高考英語作文寫作輔導(dǎo)十六天

1、高考英語作文寫作輔導(dǎo)十六天第一天：造句的兩大技巧【芝麻開門】句子是文章的基本單位。成功的作品是由清晰而合乎語法規(guī)則的句子組成的。然而一個好的句子除了能夠準確表達作者的意思，還需要簡潔生動，這是在考試中獲得高分的法寶。一、句子要簡潔A hero is nothing but a product of his time.時勢造英雄。 寫作要求精練，因為，簡潔的表達能起到更加強調(diào)的作用。我們要寫出效果好、影響大的文章，就要想方設(shè)法1）避免使用空洞、多余的短語；2）避免過多地使用較長的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，如并列句和從屬句等；3）避免不必要的重復(fù)。請看下面各例：1）Owing to the fact that I

2、 had a lot of work to do, it wasnt possible for me to accept their invitation.本句要表達的意思很簡單，可是一堆空洞的短語使句子顯得很累贅，改為下面的句子就簡潔明了多了。I was too busy to accept their invitation.2) He is a man who is honest, who always pays his just debts, and who observes the golden rules in his dealings with others.英語中比較重要的從屬概

3、念可用從句的形式表達，其它次要的概念常用詞或短語來表達，因為句子比短語顯得更重要。過多地使用從句會把次要的與主要的概念混為一談，削弱句子的重點。該句可改為：He is an honest man who always pays his just debts, and who observes the golden rules in his dealings with others.3) My hometown is a quiet, peaceful place. It is quiet and peaceful because of the small number of people li

4、ving there.有時為了構(gòu)成平行的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或達到強調(diào)的目的，我們會重復(fù)使用某些詞語。但是，無目的地重復(fù)會導(dǎo)致笨拙。所以本句可改為：My hometown is a quiet, peaceful place because of the small number of people.二、語言要生動寫作時要吸引讀者的興趣，句子就需生動、充滿活力。平淡無味的句子會使人生厭，注意力分散。但要寫出生動的句子就必須注意做到：1.交錯使用長短句長句和短句各有各的特點，各有各的用場。長句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、容量大，能表達比較復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容，敘事具體、說理嚴密。短句結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、短小精悍、明白易懂。在寫作中應(yīng)當交錯使用長

5、句和短句，使句子的長短多樣化，增加語言的表現(xiàn)力。請看下面的一段話：It is better to trust to valour than to luck.靠運氣不如靠勇氣。I returned to my room. There was a note under my door. It was from Bob. He said he was in the town looking for a job. He hadnt found anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me.這里出現(xiàn)的是一連串的短句，讀起來使人感到單

6、調(diào)乏味，而且各句之間所固有的邏輯關(guān)系沒能用句法手段表達出來。為了使文字更為生動，意義更加明確，可做如下改動：When I returned to my room, I found a note from Bob under the door. He said he was in the town looking for a job, but hadnt found anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me.2.靈活使用多樣句式要達到語言的生動性，寫作時就要經(jīng)常地變換句型和句子結(jié)構(gòu)及表達思想的方式。切忌所有的句子都用相同

7、的句型或句子結(jié)構(gòu)，使文章讀起來單調(diào)乏味。在考慮英語句式的變化時, 我們一般從以下幾個方面入手:(1) 既可以用主動式也可以用被動式, 例如:例1：Today, we use machines not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.Today machines are widely used not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.例2：Some people believe that it wi

8、ll be possible for automatic machines to replace completely in the future.It is believed by some people that it will be possible for automatic machines to replace completely in the future.(2) 既可以用肯定式也可以用否定式, 例如:例1： I shall go there unless it rains.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.例2：Their daily li

9、ves dont provide them with the exercise needed to keep them healthy.Their daily lives fail to provide them with the exercise needed to keep them healthy.(3) 某些修飾成分既可以用在句子前面也可以用在后面, 還可以用在中間, 例如:例1：With a car, people can get around freely.People can get around freely with a car.例2：In fact, speaking is

10、 one of the most important means of communication.Speaking is in fact one of the most important means of communication.(4) 既可以是正常語序也可以是倒裝語序, 例如:例1：A new type of TV sets was among the products on display.Among the products on display was a new type of TV sets.例1：We did not realize the problem of ener

11、gy crisis until the end of last century.Not until the end of last century did we realize the problem of energy crisis.(5) 既可以用簡單句也可以用并列句或者主從復(fù)合句, 例如:例1：Nowadays a lot of people work in office, spending most of their time indoors.Nowadays a lot of people work in office and they spend most of their tim

12、e indoors.例2：There are many means of getting information and they enable us to keep up with what is going on in the world.There are many means of getting information which enable us to keep up with what is going on in the world.例3：Doonesbury cartoons satirize contemporary politics. The victims of po

13、litical corruption pay no attention. They prefer to demand that newspapers not carry the strip.Doonesbury cartoons laugh at contemporary politics, but the victims of political corruption pay no attention and prefer to demand that newspapers not carry the strip.例4：The campus parking problem is gettin

14、g worse. The university is not building any new garages.The campus parking problem is getting worse because the university is not building any new garages.Ignorance is the mother of impudence.無知是魯莽之源。3.善用形象化語言適當?shù)厥褂靡恍┬揶o手法如比喻、夸張、排比、擬人等能更形象、更深刻地說明事理，增加文章的活力。例如：In the morning the dust hung like fog, and

15、 the sun was as red as ripe new blood. (明喻)His daughter is the apple of his eyes. (暗喻)An idea spoke within him, racing through his mind. (擬人)His voice was loud enough to wake the dead. (夸張)Many of us allow our children to eat junk, watch junk, listen to junk, talk junk, play with junk, and then we a

16、re surprised when they turn out to be social junkies. (排比)4.恰當使用英語習語寫作時適當?shù)厥褂昧曊Z、成語等也是使語言生動活潑的好辦法。如：Once a man is dead, there is no helping; you cant rekindle the spark of life in him.本句中的there is no helping是漢語式的英語，不符合英語的習慣說法。這里雖然用了比喻，但更改了原來的主語，句子顯得羅嗦、笨拙。如果改成下面的習慣表達，句子變得既簡潔又生動。Once a man is dead, he c

17、ant be brought back to life.再如The committee refused to listen to our request. 如果被改成The committee turned a deaf ear to our request. 句子生動，增加了文采。活動教室請修改下面的短文增加句式的多樣化以便使其生動、流暢。We are terrified of death. We do not think of it, and we dont speak of life. We dont mourn in public. We dont know how to consol

18、e a grieving friend. In fact, we have eliminated or suppressed all the traditional rituals surrounding death.The Victorians coped with death differently. Their funerals were elaborate. The yards of black crepe around the hearse, hired professional mourners, and its solemn procession to an ornate tom

19、b is now a distant memory. They wore mourning jewelry. They had a complicated dress code for the grieving process. The rituals severed a psychological purpose in helping the living deal with loss.【友情提示】句式多樣化是英語作文取得高分的靈丹妙藥，請你一定要勤學苦練，掌握這一招。另外，在使用一些修辭方法和英語習語的時候，要注意盡量避免老套的比喻或盡人皆知的習語。One careless move ma

20、y lose the whole game.一步不慎，滿盤皆輸。第二天：段落的構(gòu)成要素段落是由若干個彼此關(guān)聯(lián)的句子構(gòu)成的，通常用以表達一個中心思想或者從一個角度對文章的主題進行闡述。因此，段落不能是一組句子的任意堆砌，而是符合一定的模式，具有某些基本特征，遵循一定段落發(fā)展方法的。當然, 段落并沒有固定的模式。在實踐中，我們常常碰到各種各樣的段落，有些僅僅充當導(dǎo)言或結(jié)束語，有些僅僅起過渡詞作用，這種段落便不可能也不必要包含完整的思想內(nèi)容。要寫出一篇好文章，我們就必須了解一些結(jié)構(gòu)完整的段落的寫法，掌握一點組句成段的基本知識。結(jié)構(gòu)完整的段落大多由三部分組成：一、主題句主題句是概括段落中心思想，反映作

21、者寫作意圖的一個概括性的句子，是段落的核心所在。所以，寫好主題句是寫好一個段落的前提。1.段落主題句的位置及其作用主題句通常由主題和作者的觀點兩部分組成，作為段落傳遞信息的出發(fā)點，簡明扼要地告訴讀者段落的線索和范圍。但是，主題句的位置并不是固定不變的，它可以位于段首，也可以位于段中、段尾。主題句位于段首的情況比較多見。段首主題句開門見山，直接點明段落主題，有助于確定段落的主線，使各個發(fā)展句圍繞段落主題自然展開；段尾主題句具有結(jié)論作用，是對前面句子的歸納總結(jié)。請看下面各例：Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in ones studies or

22、 career vary widely. Given approximately equal circumstances, some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck being in the right place and the right time. Others speak of utter devotion to work, combined with a degree of ruthlessness. Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter o

23、f how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had. In a word, people have different ideas on it.本段的主題句Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in ones studies or career vary widely.放在段落的開頭，開門見山地點明主題，使讀者很容易抓住本段的寫作主線：對學業(yè)或事業(yè)成功所持的各種不同的觀點和看法。The purpose of this book is to p

24、rovide you with practice in spelling English. It is not a book that treats the complex rules of English orthography. Neither does it teach you how to use a dictionary. Its main objective is to introduce regular spelling patterns: that is, to present a regular system for spelling a large group of wor

25、ds. By learning these patterns, and by practicing them, you will master thousands of words.Only the idle will be tired.只有閑人才會感到疲倦。 本段的主題句The purpose of this book is to provide you with practice in spelling English也是放在段落的開頭，直截了當?shù)馗嬖V讀者作者的寫作意圖，使讀者對本段的主題思想有了明確的認識。Give students a chance to grow. Do you mo

26、ld them from one of a thousand patterns? Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them. Let them learn patience; do not force it on them. Let them take their own time to grow; do not set rigid time schedules. Most of all, do not push them against a stone wall, crushing them with knowledge gai

27、ned from the experience of others. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.在這個段落中，主題句先不出現(xiàn)，而是先舉出許多具體的experiences，在段落結(jié)尾時才予以歸納，得出中心結(jié)論：Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)一開始容易使讀者產(chǎn)生懸念，從而收到特殊的表達效果。Most of us may have such experi

28、ences: when you go to some place far away from the city you live in and think you know nobody there, you are surprised to find that you should run into one of your old classmates in the street. Perhaps both of you would cry out, “What a small world!”在這個段落里， 作者先給出了一個假設(shè)性的事例，吸引讀者的注意力，然后在段落結(jié)束時總結(jié)出“What a

29、 small world!”（“世界真小啊”）作為段落主題句。這樣的段落有感染力，使讀者有興趣讀下去。但是，主題句有時也可能出現(xiàn)在段落中間，或者根本就沒有明顯的段落主題句。在下面的例子中主題句是在段落中間出現(xiàn)的。這種情況比較少見。Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility both phys

30、ical and psychological has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.有時為了特別強調(diào)主題句的內(nèi)容，也可以使主題句既出現(xiàn)在段首，又出現(xiàn)在段末。如：Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from coun

31、try to country. Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet; Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is

32、 true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to countr

33、y.而下面這段話則沒有明顯的主題句。An independent trucker working full time can earn close to $20,000 gross compared with the $30,000 or more that a union trucker makes. A union trucker works a 10 hour shift and thats it, whereas the independent trucker is always pushing himself. And even though there are strict law

34、s prohibiting a trucker from driving more than ten hours a day, with four hours on and four hours off, no independent trucker adheres to that because if he did, hed never get the load delivered on time. With the economy as shaky as it is, the competition for loads is fierce and, at times, vicious. T

35、here are only so many loads, and truckers will bid on them, the lowest bid getting the load.這段話的主題句應(yīng)該是 “An independent trucker has a difficult time making a living.”但由于暗含的意思很清楚，所以被省去。應(yīng)該注意的是，在沒有主題句的段落中，敘述應(yīng)該十分清楚，暗含的主題必須顯而易見。There are two tragedies in life. One is to lose your hearts desire, the other

36、is to gain it.失去心中所欲的和得到心中所欲的，是人生的兩大悲劇。特別提請注意的是，在段落中，雖然主題句可以放在不同的位置，但最常見的還是放在段首，這并不是說主題句一定就是該段的第一句話，而往往是在主題句之前還有一個承上啟下的過渡句。2.段落主題句的寫作方法主題句的作用是要告訴讀者該段的主題思想，該段將圍繞這個主題思想逐步展開、定義、論述、分類、解釋和舉例說明等，所以，段落主題句中必須包含一個主導(dǎo)思想，這是一個等待發(fā)展的思想，也是段落的主旨所在。同時，段落主題句不能寫得太籠統(tǒng)，也不能涉及面太窄。一個段落的容量是有限的，如果主題句限定范圍太寬，其內(nèi)容就無法在一個段落中闡述清楚；如果限

37、定范圍太窄又不利于段落的發(fā)展。段落主題句所限定的內(nèi)容必須符合段落寫作的目的，有助于段落的鋪開和抒發(fā)。例如：Television is very important. 這個句子太泛，沒有表達一個清楚的主題思想，做主題句不大合適。可以改為：Television plays an educational role in our daily life.Big cities have traffic problems.這個句子如果用做主題句也沒有表達出明確的主題思想，范圍限得過寬，抓不住段落主線，不好下筆擴展段落?？筛臑椋篢raffic problems in big cities are seriou

38、s, which can be found in several ways.He encountered an old friend yesterday.這是一個描寫細節(jié)的句子。由于涉及面太窄而不利于展開討論，不適合做主題句。I go to college to make friends.如果作為段落的主題句就顯得范圍太窄了，作者發(fā)揮的余地太小，段落不容易寫好?？筛臑椋篏oing to college, I can learn more and make new friends.二、擴展句擴展句是用來支持或說明主題句的，是段落主題句的延伸和發(fā)展，起著輔助主題句、推展段落中心的作用，對主題句表達

39、的中心思想或舉例說明、或細致描寫、或詳細解釋闡述和論證，使讀者能夠清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表達的意思。擴展句一般要具備這樣的特點：（1）清晰、詳實，有較強的說服力，能清楚地表達思想；（2）條理分明，脈絡(luò)清晰。上一句要為下一句鋪平道路，下一句是上一句的自然延伸，一步一步地論述或敘述主題。一個段落通常有若干個擴展句。這些擴展句可以處于同一個層次，共同來為主題句服務(wù)；也可以在一級擴展句之下用二級擴展句來支持一級擴展句，從而構(gòu)成擴展句之間的層次關(guān)系。但在段落中如果有多個不同層次的擴展句時，必須要合理地安排它們，既要作到簡潔清晰、意義連貫、合乎邏輯，又要作到層次分明并緊緊地圍繞主題句，為主題句服務(wù)；

40、同時還要注意一級擴展句、二級擴展句等和主題句之間的關(guān)系。一級擴展句為主題句服務(wù)，二級擴展句支持一級擴展句來說明或論證主題句。Strong in action, gentle in method.行動要堅強，方式要溫和。請看下面的例子：（1）Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. （2）It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices thereby establishing a firm h

41、ome market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. （3）By drawing attention to new ideas, it helps enormously to raise standards of living. （4）By helping to increase demand, it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.

42、 （5）It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspapers would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more.這個段落中的句（1）是段落主題句，提出觀點：“花錢做廣告是我所知道的最好的花錢方式。句（2）、（3）、（4）和（5）都是擴展句，處在

43、同一層次上，進一步闡述和說明主題句，即通過列舉廣告給社會帶來的好處來說明為什么花錢做廣告是最好的花錢方式。(1)The computer finds many applications in all fields. (2)Computers are now doing almost everything from diagnosing hospital patients to running nuclear power stations. (3)In any field where information is collected, processed, stored, and retriev

44、ed, computers are being used more and more. (4)Computers are also used as an aid to design planning. (5)For example, they can be used to predict faults in design as well as the cost of a design if one is planning to build a road.在這個段落中，句（1）是主題句，提出計算機在所有領(lǐng)域都有應(yīng)用的觀點；句（2）、（3）和（4）是一級擴展句，都支持和說明句（1），具體說明計算機

45、都在哪些領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用，而句（5）是二級擴展句，用來補充說明句（4），通過舉例來說明計算機輔助設(shè)計的用途。(1)In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. (2)No single beat is characteristic of the music today. （3）But each song has an easily recognizable rhythm. (4)As you listen to a song, your foot usually starts to pick up the beat. (

46、5)Before long, your entire body seems to be moving with it. （6）Your head pounds with the beat, and there is no room for thought. （7）Only the surge of the music is important. (8)In its own way, rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an overgrowing emotional one.在這一段中，句（1）是段落主

47、題句，點出本段主題思想，要說明“搖滾樂最突出的特點是其節(jié)奏”。句（2）、（3）是一級擴展句，對主題句進一步補充說明；而句（4）、（5）、（6）是二級擴展句，從屬于句（2），對句（2）起著補充、解釋和說明的作用，更形象、生動地證明了主題句所表達的思想。這里，句（7）是結(jié)尾句，它的功用在后面的章節(jié)里會做詳盡的講解。He who mistrusts most should be trusted least.最不信任別人的人最不應(yīng)該得到信任。 三、結(jié)尾句結(jié)尾句位于段落的末尾，在段落中也起著非常重要的作用，用以對全段內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)、歸納或提出結(jié)論性的觀點。結(jié)尾句常和主題句相呼應(yīng)，以不同的形式再現(xiàn)主題，并與

48、擴展句相關(guān)聯(lián)。但是并非任何段落都必須有結(jié)尾句才算完整。有的段落，尤其是一些較短的段落中只有主題句沒有結(jié)尾句。請看下面各段落中結(jié)尾句的寫法：Scientists believe that there has been life of some sort on the earth for about twelve hundred million years. Such a large figure is difficult to grasp, so let us scale it down and reckon it as one hundred years. We then find that

49、man has been on the earth for about a month, and civilized man for only seven or eight hours. So you see mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life, and we must not expect too much.本段的結(jié)尾句是對全段的總結(jié)歸納。它進一步強調(diào)了段落的中心思想，以引起讀者的注意和重視。A contract is an agreement which is enforceable by law. It can b

50、e long or short, formal or informal, simple or complicated, and verbal or written. Without a contract or agreement to bind the contracting parties, any international business or transaction would be impossible. Long age, people exchanged promises in making bargains and binding the conduct of others.

51、 This exchange of promises came to be known as “agreement” and became more and more important in the fields of business. A promise or agreement is reached as a result of the process of offer and acceptance. When an agreement is reached, a contract is formed. Once a contract is officially signed by t

52、he concerned parties, it creates legal obligations in the sense of law.本段的最后一句是結(jié)尾句，第一句是主題句。結(jié)尾句所表達的意思跟主題句一致，但句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞都不一樣。結(jié)尾句是主題句的再現(xiàn)，起著前后呼應(yīng)的作用，段落中心思想更加突出明顯。The alarming problem is the increase in violent incidents owing to love on campus. When failing to win desirable affection from their lovers, some

53、 girl students tend to commit suicide while boys turn to knife and poison for revenge. Besides, it is a painful fact that boys obtain money needed for their love in an improper way. To please their girlfriends, boy students always dress smartly, shop generously and eat out frequently; but when findi

54、ng no other quicker way to make the money needed than by stealing or cheating, they are on the way to imprisonment. Another sensitive problem is the growing pregnancy rate among girl students. The young students are subjected to blame for being too young to put themselves under sensible control, but

55、 school authorities cannot escape their share of responsibility.本段的結(jié)尾句提出了結(jié)論性觀點，既呼應(yīng)了主題句內(nèi)容，又與擴展句緊密關(guān)聯(lián)，并且承上啟下地引出后面段落的主題。Eskimos are expert at fishing and hunting. Eskimos know the habits of each animal living in the northern lands. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole

56、open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it. Eskimos fish in the rivers, and when the sea is frozen, they cut holes in the ice and lower fishing lines into the water.本段沒有結(jié)尾句。Idleness is the root of all evils.懶惰是萬惡之源。 第三天：段落展開九法確定了段落中心思想, 完成了段落的主題句,設(shè)計好段落的擴展句之后，需要考慮的是怎樣合理、有效

57、地安排句子，組成條理清晰、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹?shù)亩温洹Ｕ归_段落的方法有很多，常用的有：時間順序法、空間順序法、列舉法、舉例法、對比法、定義法、因果法、分類法、綜合法等。在今天和明天的課程中我們就來詳細地學習。一、時間法在敘述一個故事或者一系列事件時，通常按事件發(fā)生的先后順序排列句子。在說明文中敘述一件事應(yīng)該遵循的程序或步驟時，也常用時間順序法?？聪旅娴睦樱篈 friend in need is a friend indeed.患難見真情。After lunch, while the other girls were sunbathing, Pat and I returned to the water.

58、 Soon cramps spread from my stomach to my legs. Immobilized by pain and fear, I yelled for help. My friend thought I was joking: so she ignored me. However, Sister Theresa came to my rescue when she noticed my plight. She pulled me out of the water and administered resuscitation. When regaining consciousness, I realized how close I had come to death. My experience with near death reminds me every day how close we all are to death in our daily lives.在這個段落里，作者用了after lunch; while.; soon; when.等時間連接語按時間的先后順序記敘了一件發(fā)生在午飯后的事。There are four separate stages in making bread. The first sta