高一英語語法(4)：動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

1、高一英語語法（4）：動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)一、 常見的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式主動(dòng)語態(tài)：A do B 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：B + be + done + (by A)；A承受者；B執(zhí)行者1. 以repair為例，寫出以下時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí) 態(tài)一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在過去將來2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)（情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + done）*被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)是通過助動(dòng)詞be來體現(xiàn)的，與其后的done無關(guān)。3. E.X.1) You _ (be, want) on the phone.有電話找你。2) The city _ (be, liberate) in 1949. 這座城市是1949年解放的。3) They _ (be,invit

2、e) to your party.他們將被邀請(qǐng)參加你的晚會(huì)。4) The car _ (be, repair). 車正在修理當(dāng)中5) This book _ (be, translate) into many languages. 這本書已被譯成多種語言。6) The worker said that the tree _ (be plant). 工人說要把樹種上。7) The door _ (be, paint) then. 那時(shí)，那道門正在被刷漆。8) The work _ (be, finish) before dark.天黑前工作就完成了。9) The work _ (be, do)

3、today. 今天應(yīng)該完成這工作。10) His house _ (be, sell). 他的房子賣掉了。11) His house _ (be, sell) so that he doesnt have any house to live in. 他的房子已經(jīng)被賣掉了因此他沒有房子可住了。二、 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本用法（承受者和執(zhí)行者）1. 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，將承受者作為談話的中心時(shí)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：How long _ the machine _ _(be, use)? 這臺(tái)機(jī)器用多久了？2. 當(dāng)沒有必要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或根本不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰時(shí)通常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：All the work

4、_ （be, finish）by now.3. 當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不是人而是無生命的事物時(shí)常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：The window glass _ (be, break) by a stone just now.4. 有時(shí)出于禮貌，不便提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：Enough _ (be, do) for you, but youve made little progress. 為你做了很多，然而你卻進(jìn)步很少。（謙虛）三、 較為特殊的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)1. 感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài) doing（現(xiàn)在分詞，表正在）1）A + see/hear/notice/find/watch/observe +

5、 B do（不帶to的不定式，表過程）B + be + seen / heard / noticed / found / watched / observed + to do（動(dòng)詞不定式）2）A + let / have / make + B + do（不帶to的不定式） B + be let / had / made + to do（動(dòng)詞不定式）如：He was seen _ (enter) the room.2. 帶復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞在改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，常把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補(bǔ)足語保留不動(dòng)。*雙賓語：vt. + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語 tell sb. sth. 雙賓語*復(fù)合賓語：

6、vt. + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語（賓補(bǔ)） tell sb. to do 復(fù)合賓語 賓語 + be done + 賓語補(bǔ)足語（賓補(bǔ)）sb. be told to do如：Mrs. Smith warned her daughter never to drive after drinking. vt. 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語（賓補(bǔ)）Mrs. Smiths daughter _ (be, warn) _. 主語3. 短語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，把主要?jiǎng)釉~變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)形式。如：They are going to pull down the old houses.The old houses _. 4. 漢語有一類句

7、子不出現(xiàn)主語（無主語主動(dòng)句），在英語中可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如：It is said that 據(jù)說It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道It is supposed that 據(jù)推測(cè)It is hoped that 希望It is well known that 眾所周知It is generally considered that 普遍認(rèn)為It is suggested that 有人建議_ he is famous in his own country. 據(jù)說他在自己的國家很出名。四、 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1. 表示事物狀態(tài)特征的連系動(dòng)詞看起來/聽起來/摸起來/聞起來/嘗起來：loo

8、k, sound, feel, smell, taste 似乎：appear, seem 證明：prove 變得：go, turn, become, get, grow, + adj.保持：keep, stayfall（fall asleep）如：The flowers _ sweet. 這些花聞起來很香。2. 表示主語的某種屬性特征的動(dòng)詞read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink + adv. 如：1) This pen _

9、 well. 這支筆寫起來很流暢。2) The coat _ conveniently. 這件外套洗起來很方便。3) This book _ well. 這本書很暢銷（賣起來很好）。3. 表示開始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，如：begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run（運(yùn)行）, move等。如：Work _ at 8 oclock this morning. 工作在今天早上8點(diǎn)開始。4. “in, on, under等 + n.”構(gòu)成prep.短語表被動(dòng)意義，名詞前一般不用冠詞（介詞的固定搭配）。如：under control（被控

10、制?。? under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在討論中）, under construction（在修建中）, beyond belief（難以置信）, beyond ones reach（夠不著）, beyond our hope（始料不及）, for sale（熱銷中）, for rent（以供出租）, in print（已出版）, on show（上演，被展示）, on trial（受審；在試驗(yàn)中）, out of fashion（過時(shí)），in sight（被看見）, out of sight（_）等。如：The bike is _. 自行車在修理中

11、。5. 1) sth. be worth + doing sth.值得（被）做 doing 2) sth. need / want / require + sth.需要（被）做 to be done如：1) The newspaper is worth _ (read). 這份報(bào)紙值得（被）讀。2) This bicycle needs _ (repair). 這輛自行車要（被）修了。= This bicycle needs _ _ _.6. 有些adj.后的to do（動(dòng)詞不定式）有被動(dòng)的含義。這些adj.構(gòu)成的句型為：A + be + adj. (easy/hard/difficult/h

12、eavy/light/comfortable/fit/dangerous) + to do.A很容易/難/重/輕/合適/危險(xiǎn)（被）做。如：The work is hard _ (do). 這項(xiàng)工作很難做。7. too + adj. 原級(jí) + to do太而不能（被）做；adj. 原級(jí) + enough + to do 足以而能夠（被）做。如：The story was not interesting enough _ (publish). 這個(gè)故事趣味性不夠，不能（被）發(fā)表。8. 在“A + have + B + to do”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)to do與它修飾的B有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且與該句的A構(gòu)成邏輯上

13、的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，to do一般用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)；反之，需使用to be done的結(jié)構(gòu)表明被動(dòng)。如： 主謂She has a sister to look after. 動(dòng)賓主謂A have B to do 動(dòng)賓1) He has nothing _ (eat). 他沒有什么東西可吃。2) Do you see the letter _ (type)? 你看到那封要打的信了嗎？3) Do you have much work _(do) today? 你今天有很多工作要做嗎？9. 某些動(dòng)詞在以物為主語的句子中，其進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The dinner is cooking. 正在燒飯

14、。五、 被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示動(dòng)作，主語是動(dòng)作的承受者； 系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語的特征或所處的狀態(tài)。1. A be done by B：被動(dòng)語態(tài)；A be done _ (其他prep.搭配)：系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：1) I was frightened by his ghost story. 我被他的鬼故事嚇著了。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）2) I was frightened of snake. 我怕蛇。 系 + 表（動(dòng)詞的過去分詞做adj.，做系動(dòng)詞的表語，表狀態(tài)）2. am / is / are + done + 時(shí)間狀語：被動(dòng)語態(tài)；am / is / are + done：系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：1) T

15、he bank is usually closed at six. 銀行通常在6點(diǎn)（被）關(guān)門。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))2) The bank is now closed. 銀行現(xiàn)在沒開門。 系 + 表3. was / were + done + 時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、目的狀語：被動(dòng)語態(tài)；was / were + done：系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：1) Tha picture was drawn long ago. 這幅畫是很久以前（被）畫的。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）2) The picture was drawn well. 這幅畫畫得很好。系 + 表六、 “get + done”結(jié)構(gòu)的用法1. 表示突然、偶然、意外發(fā)生的事。如：

16、The student got _ （hurt）on his way home from school. 這名學(xué)生在放學(xué)回家的路上受了傷。2. 表示反身行為而非被動(dòng)行為。如：I have to get _ (dress)before 7 oclock. 7點(diǎn)前我（自己）必須穿戴好。3. 表示說話強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。比較：1) Were you invited to the party?2) Did you get invited to the party?4. 這種結(jié)構(gòu)比較常見的搭配有：get arrested（被捕）, get caught（被抓到）, get confused（發(fā)蒙）, get de

17、layed（被推遲了）, get engaged（訂婚），get married（結(jié)婚了），get divorced（離婚了）, get dressed（穿好衣服）, get drowned（被淹死了）, get drunk（喝醉了）, get elected（獲得選票）, get hit（挨打）, get killed（斃命）, get lost（迷路）, get stuck（卡住了）。七、 表示“據(jù)說”的被動(dòng)句型1. It is said (supposed / expected / reported) that 2. There is / are said (supposed / kno

18、wn) to be（is和are的選擇根據(jù)主謂一致中的就近原則）3. sb. / sth. is / are said (expected / believed) to doE.X.1) _ supported to be a train at 9:30.2) _ said that thirteen is an unlucky number.3) Mr. Brown _ said to have died of liver cancer（肝癌）.4) _ reported that another satellite has been put into orbit（軌道）.5) _ said

19、 to be plenty of oil off our coast.6) He _ believed to have already got out of the country.7) _ known to be thousands of different species of beetles（甲蟲）.八、 使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的問題1. 混淆被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)。2. 根據(jù)漢語意思誤用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如漢語說“發(fā)生變化”，但英語習(xí)慣說“變化發(fā)生”，此時(shí)不能用“變化被發(fā)生”。如：Great changes _ (take place) in my home town in the past years.

20、E.X. 將下列各句的主動(dòng)語態(tài)變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。1. The police will surely arrest the thieves._2. The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river._3. The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory._4. My sister made the soup._5. He gave me a present._6. My mother invited him to dinner yester

21、day evening._7. The manager often sends them to repair cars. _8. The students have put up the pictures on the wall._9. Our school built a new teaching building last year._10. We were cleaning our classroom at that time._. 單項(xiàng)選擇。1. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduce greately if peo

22、ple _ to eat more fruit and vegetables.A. persuadeB. will persuadeC. be persuadedD. are persuaded2. Good medicine _ bitter.A. are tastedB. tastesC. will be tastedD. would be tasted3. -Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?-It _.A. all dependB. all dependsC. is all dependedD. is all dependi

23、ng4. -How are the team playing?-Theyre playing well, but one of them _ hurt.A. gotB. getsC. areD. were5. According to the art dealer, the painting _ to go for at least a million dollars.A. is expectedB. expectsC. expectedD. is expecting6. The policemans attention was suddently caught by a small box

24、which _ placed under the Ministers car.A. has beenB. was beingC. had beenD. would be7. Hundreds of jobs _ if the factory closes.A. loseB. will be lostC. are lostD. will lose8. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.A. cut B. are cutC. are

25、being cutD. had been cut9. When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike _ to become a world champion by his coach and parents.A. expectB. was expectingC. was expectedD. would be expected10. -Why does Lingling look so unhappy?-She has _ by her classmates.A. laughedB. laughed atC. been laughedD.

26、 been laughed at11. The moment the 28th Olympic Games _ open, the whole world cheered.A. delaredB. have been declaredC. have declaredD. were declared12. This is Teds photo. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.A. killedB. is killedC. was killedD. was killing13. By the end

27、 of last year, another new gymnasium _ in Beijing.A. would be completedB. was being completedC. has been completedD. had been completed14. -George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?-No, I _. Did they have a big wedding?A. was not invitedB. have not been invitedC. hadnt been

28、 invitedD. didnt invite15. He was _ to be clever but dishonest.A. thought asB. thinkingC. thinkD. thought of16. The heros story _ differently in the newspaper.A. was reportedB. was reportingC. reportsD. reported. 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)填空。1. He asked his mother for some money, but _(give) a good scolding（斥責(zé)）.

29、2. Because he was hurt, the thief had to throw away the things that _(not belong) to him.3. I _ (catch) in the hard rain on my way to the school.4. Im afraid you must _ (feel) terrible now.5. They said that the problem _(discuss) soon.6. A new bridge _(build) over the river next year.7. At that time

30、 the desk _(make).8. The hall _(paint) at the moment, so it _(not look) its best.9. It is the third time that you _ (be) late for school this week.10. A quarrel _(break) out between the two neighbours. 單項(xiàng)選擇。1. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _ fresh for several days.A. be stayedB. s

31、tayC. be stayingD. have stayed2. With more forest being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ each year.A. is washing awayB. is being washed awayC. was washing awayD. are being washed away3. While you were in London that year, the London Bridge _.A. was being repairedB. had been being repairedC

32、. would be repairedD. was repaired4. The fifth generation of computers, with artificial intelligence, _ and perfected now.A. developedB. have developedC. are being developedD. will have been developed5. I was shocked to hear that your house _ into.A. was brokenB. brokeC. has been brokenD. had been b

33、roken6. More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year.A. sentB. were sentC. had sentD. had been sent7. With the development of science and technology, peoples life _ in the past few years.A. improvedB. has improvedC. is improvedD. had improved8. -Do you have any prob

34、lems if you _ this job?-Well, Im thinking about the salaryA. offerB. will offerC. are offeredD. will be offered9. QQ, a popular net chatting tool, _ an important part in our daily instant communication.A. had been playingB. have playedC. is playingD. will be playing10. It is said that a new robot _

35、by him in a few days.A. designedB. has been designedC. will be designedD. will have been designed11. We are late. I expect the film _ by the time we get to the cinema.A. will have already startedB. whould alreadey have startedC. shall have already startedD. has already been started12. She will stop

36、showing off if no notice _ of her.A. is takenB. takesC. will be takenD. has taken13. -Have you moved into the new flat?-Not yet. The room _.A. has been paintedB. is paintedC. paintsD. is being painted14. My pictures _ until next Friday.A. wont developB. arent developedC. dont developD. wont be devel

37、oped15. Tim _ since he lost his job three weeks ago.A. had been unemployedB. was unemployedC. has been unemployedD. has unemployed16. Ill have to push the car to the side of the road because we _ if we leave it here.A. would be finedB. will be finedC. will being finedD. will have been fined17. _ two

38、 tickets for the new play at the Grand Theatre on Saturday. Shall we go and see it together?A. They have been givenB. I have been givenC. I am givenD. They have given to me18. The goods _ when we arrived at the airport.A. were just unloadingB. were just been unloadingC. had just unloadedD. were just being unloaded19. Most environment problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them _ taken in the past.A. was not B. were notC. were not beingD. had not been 20. You ought to have put the