s52 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 b

4、ytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the at89s52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable

5、power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.2. Pin DescriptionV

6、CC: Supply voltage.GND: Ground.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When is written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data b

7、us during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bid

8、irectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) bec

9、ause of the internal pull ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pul

10、led high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external da

11、ta memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order add

12、ress bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be

13、used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the at89s52 as listed below:Port pinalternate functionsP3.0RXD(serial input port)P3.1TXD(serial output port)P

14、3.2int0 (external interrupt0)P3.3int1 (external interrupt1)P3.4t0 (timer0 external input)P3.5t1 (timer1 external input)P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)P3.7rd (external data memory read strobe)Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RSTReset input.

15、A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operat

16、ion ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. Wi

17、th the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the at89s52 is e

18、xecuting code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable, EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program m

19、emory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for part

20、s that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2The inverting output of the amplifier oscillator.3. Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can

21、 be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle

22、 of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.4. Idle ModeIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain ac

23、tive. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the d

24、evice normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected wr

25、ite to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory. Status of External Pins during Idle and Power down ModesmodeProgram memoryALEPSENPort0 Port1Port2Port3idleinternal11datadatadataD

26、ataIdleExternal11floatDatadataDataPower downInternal00DataDataDataDataPower downExternal 00floatdataDatadata5. Power down ModeIn the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers

27、 retain their values until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from power down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to

28、 allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.6. Program Memory Lock BitsOn the chip are three lock bits which cannot be programmed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features.When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched during reset. If the

29、 device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly.7. Programming the FlashTh

30、e at89s52 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The programming interface accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or a low-voltage (VCC) program enable signal. The low voltage programming mode provides a conv

31、enient way to program the at89s52 inside the users system, while the high-voltage programming mode is compatible with conventional third party Flash or EPROM programmers. The at89s52 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled. The respective top-side marking and

32、device signature codes are listed in the following table.Vpp=12vVpp=5vTop-side markat89s52xxxxyywwat89s52xxxx-5yywwsignature(030H)=1EH(031H)=51H(032H)=FFH(030H)=1EH(031H)=51H(032H)=05HThe at89s52 code memory array is programmed byte-bybyte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in

33、the on-chip Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.Programming Algorithm: Before programming the at89s52, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figures 3 and 4. To

34、 program the at89s52, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to

35、program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.Data Polling: The at89s52 features Data Polling t

36、o indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time

37、 after a write cycle has been initiated.Ready/Busy: The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify: If

38、 lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.Chip Erase: the entire Flash P

39、rogrammable and Erasable Read Only Memory array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.Reading the S

40、ignature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) =

41、FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programmingProgramming Interface：Every code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is self timed and once initiated, will autom

42、atically time itself to completion.The Temperature Controller1. IntroductionWith the continuous improvement of the people's standard of living, single-chip microcomputer control people is undoubtedly one of the objectives pursued, it gives people the convenience cant be denied, and the digital t

43、emperature controller which is a typical example, but it is the increasingly high demands, we must work for the modern, scientific research, and life and provide better and more convenient facilities needed from the technical aspect of SCM, all toward digital control, intelligent control of the dire

44、ction of development. The temperature controller is a temperature control device, based on user requirements set temperature and the temperature difference to achieve control, which required users to change the purpose of the temperature. Achieve these objectives there are many ways in theory, but t

45、he industry mainly mechanical temperature controller and two Intelligent Electronic series. Modern information technology is the basis of the three information acquisition and control (temperature controller technology), information transfer (ICT) and information processing (computer technology). Th

46、e Temperature Controller is the forefront of cutting-edge information technology products, in particularly, the temperature controller is widely used in industrial and agricultural production, and life science research in areas such as increasing the number.The digital temperature controller is deve

47、loped in recent years a new generation of industrial automation detection, controls temperature and versatile instrument, it adopted an advanced large-scale integrated circuits, application unique nonlinear calibration technology, the temperature sensor feedback to the real-time instrumentation temp

48、erature controller with preset value of the control logic quickly, the operation, ordered output control, so as to achieve the purpose of temperature stability control. The digital temperature controller with the traditional dynamic temperature controller, electronic temperature controller, compared

49、 to display high-precision temperature control performance, and seismic-related and good reliability, as well as aesthetically pleasing, cheaper, etc. It can be widely used in plastics machinery, packaging machinery, metallurgical and food machinery, refrigeration, chemicals, medical equipment indus

50、tries such as temperature measurement and control. The traditional methods of temperature control is driven conventional relay contactor control, it can only be achieved within a period of temperature control, but there are contacts control, there were low control accuracy, reliability worse, energy

51、 consumption, the use of high cost (electric components consumed too much) shortcomings. And the new generation of digital temperature controller As a result of the wisdom of their control as a core microcontroller, in the course of their work it continues to control the temperature automatically co

52、rrect, and the whole figure used for non-contact temperature control, it can be effectively improve System of measurement and control with high accuracy and reliability. In addition to digital temperature controller with advanced hardware structure, with a more comprehensive software system, which m

53、akes the perfect temperature for a variety of alarm and protection, for example, can be set with the maximum temperature alarm sensors can be short-circuit or open-circuit alarm, and at the same time cut heating controller, activate protection; temperature in the software process has also joined the

54、 anti-jamming parts, which makes the temperature control features ensure the uninterrupted performance indicators, such as instrument normal work function.2. The common temperature controller basic classificationA. The mechanical temperature controller The mechanical temperature controller is divide

55、d into vapor pressure-temperature controller, expansion of the liquid temperature controller, gas adsorption temperature controller, and metal expansion temperature controller. Vapor Pressure of temperature controller is divided into: inflatable-type, liquid-filled type and mixed type. Home air cond

56、itioning mechanical temperature controller is mainly to such temperature controller.The Temperature Controller is the early stage of development of the mechanical temperature controller, such temperature controller in a dual metal plate or inflatable membrane temperature sensor box, the use of direc

57、t-band switching speed adjustment. Bimetal temperature controllers are basic have already been eliminated, the main requirement to use only the lower stalls in some occasions; inflatable membrane temperature controller box current more popular, but the whole mechanical temperature controller is obvi

58、ous shortcomings: (1). Mechanical temperature controller old wooden appearance.(2). Mechanical temperature control accuracy of the temperature controller. (3). Easy tinder (direct-switching). (4). Vulnerable in a very small temperature difference within the framework of frequent switching valve (air valve). (5). Function relatively simple. B. Electronic temperature controller Electronic temperature controller is divided into: resistance temperature thermocoup