翻譯技巧加詞法和減詞法

1、翻譯技巧（二）：加詞法和減詞法加（增）詞法英漢兩種語言，由于表達方法不盡相同，有些詞在英語中可以省略而不會影響全句意思的完整表達，但譯成漢語后就可能出現(xiàn)意思不夠明確的語言現(xiàn)象；還有些詞雖然在原文中意義明確而完整，但譯成漢語后文字卻不甚通順流暢。在這種情況下，就需要使用增詞譯法。增詞法就是在翻譯時按照意義、修辭或句法上的需要，在原文的基礎上添加必要的單詞、詞組、分句或完整句，從而使得譯文在語法、語言形式上符合譯文習慣和在文化背景、詞語聯(lián)想方面與原文一致，使得譯文與原文在內(nèi)容、形式和精神等三方面都對等起來，更忠實通順地表達原文的思想內(nèi)容。Syntactical Amplification（從句法結

2、構上考慮的增詞）This kind of amplification includes: amplification by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, category words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns. (1) 增加量詞（classifier）英語中數(shù)詞與可數(shù)名詞往往可以直接連用，不用加量詞。而漢語往往要加量詞。It was a nova! 這是一顆新星！The sun rose t

3、hinly from the sea. 一輪紅日從海邊淡淡升起。 A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river. 一彎溪水蜿蜒流過山谷，匯到江里去了。 (2) 增加表達復數(shù)的詞(convey the concept of plurality)漢語中的名詞沒有復數(shù)概念，也沒有詞形上的變化，很多情況下不必表達出來；而英語中的名詞有詞形的變化，但沒有量詞，所以在翻譯成漢語的時候，可根據(jù)情況增加重疊詞、數(shù)詞或其他一些詞來表達復數(shù)的概念，以達到修辭效果。 All roads lead to Rome條條大路通羅馬The l

4、ion is the king of animals.獅子是百獸之王。 The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山已在山谷里開始投下蔚藍色的長影。 I saw bubbles rising from under the water.我看見一個個水泡從水下升起。 (3) 增加概括詞(Amplification by supplying words of generalization)有時英語句子中并沒有出現(xiàn)概括詞，而翻譯的時候卻往往可以加入“兩人”、“雙方”、“等”、“等等”、“凡此種種”等概括

5、詞。 Like most wildlife，deer reproduce，grow，and store fat in the summer and fall whenthere is plenty of nutritious food available.與大多數(shù)野生動物一樣，鹿在營養(yǎng)豐富、食物充足的夏秋兩季，繁殖、生長、儲存脂肪。 Then a little over a decade ago, Professors Hoyle, Bondi, and Gold, working at Cambridge, proposed an entirely different scheme.然而十多

6、年前，劍橋大學的霍伊爾、邦迪和哥爾德三位教授卻提出了完全不同的學說。The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets 論文總結了電子計算機、人造衛(wèi)星和火箭三方面的新成就。(4) 增加表達時態(tài)的詞 (Amplifying words in the TL text that can indicate the verb tenses in the SL text.) 英語時態(tài)是靠動詞的詞形變化或助詞來體現(xiàn)的。漢語中的動詞沒有時態(tài)的變化，要表

7、達時態(tài)就必須靠時態(tài)助詞和一些表示時間的詞。所以，在表達過去的概念時往往加上“曾”、“已經(jīng)”、“過”、“了”等字眼，在表達進行時態(tài)時往往用“在”、“正在”、“著”等字眼，在表達將來時態(tài)時往往用“將”、“就”、“要”、“會”、“便”等字眼。They are leading a happy life.他們現(xiàn)在過著幸福的生活。He was the late presidents alter ego and he is a close and influential friend of the president to be in office.他過去是已故總統(tǒng)的化身，而現(xiàn)在是即將就職的總統(tǒng)親密而有影響

8、的朋友。(5) 增加語氣詞漢語中的語氣助詞很多，如“的” “吧”、“啊” 、“呀” “嘛”、“嗎” 、“啦” 、“了”、 “罷了”、“而已”等等。在英譯漢時，增加一些恰當?shù)恼Z氣助詞可以更好地表達英語原文的含義和修辭色彩。Dont take it seriously. Its only a joke.不要認真嘛！這不過是開個玩笑而已。 Is more growth really better? 經(jīng)濟發(fā)展得越快越好嗎？As I snooze she talks of anything, everything, all the things that women talk of: books, mu

9、sic, dress, men, other women. 我這邊打著盹，她那里說著女人愛說的一切，什么 書籍啦 、音樂啦 、服裝啦 、男人啦 、別的女人啦 ，五花八門，包羅萬象 。 (6) 增補表示邏輯關系的詞語有時候英語原文中并沒有表達邏輯關系的詞語，但根據(jù)上下文可以判斷出其隱含的邏輯關系，如轉折、假設、讓步、因果關系等，在翻譯成漢語的時候，要適當?shù)卦诰渲谢蚓渥又g補充關聯(lián)詞和承上啟下的詞。Heated，water will change into vapor 水如受熱，就會汽化。 The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.即使是最強

10、有力的人也不能改變自然法則Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected？如果對自己的錯誤都不認識，怎么能悔恨和改正呢？For mistakes had been made, bad ones.因為已經(jīng)犯下了許多錯誤，而且還是很嚴重的錯誤。 (7) 增補語法省略成分Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物質可以轉化為能，能也可以轉化為物質。 Courage in excess becomes foolhardine

11、ss, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇敢過度即成蠻勇，感情過度即成溺愛，節(jié)儉過度即成貪婪。（增補被省掉的in excess becomes）She ate little. Food sickened her, and I think much of life too.她吃得很少；她厭惡食物，我覺得她也厭惡生活。 The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest 最好的導體電阻最小，最差的導體電阻最大。Lexical amplification (從詞匯上考

12、慮的增詞)When we translate English sentences with omission into Chinese, in nine cases out of ten, we have to supply in the target text what has been omitted in the source text. Otherwise, the meaning in the TL text would be neither complete nor smooth or idiomatic. (1) 抽象名詞具體化英語中有一些抽象名詞由動詞或形容詞派生而來，翻譯時可

13、根據(jù)上下文在譯成具體名詞，使譯文意思明確、符合漢語的表達習慣。Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty 氧化作用會使鋼鐵生銹。After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.一切準備工作就緒以后，飛機就飛越美國去舊金山。 Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries. 國與國之間的爭端訴諸武力，并不是最好的解決方法。 evapo

14、ration 蒸發(fā)作用 fault-finding 吹毛求疵的作法 loftiness 崇高氣質necessity必要性 assimilation 同化作用 indifference冷漠態(tài)度 readability可讀性 relativity相對論arrogance傲慢態(tài)度lightheartedness 輕松愉快的心境 (2) 語境增詞 (Contextual Amplification) 英譯漢有時有必要增加合適的動詞、形容詞或副詞，使譯文意思明確。A professor of mine once said: 教過我的一位教授曾說過：The sports meet is scheduled

15、 for April 16.運動會定于四月十六日舉行。This printer is indeed cheap and fine這部打印機真是物美價廉。And Homer! Is not he likewise human? Even Homer may sometimes nod. 荷馬！他不也是“活生生”的人嗎？即使荷馬也有打盹的時候。Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this! (Mark Twain: The Prince and the Pauper) 譯1：啊，湯姆·康第，生在破爛、骯臟和

16、苦難中，現(xiàn)在這番景象卻是多么顯赫?。∽g2：湯姆·康第原來(who was born)生在可憐巴巴的人家(in misery)，穿得破破爛爛(in rags)，一身邋里邋遢(in dirt)，現(xiàn)在(what sight is this)換了這身裝束，啊，是何等氣派！(3) Cultural Amplification (從文化上考慮的增詞), this hopeful person soared into so pleasing a Cupid.這個很有希望的年輕人就扮成極其討人喜歡的插著雙翅的愛神丘比特。 （狄更斯：艱難時世）注釋：原文Cupid是希臘神話中的愛神，形象為手挽金弓金箭

17、，長著雙翅的美少年。譯文在保持形象的基礎上略加了一些解釋性的詞語，既完整地表達了原意，也增強了修辭效果。that the female Boundby, instead of being the Gorgon he had expected, was young and remarkably pretty.那位叫龐得貝的女人，并不是他所想象的那樣，是一個看誰一眼就會把誰變成石頭的女妖高根，而是一個年輕的絕妙美人兒。注釋：Gorgon是希臘神話中極為可怕的蛇發(fā)女妖，其貌丑而兇，人見其面皆化為石。gorgon，“丑陋可怖的女人”。The blond boy quickly crossed hims

18、elf. 那個金發(fā)小男孩立刻在胸前劃十字，祈求上帝保佑 。 減（略）詞法 （Omission in EnglishChinese Translation）Generally speaking，omission in English-Chinese translation is used to achievethe effect of succinctness，especially in dealing with excessive use of Englishpronouns and such functional words as the article, the preposition,

19、the conjunction.1. Omission of the Pronoun Pronouns are more frequently used in English than in ChineseTherefore, when translated into Chinese，many English pronouns may be omitted so as to conform the rendering to accustomed usage of Chinese expression1. He put his hands into his pockets and then sh

20、rugged his shoulders 他將雙手放進衣袋，然后聳了聳肩。2. For two weeks，he had been studying the house，looking at its rooms，its electric wiring，its path and its garden 兩周以來，他一直注意觀察房子的情況，查看各個房間，留心電線的走向、通道和花園的布局。2. Omission of the Article The article is the hallmark Of English nouns. When translated into Chinese, it is usually omitted except when the indefinite article is intended to indicated the numeral “one” or “a certain”1. The moon was slowly rising above the sea 月亮慢慢從海上升起。2. Any substance is made up Of atoms whether it is a solid，a liquid，Or a gas. 任何物質，不論是固體、液體或氣體，都由原子組成。3. Omissio