英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯

1、 本文由zhou835266986貢獻(xiàn) doc文檔可能在WAP端瀏覽體驗(yàn)不佳。建議您優(yōu)先選擇TXT，或下載源文件到本機(jī)查看。 測(cè)控專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯 Unit 1 Measurement, Control and Instrumentation Instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control. Instrumentation engineers are responsible for controlling a whole system like a power plant. 譯為：儀器可定義為

2、測(cè)量和控制的藝術(shù)和科學(xué)。儀器工程師負(fù)責(zé)控制整個(gè)系統(tǒng)，比如一 個(gè)電廠。 An instrument is a device that measures and/or regulates process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances that can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers. 譯為：儀器是一種用來(lái)測(cè)量和/或調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程

3、變量（如流量、溫度、液位或壓力）的裝置。 儀器包括許多不同的設(shè)備，可以像閥和變送器那樣簡(jiǎn)單，也可以像分析儀那樣復(fù)雜。 Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories, and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices t

4、hat measure some desired variable. Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in the household as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in most western homes. 譯為：儀器通常由如精煉廠、工廠和車(chē)輛這些不同流程的控制系統(tǒng)組成。過(guò)程控制是實(shí) 用儀器的主要分支之一。 儀器也可以是測(cè)量某個(gè)所需變量的手持設(shè)備。 多樣化的手持式儀

5、器 常見(jiàn)于實(shí)驗(yàn)室， 在日常生活中也可以發(fā)現(xiàn)。 例如： 煙霧探測(cè)器是西方家庭中的一種常見(jiàn)儀器。 Output instrumentation includes devices such as solenoids, valves, regulators, circuit breakers, and relays. These devices control a desired output variable, and provide either remote or automated control capabilities. These are often referred to as fin

6、al control elements when controlled remotely or by a control system. 句中 desired output variable 意為“期望輸出變量” ，are referred to as 意為“被稱(chēng)為” 。 全句譯為：輸出儀器包括線圈、閥、調(diào)節(jié)器、斷路器和繼電器等元件。這些元件控制期 望輸出變量，使之實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程或自動(dòng)控制功能。在遠(yuǎn)程控制或自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)中，稱(chēng)這些元件為 終端控制元件。 Transmitters are devices that produce an output signal, often in the form o

7、f a 420mA electrical current signal, although many other options using voltage, frequency, pressure, or ethernet are possible. This signal can be used for informational purposes, or it can be sent to a PLC, DCS, SCADA system, LabView or other type of computerized controller, where it can be interpre

8、ted into readable values and used to control other devices and processes in the system. 譯為：變送器是產(chǎn)生某種輸出信號(hào)的裝置，通常是 420mA 的電流信號(hào)，當(dāng)然也可以 是電壓、頻率、壓力或以太網(wǎng)。這個(gè)信號(hào)可作參考之用，還可以發(fā)送到 PLC、DCS、SCADA 系統(tǒng)、LabView 或其它類(lèi)型的計(jì)算機(jī)控制器，這個(gè)信號(hào)被轉(zhuǎn)換成可讀值，用于控制系統(tǒng)中的 其它設(shè)備和過(guò)程。 1 Control Instrumentation plays a significant role in both gathering in

9、formation from the field and changing the field parameters, and as such are a key part of control loops. 句中 field 意為“現(xiàn)場(chǎng)” ，control loops 意為“控制回路” 。 全句譯為： 控制儀器在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)信息采集和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)參數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換中都起到了重要作用。 這本身是控 制回路的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵部分。 History In the early years of process control, process indicators and control elements such as valve

10、s were monitored by an operator that walked around the unit adjusting the valves to obtain the desired temperatures, pressures, and flows. As technology evolved pneumatic controllers(氣壓式 調(diào)節(jié)器) were invented and mounted（安裝，配有）in the field that monitored the process and controlled the valves. 譯為：在早年的過(guò)程

11、控制中，過(guò)程指標(biāo)和控制元件，如閥，是由操作員在裝置周?chē)邉?dòng) 通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)閥門(mén)來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)，以獲得所需的溫度、壓力和流量。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展，氣壓式調(diào)節(jié)器發(fā) 明了，并安裝于監(jiān)測(cè)過(guò)程和控制閥的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。 This reduced the amount of time process operators were needed to monitor the process. Later years the actual controllers were moved to a central room and signals were sent into the control room to monitor the

12、process and outputs signals were sent to the final control element such as a valve to adjust the process as needed. 譯為：這樣就減少了過(guò)程操作員監(jiān)測(cè)過(guò)程所需的時(shí)間。近幾年，實(shí)際控制轉(zhuǎn)移到中央控 制室，信號(hào)被發(fā)送到控制室來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)過(guò)程，并且輸出信號(hào)被送到終端控制元件，如閥門(mén)，根據(jù) 需要調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程。 These controllers and indicators were mounted on a wall called a control board. 譯為：這些控制器和指示器安裝稱(chēng)為

13、控制面板的壁面上。 The operators stood in front of this board walking back and forth monitoring the process indicators. This again reduced the number and amount of time process operators were needed to walk around the units. The basic air signal used during these years was 315 psig(磅/平方英寸). 譯為： 操作員在面板前面來(lái)回走動(dòng)以

14、監(jiān)測(cè)過(guò)程指示器。 這就再次減少了過(guò)程操作員在裝置周 圍來(lái)回走動(dòng)所需的時(shí)間。這幾年使用的基本氣壓信號(hào)是 3-15 磅/平方英寸。 In the 1970s electronic instrumentation began to be manufactured by the instrument companies. Each instrument company came out with their own standard signal for their instrumentation, 10 50mA, 0.251.25V, 010V, 15V, and 420mA, causing o

15、nly confusion until the 420mA was universally used as a standard electronic instrument signal for transmitters and valves. 譯為：20 世紀(jì) 70 年代儀器公司開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)電子儀器。每個(gè)儀器公司為他們的儀器裝置推 出了自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)信號(hào)：如 1050mA, 0.251.25V, 010V, 15V, 和 420mA，這只會(huì)引起 混亂，直到 420mA 被普遍作為變送器和閥的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電子儀器信號(hào)。 The transformation of instrumentation from me

16、chanical pneumatic transmitters, controllers, and valves to electronic instruments reduced maintenance costs as electronic instruments were more dependable than mechanical instruments. This also increased efficiency and production due to their increase in accuracy. 句中 reduced 為 transformation 的謂語(yǔ)，as

17、 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。 全句譯為：從機(jī)械氣動(dòng)變送器、控制器和閥的控制方式向電子儀器控制方式的轉(zhuǎn)變，降低了 維修成本，因?yàn)殡娮觾x器比機(jī)械儀器更可靠。同時(shí)由于精度的提高，從而提高了工作效率和 產(chǎn)量。 The next evolution of instrumentation came with the production of Distributed Control Systems 2 (DCS). The pneumatic and electronic control rooms allowed control from a centralized room, DCS systems allo

18、wed control from more than one room or control stations. These stations could be next to each other or miles away. Now a process operator could sit in front of a screen and monitor thousands of points throughout a large unit or complex.譯為：伴隨著分散式控制系統(tǒng) （DCS）的產(chǎn)生，儀器有了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展。氣動(dòng)控制和電氣控制室允許來(lái)自一個(gè)集中室的控 制，DCS 系統(tǒng)

19、允許來(lái)自多個(gè)控制臺(tái)的控制。這些控制臺(tái)可以是相鄰的，也可以相隔千里。 現(xiàn)在過(guò)程操作員可以坐在屏幕前監(jiān)控整個(gè)裝置和設(shè)備的成千上萬(wàn)的點(diǎn)。 Measurement Instrumentation is usually used for measurement. Measurement is the process or the result of determining the magnitudes of many parameters (physical values). These parameters include: （1）Chemical composition；化學(xué)成分 （2）Chemic

20、al properties； 化學(xué)性質(zhì) （3）Properties of light； 光的特性 （4）Vibration； 振動(dòng) （5）Weight； 重量 （6）Voltage； 電壓 （7）Inductance； 電感 譯為：儀器通常用于測(cè)量。測(cè)量是確定一些參數(shù)（物理值）的大小的過(guò)程或結(jié)果。 （8）Capacitance； 電容 （9）Resistivity； 電阻 （10）Viscosity； 粘度 （11）Other mechanical properties of materials；材料的其它機(jī)械性能 （12）Properties of ionising radiation；電力

21、輻射的性質(zhì) （13）Frequency； 頻率 （14）Current； 電流 （15）Pressure, either differential or static；壓力（差壓或靜壓） （16）Flow； 流量 （17）Temperature；溫度 （18）Levels of liquids；液位等 （19）Density. 密度 With the exception of a few seemingly fundamental quantum constants, units of measurement are essentially arbitrary; in other words,

22、 people make them up and then agree to use them. 句中 With the exception of 意為“除?以外” ，quantum constants 意為“量子常數(shù)” 。 全句譯為： 除了少數(shù)看上去代表基本法則的量子常數(shù)以外， 測(cè)量的單位實(shí)質(zhì)上是很主觀 的，換句話說(shuō)，人們編制并愿意使用它就可以了。 Nothing inherent in nature dictates that an inch has to be a certain length, or that a mile is a better measure of distance

23、 than a kilometre. Over the course of human history, however, first for convenience and then for necessity, standards of measurement evolved so that communities would have certain common benchmarks（基準(zhǔn)）. Laws regulating measurement were originally developed to prevent fraud （欺詐，欺騙行為；騙子） in commerce.

24、譯為：本質(zhì)上沒(méi)有任何內(nèi)在的事物決定：一英寸必須是某一特定的長(zhǎng)度，或者一英里較 一公里是一個(gè)較好的距離度量。然而，在人類(lèi)歷史的過(guò)程中，首先是為了方便起見(jiàn)，然后因 為必要， 測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)逐漸形成了以便使社會(huì)有特定的共同基準(zhǔn)。 最初制定法律規(guī)范尺度就是為 3 了防止商業(yè)欺詐。 Measurement methods are often scrutinized 仔細(xì)檢查， （ 詳審） for their validity, applicability, and accuracy. It is very important that the scope of the measurement method b

25、e clearly defined, and any aspect included in the scope is shown to be accurate and repeatable through validation. 譯為：通常要審核測(cè)量方法的有效性、適用性和準(zhǔn)確性。明確界定測(cè)量方法的使用范圍 是非常重要的，并且這個(gè)范圍里的任何方面通過(guò)驗(yàn)證被證明是正確的和可復(fù)驗(yàn)的。 Measurement method validations often encompass 圍繞； （ 包圍） following considerations: the 譯為：測(cè)量方法的驗(yàn)證通常包括以下注意事項(xiàng)：

26、（1）Accuracy and precision: Demonstration of accuracy may require the creation of a reference value if none is yet available. 準(zhǔn)確度和精確度。如果目前沒(méi)有任何有效值，準(zhǔn)確度的驗(yàn)證可 能需要規(guī)定一個(gè)參考值。 （2）Repeatability and Reproducibility, sometimes in the form of a Gauge R&R. 重復(fù)性和再現(xiàn) 性，有時(shí)是以量規(guī)“R&R”的形式表示。 （3）Range, or a continuum

27、 scale over which the measurement method would be considered accurate. Example: 10N to 100N force test. 在量程或連續(xù)的范圍內(nèi)，測(cè)量方法被視為是準(zhǔn)確 的。例如：10N 到 100N 的力測(cè)試。 （4）Measurement resolution, be it spatial, temporal, or otherwise. 測(cè)量分辨率是空間的、時(shí)間 的，或其它形式。 （5） Curve fitting, typically for linearity, which justifies inte

28、rpolation between calibrated reference points. 曲線擬合,通常為直線擬合，這證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考點(diǎn)之間的插值法是正確的。 （6） Robustness, or the insensitivity to potentially subtle variables in the test environment or setup which may be difficult to control. 魯棒性， 或是對(duì)測(cè)試環(huán)境中潛在的細(xì)微變量或難以控制的裝 置的不敏感度。 （7） Usefulness to predict end-use characteristi

29、cs and performance. 實(shí)用性， 用來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)最終用途 的特點(diǎn)和性能。 （8）Measurement uncertainty. 測(cè)量不確定度。 （9）Interlaboratory or round robin tests. 多個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行的或循環(huán)的測(cè)試。 （10）other types of measurement systems analysis.測(cè)量系統(tǒng)分析的其它類(lèi)型。 Control In addition to measuring field parameters, instrumentation is also responsible for providing the

30、 ability to modify some field parameters. Modern day control engineering (also called control systems engineering) is a relatively new field of study that gained a significant attention during 20th century with the advancement in technology. 譯為：除了測(cè)量現(xiàn)場(chǎng)參數(shù)，儀器還負(fù)責(zé)提供修改某些現(xiàn)場(chǎng)參數(shù)的能力。 現(xiàn)代控制工程（也叫控制系統(tǒng)工程）是一個(gè)比較新的研究領(lǐng)

31、域，隨著科技的進(jìn)步，在 20 世紀(jì)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域得到了顯著的關(guān)注。 It can be broadly defined as practical application of control theory. Control engineering has an essential role in a wide range of control systems, from simple household washing machines to high-performance F-16 fighter aircraft. 譯為：它大致可以被定義為控制理論的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。在廣泛的控制系統(tǒng)中，如從簡(jiǎn)單的家

32、用洗衣機(jī)到高性能的 F-16 戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)，控制工程起著很重要的作用。 It seeks to understand physical systems, using mathematical modeling, in terms of inputs, outputs and various components with different behaviors; use control systems design tools to develop 4 controllers for those systems; and implement controllers in physical syste

33、ms employing available technology. 主語(yǔ) it 代指“control engineering” ，句子中的 3 個(gè)并列成分 understand，use 和 implement 為 seeks to 的賓語(yǔ)。 全句譯為： 控制工程根據(jù)輸入、 輸出和不同性質(zhì)的各種元件， 建立數(shù)學(xué)模型， 分析物理系統(tǒng)。 使用控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)工具來(lái)為這些系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)控制器。 在物理系統(tǒng)中運(yùn)用有效的技術(shù)來(lái)執(zhí)行這些 控制器。 A system can be mechanical, electrical, fluid, chemical, financial and even biologica

34、l, and the mathematical modeling, analysis and controller design uses control theory in one or many of the time, frequency and complex-s domains, depending on the nature of the design problem. 譯為：系統(tǒng)可以是機(jī)械、電氣、流體、化工、金融，甚至是生物，數(shù)學(xué)建模、分析和控制 器的設(shè)計(jì)采用控制理論的時(shí)間、頻率和復(fù)數(shù)（s）域中的一個(gè)或多個(gè)，的取決于設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題的 性質(zhì)。 1Control theory There

35、are two major divisions in control theory, namely, classical and modern, which have direct implications over the control engineering applications. The scope of classical control theory is limited to single-input and single-output (SISO) system design. 譯為：控制理論中有兩個(gè)重要的部分，即經(jīng)典控制理論和現(xiàn)代控制理論，它們對(duì)控制工 程應(yīng)用有著直接的影

36、響。經(jīng)典控制理論的應(yīng)用范圍局限于單輸入和單輸出（SISO）系統(tǒng)設(shè) 計(jì)。 The system analysis is carried out in time domain using differential equations, in complex-s domain with Laplace transform or in frequency domain by transforming from the complex-s domain. All systems are assumed to be second order and single variable, and higher-

37、order system responses and multivariable effects are ignored. 譯為：系統(tǒng)用微分方程實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí)域分析，用拉氏變換實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)數(shù)（s）域分析，或?qū)?fù)數(shù)域 轉(zhuǎn)換到頻域分析。 所有系統(tǒng)都被假定為二階和單變量系統(tǒng)， 高階系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)和多變量影響被忽 略。 A controller designed using classical theory usually requires on-site tuning due to design approximations. Yet, due to easier physical implementation of

38、classical controller designs as compared to systems designed using modern control theory, these controllers are preferred in most industrial applications. The most common controllers designed using classical control theory are PID controllers. 譯為：由于設(shè)計(jì)的近似性，使用經(jīng)典控制理論設(shè)計(jì)的控制器通常需要現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)整。然而， 由于和使用現(xiàn)代控制理論設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)相

39、比， 經(jīng)典控制器的設(shè)計(jì)具有較簡(jiǎn)單的物理實(shí)現(xiàn)性， 所 以這些控制器是大多數(shù)工業(yè)應(yīng)用中的首選。 使用經(jīng)典控制理論設(shè)計(jì)的最常見(jiàn)的控制器是 PID 控制器。 In contrast, modern control theory is carried out in the state space, and can deal with multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems. This overcomes the limitations of classical control theory in more sophisticated 精密的， （ 尖端的）

40、 design problems, such as fighter aircraft control. In modern design, a system is represented as a set of first order differential equations defined using state variables. 譯為：相比之下，現(xiàn)代控制理論是建立在狀態(tài)空間基礎(chǔ)上的，并且可以處理多輸入多輸 出（MIMO）系統(tǒng)。這就克服了經(jīng)典控制理論在更復(fù)雜的設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題（如戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)控制）中的局 限性。在現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)中，系統(tǒng)表示為一組使用狀態(tài)變量描述的一階差分方程。 5 Nonlinear,

41、multivariable, adaptive and robust（魯棒，健壯的） control theories come under this division. Being fairly new, modern control theory has many areas yet to be explored. Scholars like Rudolf E. Kalman and Aleksandr Lyapunov are well-known among the people who have shaped modern control theory. 譯為：非線性、多變量、自適應(yīng)

42、和魯棒控制理論歸入這一部分（現(xiàn)代控制理論） ?，F(xiàn)代 控制理論作為相當(dāng)新的理論，仍有許多領(lǐng)域有待探索。在發(fā)展現(xiàn)代控制理論的人當(dāng)中，像魯 道夫 E· ，卡爾曼和亞歷山大·李亞普諾夫這樣的學(xué)者是眾所周知的。 2Control systems Control engineering is the engineering discipline that focuses on the modeling of a diverse range of dynamic systems (e.g. mechanical systems) and the design of controllers

43、 that will cause these systems to behave in the desired manner. Although such controllers need not be electrical many are. And hence control engineering is often viewed as a subfield of electrical engineering. 譯為：控制工程是工程學(xué)科，其重點(diǎn)在于不同范圍動(dòng)態(tài)系統(tǒng)（如機(jī)械系統(tǒng)）的建模和導(dǎo) 致這些系統(tǒng)以所期望的方式工作的控制器設(shè)計(jì)。 盡管那些控制器并一定是電氣的， 但大多數(shù) 控制器是電氣的。

44、因此控制工程常被認(rèn)為是電氣工程的子領(lǐng)域。 However, the falling price of microprocessors is making the actual implementation of a control system essentially trivial. As a result, focus is shifting back to the mechanical engineering discipline, as intimate knowledge of the physical system being controlled is often desired

45、. 譯為： 然而， 微處理器價(jià)格的下降使得控制系統(tǒng)的實(shí)際執(zhí)行實(shí)質(zhì)上是微不足道的。 因此， 重點(diǎn)移回機(jī)械工程學(xué)科， 它作為受控制的物理系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系緊密的知識(shí)， 通常是可以期望獲得的。 Electrical circuits, digital signal processors and microcontrollers can all be used to implement control systems. Control engineering has a wide range of applications from the flight and propulsion（推進(jìn)）systems of

46、 commercial airliners to the cruise（巡航）control present in many modern automobiles. 譯為：電路，數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器和微控制器都可以用來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)控制系統(tǒng)。控制工程有著廣泛 的應(yīng)用范圍：從商用客機(jī)的飛行和推進(jìn)系統(tǒng)到在許多現(xiàn)代車(chē)輛中存在的巡航控制。 In most of the cases, control engineers utilize feedback when designing control systems. This is often accomplished using a PID controller sy

47、stem. For example, in an automobile with cruise control the vehicles speed is continuously monitored and fed back to the system, which adjusts the motors torque(扭轉(zhuǎn)力，轉(zhuǎn)（力）矩）accordingly. 譯為：在大多數(shù)情況下，控制工程師在設(shè)計(jì)控制系統(tǒng)時(shí)利用了反饋。這通常使用 PID 控制器系統(tǒng)完成。例如：在有巡航控制的汽車(chē)上，車(chē)輛的速度不斷被監(jiān)測(cè)并反饋給相應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié) 電機(jī)扭矩的系統(tǒng)。 Where there is regular fee

48、dback, control theory can be used to determine how the system responds to such feedback. In practically all such systems stability is important and control theory can help ensure stability to be achieved. 譯為：哪里有定期反饋，控制理論就能被用于確定系統(tǒng)如何響應(yīng)這樣的反饋。實(shí)際中， 所有這類(lèi)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性是很重要的，并且控制理論有助于確保穩(wěn)定性的實(shí)現(xiàn)。 Although feedback is

49、an important aspect of control engineering, control engineers may also work on the control of systems without feedback. This is known as open loop control. A classic example of open loop control is a washing machine that runs through a predetermined cycle without the use of sensors. 譯為： 雖然反饋是控制工程的一個(gè)

50、重要方面， 但是控制工程師也可能從事于無(wú)反饋系統(tǒng) 的控制。這就是開(kāi)環(huán)控制。開(kāi)環(huán)控制的一個(gè)典型例子是：一臺(tái)洗衣機(jī)沒(méi)有使用傳感器，而是 6 通過(guò)預(yù)先設(shè)定的周期工作。 3Recent advancement Originally, control engineering was all about continuous systems. Development of computer control tools posed a requirement of discrete control system engineering because the communications between t

51、he computer-based digital controller and the physical system are governed by a computer clock. The equivalent to Laplace transform in the discrete domain is the z-transform. Today many of the control systems are computer controlled and they consist of both digital and analog components. 譯為：本來(lái)，控制工程是所

52、有關(guān)于連續(xù)系統(tǒng)的。計(jì)算機(jī)控制工具的發(fā)展提出了離散控制 系統(tǒng)工程的要求， 因?yàn)榛谟?jì)算機(jī)的數(shù)字控制器和物理系統(tǒng)之間的通信是由計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)鐘控制 的。在離散域中相當(dāng)于拉普拉斯變換的是 z 變換。現(xiàn)今許多控制系統(tǒng)是由計(jì)算機(jī)控制的，并 且它們是由數(shù)字和模擬元件組成的。 Therefore, at the design stage either digital components are mapped into the continuous domain and the design is carried out in the continuous domain, or analog components

53、 are mapped in to discrete domain and design is carried out there. The first of these two methods is more commonly encountered in practice because many industrial systems have many continuous systems components, including mechanical, fluid, biological and analog electrical components, with a few dig

54、ital controllers. 譯為：因此，在設(shè)計(jì)階段，或是數(shù)字元件被映射到連續(xù)域，并且在連續(xù)域中進(jìn)行，或是 模擬元件映射到離散域并在離散域進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。 這兩種方法首先是在實(shí)踐中較常遇到的， 因?yàn)?很多工業(yè)系統(tǒng)有許多帶有連續(xù)系統(tǒng)元件，包括：機(jī)械、流體、生物和模擬電氣元件，而有很 少的數(shù)字控制器。 Similarly, the design technique has progressed from paper-and-ruler based manual design to computer-aided design, and now to computer-automated design

55、 (CAutoD), which has been made possible by evolutionary computation. 譯為：同樣的，設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)已經(jīng)從基于紙張和直尺的手工設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展到計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)，如 今向計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)（ CAutoD ）發(fā)展。 CAutoD can be applied not just to tuning a predefined control scheme, but also to controller structure optimisation, system identification and invention of novel control

56、 systems, based purely upon a performance requirement, independent of any specific control scheme. 句中 not just to?but also to?意為“不僅?而且?” ，novel control systems 意為“新 型系統(tǒng)” 。 全句譯為：計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)（CAutoD）不僅能用于預(yù)定義控制模式的調(diào)整，而且可以用于 控制器結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、系統(tǒng)辨識(shí)和新型系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)。這一切都僅僅基于設(shè)計(jì)的性能要求，而不依 賴(lài)于任何具體的控制模式。 Instrumentation engineering Ins

57、trumentation engineering is the engineering specialization focused on the principle and operation of measuring instruments that are used in design and configuration of automated systems in electrical, pneumatic domains etc. 譯為：儀器工程是專(zhuān)業(yè)化的工程領(lǐng)域，其重點(diǎn)是測(cè)量?jī)x器的原理和操作，他們應(yīng)用于電 氣、氣動(dòng)等領(lǐng)域的自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和配置。 They typically w

58、ork for industries with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system productivity, reliability, safety, optimization, and stability. To control the parameters in a process or in a particular system, devices such as 7 microprocessors, microcontrolle

59、rs or PLCs are used, but their ultimate aim is to control the parameters of a system. 譯為：為了提高系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)率、可靠性、安全性、最優(yōu)化和穩(wěn)定性，儀器工程很典型地 運(yùn)用于有自動(dòng)化流程的工業(yè)， 如化工廠或制造廠。 為了控制某一個(gè)流程或特定系統(tǒng)中的參數(shù)， 要使用微處理器、微控制器或 PLC 這樣的設(shè)備，其最終目的是控制系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)。 Instrumentation technologists Instrumentation technologists, technicians and mechanics specialize in troubleshooting(發(fā)現(xiàn) 并修理故障，解決紛爭(zhēng))and repairing and maintenance of instruments and instrumentation systems. This trade is so intertwined(纏結(jié)在一起)with electricians, pipefitters, power engine