1句子和句子成分

1、句子成分構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。在英語中，句子成分有主要成分和次 要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足 語和同位語。1 .主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，相當(dāng)于句子的主題，說明這個(gè)句 子講的是什么人或什么事，一般位于句首，但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語 可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等充當(dāng)。 例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and morepopular.（

2、名詞）We often speak English in class.（代詞）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English teshas not been decided.主語從句） Itjs necessary to

3、master a foreign language. （it 作形式主語， 真正的主語 為后面的不定式）2 .謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂 語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：3 1）簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。例如： He practices running every morning.4 2）復(fù)合謂語：a）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。例如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.b）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成例如： We are students3 .表語：表

4、語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如 be, become,get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、 數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is anAmerican.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turnecbold.（形容詞）The speech isexciting.（分詞）Three times seven i-wenty one?（數(shù)詞） His job is to teach English.（不

5、定式）His hobby （愛好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）The machinemust be out of order.（介詞短語）Time is up. The class isover.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad （表語從句）4 .賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例 如：They went to see anexhibition （展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain preventedme form coming to school on

6、time.（代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I havefive.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday .（名詞化形容詞） He pretendednot to see me （不定式短語）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語）I think （that） he is fit for his office.（賓語從句） 賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary , pleas

7、e.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.5 .補(bǔ)足語（賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語）：a）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè) 賓語補(bǔ)語才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng) 詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、 介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如： His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boatwhite.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustn，t fo

8、rce hitm lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw herentering the room （現(xiàn)在分詞短語）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從旬）b）主語補(bǔ)足語：補(bǔ)充說明主語的叫主語補(bǔ)足語。1. The poet Li He died young. =The poet Li He died and he was young.詩人李賀年輕時(shí)就死了。（形容詞）2. He returneda

9、hero. = He returned and he was a hero.他回來時(shí)成了一個(gè)英雄。（名詞）6 .定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分 表不：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is adeveloping country; America is a developedcountry.（分詞）There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised .代詞）Our monito

10、r is always the first to enter the classroom （不定式短語）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）He is reading an articleabout how to learn English.（介詞短語）7 .狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn), 條件，目的，原因等，或說明動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)特征的句子成分叫做狀語。例如：Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city fo

11、r ten years.（介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examinatio n.不定式 短語）He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin,you must continue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下：How about meeting againat six?（時(shí)間狀語）Last night she didnt go to the danbecautyeof the rain.（原因狀語）

12、I shall go there if it doesn ' t 脩推犬語） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語）She put the eggs into the basket with great car e（方式狀語）She came inwith a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目 的狀語）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果

13、狀語）She works very hardthough she is 01d.（讓步狀語）I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）【邊講邊練】一.分析下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分： My brother hasn't done his homework.2D They smiled happily. He gave me a book yesterday. They made him monitor of the class. If you go across the bridge you will find the museum on the left. You

14、will find it useful to learn English after you leave school.Th They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.He He is a qualified teache門n our school.9 Some of the students want to go swimming（三）簡單句的五種基本句型（five Basic Sentence Patterns）英語中句子無論怎樣變化，歸根結(jié)底都是由以下五種基本句型組合、擴(kuò)展、變化而來的：1）主+謂（不及

15、物動(dòng)詞）I work.我工作。2）主+謂（及物動(dòng)詞）+賓She studies English.她學(xué)英語。3）主+謂（及物動(dòng)詞）+問賓+直賓例如：My mother made me a new dress.我母親給我做了一件新衣裳。4）主+謂（及物動(dòng)詞）+賓+賓補(bǔ) Time would prove me right.時(shí)間會(huì)證明我是對(duì)的。5）主+系（動(dòng)詞）+表John is busy.約翰忙。說明：在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中，系動(dòng)詞有兩類需要區(qū)別對(duì)待：一類是 be動(dòng)詞。另 一類是其它系動(dòng)詞（主要是感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞）.如：get, become, go, turn, grow, sound, look, t

16、aste, smell, seem, appear, remain, keep, stay, proved，后面一般跟形 容詞或由動(dòng)詞+ing或ed變化而來的形容詞做表語， 而become還可以跟名詞和 過去分詞作表語。例如：The weather isgetting cold and cold with the season coming into the winter.隨著冬天的來臨，天氣越來越冷了。He hasbecomea college student. 他已經(jīng)成了一名大學(xué)生。Soon the roombecomecrowed.不久，房子就很擁擠了。The food goes bad

17、 食物變質(zhì)了。The leaves of treesturn green in spring. 樹葉春天變綠了。The wind sounds strong 風(fēng)聲聽起來很大。He 100ks younger than he is.他看起來比實(shí)際年齡要小。The dish tastes good. 這道菜很好吃。He seems ill today. 他似乎病了。The situation remained unchanged 情況未發(fā)生變化。Mary keeps silentin the discussion.討論中瑪麗保持沉默。（四）there be句型和have （has）表示 宥”的不同

18、1 .“There皿”表達(dá) 宥”時(shí)，說明的是 存在關(guān)系”，即 有某物在某處”，如：There are so many people on the playground.(操場上有許多人)。“Have/has” 表 “有”時(shí)，表示 “所屬關(guān)系 “，即 “某物為某人所擁有”或 “部分是整體的一部分” 。如：I have a house with a beautiful garden.我有套帶花園的房子。The building has thirty rooms. 這棟樓有三十個(gè)房間。2 .根據(jù)句意的需要，“there be(J型”的結(jié)構(gòu)還有如下一些變化形式：There is going to be/There will be G等有)There used to be 曾經(jīng)有)There seems to be 似乎(有)There happen(s) to be (a) 碰巧有()There live (s) /lie (s) /stand (s) /stay (s) /exist(s)/ 有運(yùn)用“there be(J型”常犯的錯(cuò)誤形式有如下兩種：(1) There have /has many people in my family. 誤( )There are many people in my family. (正)(2)There is