八年級(jí)全學(xué)期英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全

1、八年級(jí)下學(xué)期英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全UNIT1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法" 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束，但該動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。(動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過(guò)去，但說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況-燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)，因此，該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(

2、如：never，ever，once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：this morning month year.，today等)連用。例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎？2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法" 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來(lái)，他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年，一直住到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。) I have been in the army

3、 for more than 5 years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于5年前，一直延續(xù)至今，有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。) 此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(由since或for引導(dǎo))，或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：up to now，so far到目前為止)等。例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒(méi)有他的任何消息。 注意：(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞，即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。(2)現(xiàn)在完

4、成時(shí)常見(jiàn)兩種句型：主語(yǔ)have / has beenfor短語(yǔ) It is一段時(shí)間 since從句 例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入團(tuán)已三年了。3、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞的概念英語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)程的長(zhǎng)短，可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, wat

5、ch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。終止性動(dòng)詞也稱非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞或短暫性動(dòng)詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。4、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法特征· 20:58:281.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其完成時(shí)態(tài)可與表示"段時(shí)間"的狀語(yǔ)連用。表示"段時(shí)間"的短語(yǔ)有：for two years, during the past thre

6、e years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自從我來(lái)到這兒就學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。2.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與表示短暫時(shí)間的"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"狀語(yǔ)連用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤) rain為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而at eight表示"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"，前后顯然矛盾。如果用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一瞬間的動(dòng)作，可以借助come, begin, get等終止性動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示。上句可改為：It began to rain at eight yeste

7、rday morning.(正)又如：-When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.-Then you've known each other for more than two years.-That's right.5、終止性動(dòng)詞的用法特征1.終止性動(dòng)詞可用來(lái)表示某一動(dòng)作完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：The train has arrived.火車到了。Have you joined the computer group? 你加入電腦小組了嗎？2.終止性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)。因此，不可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用(只限

8、肯定式)。如：(1)他死了三年了。 誤：He has died for three years.正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago.正：It is three years since he died. 正：Three years has passed since he died.(2)他來(lái)這兒五天了。 誤：He has come here for five days.正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago.正：It is

9、five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動(dòng)詞，不能與表示"段時(shí)間"的狀語(yǔ)連用。那么，應(yīng)如何正確表達(dá)呢？可以采用下面的四種方法：(1)將句中終止性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達(dá)方式。下面列舉幾例：leavebe away, borrowkeep, buyhave, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move tolive in, finishbe over, joinbe in/

10、be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a coldhave a cold。(2)將句中表示"段時(shí)間"的狀語(yǔ)改為表示過(guò)去確定時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達(dá)方式。(3)用句型"It is+段時(shí)間+since."表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達(dá)方式。(4)用句型"時(shí)間+has passed+since."表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達(dá)方式。3.終止性動(dòng)詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)否定式中，成為可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因而可

11、與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：He hasn't left here since 1986.I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.4.終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式與until/till連用，構(gòu)成"not+終止性動(dòng)詞+until/till ."的句型，意為"直到才"。如：You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能離開(kāi)這里。· 20:58:44I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the

12、 picture tonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫，我才上床睡覺(jué)。5.終止性動(dòng)詞可以用于when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，但不可以用于while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中。when表示的時(shí)間是"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"(從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用終止性動(dòng)詞)，也可以是"段時(shí)間"(從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。而while表示的是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間或過(guò)程，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach為終止性動(dòng)詞)Please look after my daughter while/when we

13、 are away. (be away為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ))6.終止性動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)不可與how long連用(只限于肯定式)。如：誤：How long have you come here? 正：How long have you been here?正：When did you come here?二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別1. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。說(shuō)話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)只在于陳述一件過(guò)去的事情，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)"現(xiàn)在"產(chǎn)生的影響。如：He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年參觀過(guò)桂林。(只說(shuō)明去桂林的時(shí)間)2. 現(xiàn)在完成

14、時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：Jill has bought a new computer.吉爾買了一臺(tái)新電腦。(著重點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在有了一臺(tái)新電腦)3. 兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)分(1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)基本構(gòu)成是"助動(dòng)詞have /has +過(guò)去分詞"。如：The film started at 7 oclock. He has been a teacher for many years.(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago

15、, just now, in 2002等；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與just, already, ever, never等副詞和these days, this week, since., for.等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用?？纯匆韵碌膸捉M句子，有什么區(qū)別？ Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)說(shuō)明 你看過(guò)這部電影嗎？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問(wèn)者對(duì)劇情是否了解；(B)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過(guò)，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。 How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B)說(shuō)明他是怎么做的這件事？(A)

16、句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響；(B)句單純的詢問(wèn)做這件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)說(shuō)明他在北京住了8年。(A)句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過(guò)8年，現(xiàn)在不在北京了。三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)例析現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是較難掌握、中考考查較多的時(shí)態(tài)。涉及的考點(diǎn)有：· 20:58:59一、考查其構(gòu)成"助動(dòng)詞have (has) +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞"構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：1. Kate

17、9;s never seen Chinese films，_ ? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is she析：陳述句部分含否定詞never,簡(jiǎn)略問(wèn)句部分要用肯定式，又因Kate's是Kate has的縮寫，故選B。2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改為否定句)His uncle _ posted the photos to him _. 析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否定句、疑問(wèn)句中，故填hasn't, yet。3. -An

18、n has gone to Shanghai. -So _her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have析："so+助/系/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)與前句結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)詞形式保持一致，又后句的主語(yǔ)為her parents是復(fù)數(shù),故選D。二、考查其用法與標(biāo)志詞(一)當(dāng)句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等時(shí)，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -_you_ your homework yet? A. Do; finish

19、 B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished2. -_ you _anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I_A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed析：據(jù)yet和before可知,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故1題選D，2題選D。(二)當(dāng)句中有"for +段時(shí)間"或"since +點(diǎn)時(shí)間&quo

20、t;等時(shí)，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，若是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，要改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表狀態(tài)的詞(短語(yǔ))。如：1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice_he came to Yunnan. A. after B. before C. since D. for析：主句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而從句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故選C。2. Tom_the CD player for two weeks.A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had析：A、B、C均為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，在肯定句中不與表&qu

21、ot;段時(shí)間"的短語(yǔ)連用，故選D。3. I_a letter from him since he left. A. didn't receive B. haven't got C. didn't have D. haven't heard析：據(jù)since可知，應(yīng)排除A、C，"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意為"收到某人的來(lái)信"，故選B。三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的區(qū)別。如：1. -H

22、ave you ever_Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?-Yes, I have. A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to析：據(jù)句中的have，排除A，B項(xiàng)意為"去某地了"，C項(xiàng)意為"一直呆在某地"，D項(xiàng)意為"去過(guò)某地"，符合題意，故選D。2. My parents _ Shangdong for ten years. · 20:59:26A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone

23、to D. have been析：本題句中有"for+段時(shí)間"結(jié)構(gòu)，據(jù)此可排除C，B項(xiàng)意為"去過(guò)某地"，不合題意，D項(xiàng)缺介詞，故選A。四、考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。如：1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正確的句子)析：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與"段時(shí)間"連用時(shí)，除了把非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞改成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞外，還可把動(dòng)詞改為一般過(guò)去時(shí)或借助句型"It's +段時(shí)間+since+從句"進(jìn)行句子轉(zhuǎn)換。故答案為：Sun's aunt has been t

24、here for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there. 2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改為同義句)_more than ten years _Susan _to this city. 析：據(jù)上題分析，且since引導(dǎo)的從句要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故填I(lǐng)t is, since, came。3. I won't go to the concert

25、 because I _my ticket. A. lost B. don't lose C. have lost D. is coming析：因我丟了票的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而且對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了我不能參加音樂(lè)會(huì)的結(jié)果，符合現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的含意，故選C。(UNIT2)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（注意when while as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。）(UNIT3)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)“三步曲”被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)的一種形式,表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。在歷年的中考題中,都有一定數(shù)量的考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的題目。因此,有必要對(duì)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)。第一曲:掌握被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由"助動(dòng)詞+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞"構(gòu)

26、成。不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的差異主要體現(xiàn)在助動(dòng)詞be的變化上,同時(shí)助動(dòng)詞be還要在人稱和數(shù)上與主語(yǔ)保持一致?，F(xiàn)將初中階段常見(jiàn)的幾種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)總結(jié)如下:1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):am/is/are+done(指及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞,下同)如:English is used all over the world.2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):was/were+done如: The picture was painted two years ago.3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):am/is/are+being+done如: The flowers are being watered by them now.

27、4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):have(has)+been+done如:The room has been cleaned.5.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):will/be going to+be+done如:The work will be finished tomorrow.6.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+done如:Your homework must be handed in today.其它幾種特殊句型：It is said that . It is well known that . It is reported that.have sth done 第二曲:掌握主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

28、的方法把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),應(yīng)走好以下三步:1)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ); 2)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式; 3)主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語(yǔ),組成介詞短語(yǔ),放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。在無(wú)須說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),by短語(yǔ)可以省略。請(qǐng)看示范:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):My brother repaired that bike yesterday. 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)其余部分被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):That bike was repaired (by my brother) yesterday. 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 by+賓語(yǔ)其余部分對(duì)于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)方法的考查,主要

29、在句型轉(zhuǎn)換題目中出現(xiàn)。只要能夠按照上面介紹的方法去做,一般是能夠做對(duì)的。第三曲:注意主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種特殊句型1.含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般來(lái)說(shuō),只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。另外,許多不及物動(dòng)詞加上介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,后面也可加賓語(yǔ)。在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),注意不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞,常見(jiàn)的這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等。如:The old people should be taken good care of.2.含有雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句改

30、為被動(dòng)句時(shí),應(yīng)將其中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ),另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)仍保留在原處。一種情況是把間接賓語(yǔ)(指人)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),直接賓語(yǔ)(指物)不變。另一種情況是把直接賓語(yǔ)(指物)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),間接賓語(yǔ)(指人)不變,這時(shí),間接賓語(yǔ)前通常加介詞to,有時(shí)加for。如:My father gave me a new book on my birthday.I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (間接賓語(yǔ)作了主語(yǔ))A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接賓語(yǔ)作了主語(yǔ))3.

31、帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),只把賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ),原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不動(dòng)。同時(shí),如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),必須加上不定式符號(hào)to,這類動(dòng)詞有make, let, see, hear, watch等。如:We find English very useful. English is found very useful. 賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)I often hear him sing in his room. He is often heard to sing in his room. 賓語(yǔ) 賓補(bǔ)4.有的動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式可

32、以表示被動(dòng)意義,這類動(dòng)詞有: wash, sell, smell, taste, sound, feel等。如:The books sell well. The food tastes good.以上四種情況在中考題目中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),同學(xué)們?cè)谂龅筋愃祁}目時(shí),應(yīng)首先分析屬于· 20:59:33哪種情況,然后再根據(jù)掌握的知識(shí)來(lái)做題。二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)歸納1. 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)和主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。如：We speak English . （改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） English _ _ by us. 分析此句主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，因此，答案應(yīng)是is

33、spoken。2. 注意被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)是：am / is / are + p.p ；一般過(guò)去時(shí)是：was / were + p.p ；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是：have / has / been + p.p；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是：am / is / are / + being + p.p；含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be + p.p。有詩(shī)曰：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)須注意，謂語(yǔ)不離“be”“p.p”。主謂一致別忘記，“進(jìn)行”易丟一個(gè)“be”。（注：p.p過(guò)去分詞）。如：We must take good care of our eyes. （改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） Our eyes must _ _ good care o

34、f. 分析此句中含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must，那么，我們根據(jù)“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be+p.p.”的公式可知，答案應(yīng)是be taken。3. 注意句中主謂語(yǔ)的一致關(guān)系。如：Tea _ （grow）in southeast of China and India. 分析此句中主語(yǔ)tea是不可數(shù)名詞，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。而此句說(shuō)明的又是一自然現(xiàn)象，因此就應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。所以，答案應(yīng)是is grown。4. 注意復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的變化。如：They couldn”t make the cow go. （改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）分析the cow go 在句中作make的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。一般情況下，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式

35、、所處位置原封不動(dòng)地保存下來(lái)，但make / have / let / see / watch / hear 等后原可省的to要還原回來(lái)。顯然，此句中，the cow go 中省去的to應(yīng)還原回來(lái)，因此答案應(yīng)是The cow couldn”t be made to go. 5. 注意雙賓語(yǔ)的變化。如：Mr Smith showed the students two pictures yesterday . （改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）Two pictures _ _ _ the students by Mr Smith. 分析變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，雙賓語(yǔ)中的任何一個(gè)皆可變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，一般變直接賓語(yǔ)，但間接賓語(yǔ)前必須

36、加上介詞to或for。此句中顯然是把直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，那么，間接賓語(yǔ)前須加上介詞to，所以答案應(yīng)是were shown to。6. 注意短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的“小詞”。如：The old men and the children _ in our country. A. must take good care B. must be taken good careC. must be taken good care of D. must take good care of 分析短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體，應(yīng)當(dāng)做一個(gè)詞來(lái)看待，變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后，“小詞”不能丟棄。因此，此題答案應(yīng)是C。·

37、20:59:38這是上半學(xué)期的· 21:00:36(UNIT5)直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)一、句式的變化1.陳述句變?yōu)橐詔hat引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。that在口語(yǔ)中常省略She said,“Our train will arrive in five minutes.”She said (that) their train would arrive in five minutes.He said,“Im very busy.” He said (that) he was very busy.2. 一般疑問(wèn)句變成if/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。He said,“Can you swim,John

38、?” He asked John if he could swim.The teacher said,“Have you all understood me?” The teacher asked if we had all understood him.If/whether的用法主要區(qū)別點(diǎn):a. whether可與or (not)連用I dont know whether he will come or not.b.與介詞連用：We are talking about whether he will win.c.與不定式連用：I cant decide whether to go with

39、you.3. 特殊疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)橛蓋ho/what/when等疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。George said,“When will you get back from Shanghai,Mike?”George asked Mike when he would get back from ShanghaiHe said,“Where are you going?” He asked where I was going.4. 祈使句變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式。表示命令時(shí)常用tell;表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)常用ask。Dont變?yōu)閚otThe teacher said to the boy,“Open the window .

40、” The teacher told the boy to open the window.His father said to him,“Dont leave the door open.” His father told him not to leave the door open.5 .反意疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)橛蒳f/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。She asked me,“You have seen the film, havent you?” She asked me if/whether I had seen the film.6. 選擇問(wèn)句，變?yōu)閣hetherorI asked him,

41、“Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?”I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.7. 直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)可用what或how引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)也可用that引導(dǎo)。She said,“What a lovely day it is!” She said what a lovely day it was.She said that it was a lovely day.二、時(shí)態(tài)的變化附：時(shí)態(tài)不變的幾種情況：1. 如主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

42、或一般將來(lái)時(shí)，則間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞仍保持直接引語(yǔ)的原來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。He says,“Im very busy today.” He says (that) he is very busy today.He will say,“I have watered the flowers.” He will say (that)he has watered the flowers.2. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀真理，事實(shí)，格言等內(nèi)容時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。例：He said: “Light travels much faster than sound.” 他說(shuō)：“光傳播的速度要比聲音快得多?！?He said t

43、hat light travels much faster than sound3. 直接引語(yǔ)是書信、新聞報(bào)道等相關(guān)內(nèi)容時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。4. 直接引語(yǔ)說(shuō)的是一個(gè)人習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。5. 轉(zhuǎn)述正在進(jìn)行的對(duì)話時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。6. 直接引語(yǔ)有具體的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。7. when 和 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。否則：如主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)，則間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)由現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)三、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的變化no

44、w then last monththe month before toightthat night todaythat daythree days ago three days before tomorrow the next day this weekthat weeknext monththe next month yesterdaythe day before the day after tomorrowin two days例：She said, “I went there yesterday.” 她說(shuō)，“我昨天去那兒了?！盨he said that she had gone the

45、re the day before. 她說(shuō)她前一天去那兒了。四、人稱的變化直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于把直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句。因此直接引語(yǔ)的人稱要做相應(yīng)的變化。直接引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)為第一人稱時(shí)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)要和主句的主語(yǔ)保持一致。He said: “I will go to Beijing tomorrow.” He said that he would go to Beijing the next day.直接引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)為第二人稱時(shí)，要和主句的賓語(yǔ)保持一致。 例：He said to me: “You will leave tomorrow.” He told me that I would lea

46、ve the next day.直接引語(yǔ)是第三人稱為主語(yǔ)時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)不變。例：He said to me: “My sister will leave tomorrow.” He told me that his sister would leave tomorrow.He said to us: “They want to come.” He told us that they wanted to go.五、其它變化指示代詞的變化 thisthat thesethoseShe said: “I will come this morning.”她說(shuō)，“我今天上午來(lái)?！盨he said th

47、at she would go that morning. 她說(shuō)她那天上午去。八年級(jí)上冊(cè)學(xué)的都比較簡(jiǎn)單，形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)，句子成分，類型，簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型，賓語(yǔ)從句，各種時(shí)態(tài)包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)，一般將來(lái)時(shí)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞不定式等具體內(nèi)容如下 一、形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí) 1) 單音節(jié)形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式是在詞尾加 -er 和 -est 構(gòu)成。 great (原級(jí)) greater(比較級(jí)) greatest(最高級(jí)) 2) 以 -e 結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)是在詞尾加 -r 和 -st 構(gòu)成。 wide (原級(jí)) wider (比較級(jí))

48、widest (最高級(jí)) 3)少數(shù)以-y, -er, -ow, -ble結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)是在詞尾加 -er 和 -est 構(gòu)成。 clever(原級(jí)) cleverer(比較級(jí)) cleverest(最高級(jí)) 4) 以 -y 結(jié)尾,但 -y 前是輔音字母的形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 構(gòu)成. happy (原形) happier (比較級(jí)) happiest (最高級(jí)) 5) 以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾其前面的元音字母發(fā)短元音的形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)是雙寫該輔音字母然后再加 -er和-est。 big (原級(jí)) bigger (比較級(jí)) bigg

49、est (最高級(jí)) 6) 雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)需用more 和 most 加在形容詞前面來(lái)構(gòu)成。 beautiful (原級(jí))? difficult (原級(jí)) more beautiful (比較級(jí)) more difficult (比較級(jí)) most beautiful (最高級(jí)) most difficult (最高級(jí)) 不規(guī)則變化 原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí) good better best many more most much more most bad worse worst little less least ill worse worst far farther(fu

50、rther) farthest(furthest) deep deeper deepest tall taller tallest 形容詞比較級(jí)的用法: 形容詞的比較級(jí)用于兩個(gè)人或事物的比較,其結(jié)構(gòu)形式如下: 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞)+ 形容詞比較級(jí)+than+ 對(duì)比成分。 也就是, 含有形容詞比較級(jí)的主句+than+從句。注意從句常常省去意義上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下對(duì)比的成分。 形容詞最高級(jí)的用法: 形容詞最高級(jí)用于兩個(gè)以上的人和物進(jìn)行比較, 其結(jié)構(gòu)形式為: 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞)+the+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞+表示范圍的短語(yǔ)或從句。 二、句子成分 1、主語(yǔ) 主語(yǔ)表示句子主要說(shuō)明的人或事物，一

51、般由名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，不定式等充當(dāng)。 2、謂語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，狀態(tài)或特征。 一般可分為兩類： 1)，簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ) 由動(dòng)詞(或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)構(gòu)成。 可以有不同的時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣。 2)，復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不定式 3、表語(yǔ) 4、賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象，跟在及物動(dòng)詞之后，能作賓語(yǔ)的有名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，動(dòng)詞不定式等。 有些及物動(dòng)詞可以帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，往往一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)，指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ)。 有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)后面還需要有一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，意思才完整，賓語(yǔ)和它的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。 5、定語(yǔ) 在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語(yǔ)。 用作定語(yǔ)的主要是形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，副詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，介

52、詞短語(yǔ)等。形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常放在被修飾的詞前面。 但副詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，介詞短語(yǔ)等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，則放在被修飾的詞之后。 6、狀語(yǔ) 修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞以及全句的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)。用作狀語(yǔ)的通常是副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式和從句等。狀語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾的詞之后或放在句尾。副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)可放在被修飾的詞前或句首。 三、句子類型： 1、簡(jiǎn)單句的基本形式是由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)加一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。 2、復(fù)合句（Complex Sentence）由一個(gè)主句（Principal Clause)和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句(Subordinate Clause)構(gòu)成。 3、兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句用并列連詞連在一起構(gòu)成

53、的句子,叫做并列句,其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句”。 四、簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型 基本句型一： S V （主謂） 基本句型二： S V P （主謂表） 基本句型三： S V O （主謂賓） 基本句型四： S V o O （主謂間賓直賓） 基本句型五： S V O C （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)） 五、賓語(yǔ)從句 在句子中起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句.賓語(yǔ)從句分為三類:動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句,介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句和形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句. 1. 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。That只有語(yǔ)法作用，沒(méi)有實(shí)在的意義，在口語(yǔ)和非正式文體中可以省略。 2. 由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和連接副詞

54、when, where, why, how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。初二上冊(cè)學(xué)的賓從就是這些。 六、時(shí)態(tài)：一. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí): (1)表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài), 例如:Hes twelve. (2)表示經(jīng)常性的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,例如:I go to school every day. (3)表示主語(yǔ)具備的性格和能力, 例如:She likes apple.常與often, usually, sometimes, always, every day等表示經(jīng)常性的或習(xí)慣性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用. 1.

55、肯定句結(jié)構(gòu): (1) 行為動(dòng)詞: a. 第一、二人稱,復(fù)數(shù)人稱: They/We/You+動(dòng)詞原形. 例如:They go to school every day. b.第三人稱單數(shù): He/She/It+動(dòng)詞-s/es 例如:Lily often likes singing. (2)系動(dòng)詞(be): I am. They/We/You are He/She/It is 2.否定句結(jié)構(gòu): (1) 行為動(dòng)詞: a. 第一、二人稱,復(fù)數(shù)人稱: They/We/You+dont+動(dòng)詞原形. 例如:They dont go to school every day. b.第三人稱單數(shù):He/She/It

56、+doesnt +動(dòng)詞原形 例如:Lily doesnt like singing. (2)系動(dòng)詞(be): 在is/am/are后加not 例如:I am not a worker. 3. 一般疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu): a. 第一、二人稱,復(fù)數(shù)人稱: Do+they/we/you+動(dòng)詞原形. 例如:Do they go to school every day? （Yes, they do. No, they dont.） b.第三人稱單數(shù): Does +he/she/iIt+動(dòng)詞原形 例如: Does Lily often like singing? (Yes, she does. No, she do

57、esnt.) (2)系動(dòng)詞(be):把is/am/are提在主語(yǔ)前. 例如:Are you a worker? (Yes, I am. No, Im not.) 二.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): 表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的事情.常與now, look, listen等表示現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用. 1.肯定句結(jié)構(gòu): 主語(yǔ)+is/am/are+動(dòng)詞-ing 例如: The boys are playing football now. 2.否定句結(jié)構(gòu): 在is/am/are后加not 例如: The boys arent playing football now. 3. 一般疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu): 把is/am/are提在主語(yǔ)前. 例如: Are the boys playing football now? (Yes, they are. No, they arent